Milandu Yamilandu Yaikulu Kwambiri ndi Chiyambukiro Chake Chokhalitsa pa Kulinganizika kwa Mphamvu kwa America

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhala likuthandiza kwambiri kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Kumvetsa nkhani zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene njira ya ku America yoyendera ndi kuyendera zinthu yasintha kwa zaka zoposa 200. Nkhaniyi ikufufuzanso mfundo zingapo zofunika pa Khoti Lalikulu, kuyang'ana mfundo za malamulo, malamulo, ndi zotsatirapo zake zokhalitsa za ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Buku lakuti Foundation of Judicial Review: Marbury v. Madison (103)

Palibe nkhani imene imasonyeza bwino lomwe ntchito ya Khoti Lalikulu la Dieu polongosola ulamuliro wake mwini kuposa Madison . Madison [1] Mkangano unabuka ndi kusamvana kwa ndale zadziko kozungulira chisankho cha mapresidenti cha 1800. Pambuyo pa kulephera kwa Thomas Jefferson, Pulezidenti John Adams wochoka pa gulu la Federalist, kuphatikizapo William Marbury monga chilungamo cha mtendere. Pamene Mlembi wa Jefferson James Madison anakana kupereka ntchito ya Marbury, Marbury Court ya Writt ya Mandamus, adadalira pa Chigawo 13 cha Jeudiary Act ya 1789.

Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anayang'anizana ndi mkhalidwe wovuta wa ndale. Lamulo lachindunji kwa Madison likanyalanyazidwa, kufooketsa Khoti. Mmalomwake, Marshall analengeza kuti Chigawo 13 cha Chilamulo cha Judicary Act chinali chosemphana ndi lamulo chifukwa chakuti chinakulitsa ulamuliro woyamba wa Khotilo kuposa zimene Lamulo la III linalola. Mwakutero, Marshall anakhazikitsa lamulo lachikhalidwe la [[[FLT:] kupenda [[FLT:]]

Chiyambukiro pa Kulinganizika kwa Mphamvu

  • Mphamvu ya judicic: Chigamulocho chinalimbitsa jaji kukhala nthambi yolingana, yokhoza kuyang'anira ponse paŵiri Congress ndi pulezidenti.
  • Kudziŵikitsa ukulu wa malamulo: mwa kunena kuti “ndimo motsimikiza chigawo cha dipatimenti yachiweruzo kunena zimene lamulo lili,". Marshall anakhazikitsa kupenda kwachiweruzo mu ulamuliro wa Amereka.
  • Zotsatirapo za Utali: [[FLT :1] Marbury v. Madison adakali mlandu wa maziko wa Khoti kuchotsa malamulo a boma ndi boma, mphamvu imene imapitirizabe kugwiritsira ntchito pafupifupi m'mawu onse.

Mphamvu ya Maboma ndi Mkhalidwe Woyenera ndi Woyenera wa Claus: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo inakhazikitsa lamulo la Second Bank ya United States mu 1816, Maryland anaika msonkho pa banki m’malire ake. Wopereka ndalama wa bankiyo, James McCulloch, anakana kukhoma msonkhowo, zimene zinachititsa kuti Khoti Lapamwamba lipereke mlandu wokhudzana ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall anapereka lingaliro limodzi lomwe linakhudza nkhani zazikulu ziŵiri. Choyamba, adakhulupirira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo inali ndi mphamvu zotanthauza pansi pa Nassary ndi Sed Claus ya Article I, Chigawo 8. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo samavomereza banki, imapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kubwereketsa, ndi kulamulira malonda pansi pa [[FLT:] ndi banki ya dziko inali njira yoyenerera ndi yothandiza kukwaniritsa zolinga zimenezo. Chachiŵiri, Marshall adapempha Claus Claus [[FLT:]]

Chiyambukiro pa Kulinganizika kwa Mphamvu

  • ulamuliro wa boma wofutukulidwa: McCulloch anakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu zotanthauza, kupatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo nzeru zokulira kusankha njira zokwaniritsira ntchito zake zalamulo.
  • Ukukulu kwa kanema kunatsimikiziridwanso: Chigamulocho chinaletsa maboma kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo zosonkhetsa msonkho kusokoneza ndi mabungwe a boma, kulimbitsa unansi waudani pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi boma.
  • Mapepala a blue a kufutukuka kwa pambuyo pake: Nkhani imeneyi inapanga maziko a lamulo la kufutukula mphamvu za boma m'madera monga ngati malamulo a zachuma, ubwino wa anthu, ndi zoyenera za nzika.

Kutsutsa Kulekana Koma Kulingana: Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Gawo la Bwalo la Malamulo la kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ndi kubwezera malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu linafikira chizindikiro chapamwamba ndi Brown v. Board of Education . Mlanduwu unakhazikitsa milandu isanu yotsutsa kugawana kwa mafuko m’sukulu za anthu. Pansi pa “kufanana kwa "kufanana" chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa mu . Genberson[[FL:3] [18696]), ikufotokoza kuti inasunga malo a maphunziro a ophunzira a anthu akuda ndi oyera. Mafaff, oimiridwa ndi Thur Marshall ndi NACPULC, anatsutsa kuti ana a Black Black ndi kut-'''''''''''. Chitetezero cha Kleginetic [FF]

Woweruza wamkulu Earl Warren analemba chigamulo chimodzi chomwe chinakana lamulo la maphunziro “losiyana koma lolingana”. Kudalira pa umboni wa sayansi wa anthu wakuti kuchotsa malingaliro a kutsika kwa anthu, Bwalo lamilandu linalengeza kuti“ maphunziro ogaŵanitsa ali osalingana mwachibadwa. Chigamulocho chinafuna kuchepetsa “mwadala konse, [1] mawu amene analola kuchitidwa mwapang'onopang'ono koma ngakhale kuli tero kuyambitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa chitaganya cha Amereka.

Chiyambukiro pa Kulinganizika kwa Mphamvu

  • Kusintha kwa mwambo ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe: Brown anatsanzira kufunitsitsa kwa Khoti kugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wake kugwetsa makonzedwe a kakhalidwe anthaŵi yaitali ndi kusungitsa zitsimikizo za lamulo.
  • Chigamulo cha lamulo loletsa kutsutsidwa ndi boma: chigamulocho chinasonkhezera lamulo la boma lotsatira, kuphatikizapo Chikalata cha Chigawo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 ndi Chikalata cha Zopereka Zaufulu cha 1965, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri chinafuna kuti makhoti a boma ayang'anire mapulani a chigwirizano.
  • Kutsegulira kwa ufulu woyenerera: Brown anatsegula khomo la milandu ina yambiri yophatikizapo chitetezo chofanana, kuyambira pa tsankho la akazi mpaka kulingana kwa ukwati.

Kudzipatula, Autonomy, ndi Kumanja Kosatsimikizirika: Roe v. Wade (1973)

Milandu yoŵerengeka yayambitsa mkangano wokhalitsa wonga Roe v. Wade . Mlanduwo unaloŵetsamo lamulo la Texas limene linaphwanya kuchotsa mimba kochuluka kusiyapo kuja kofunikira kupulumutsa moyo wa mkazi. “Jane Roe" (Norma McCorvey) inatsutsa lamulolo, ikumati linaswa ufulu wake walamulo kuchinsinsi. Khoti Lapamwamba, m'malingaliro 7 /2 lolembedwa ndi Jary Blackmun , linavomereza.

Khotilo linavomereza kuti kuyenera kwa kukhala chinsinsi, ngakhale kuti sikunatchulidwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo, kuli m'Chigwirizano cha Clause cha Kusintha kwa 141. “Malamulo achinsinsi” ameneŵa adadziŵika m'zochitika zoyambirira monga [[FLT]] Griswold v. Connecticut [1] (655), imene inaletsa kuletsa kuletsa kubala. Roe anakhazikitsa chigamulo choyenetsera kuti mkazi azikhala wolinganizidwiratu kutha kwa moyo wake kwa mayi ndi moyo wake woyembekezera.

Chiyambukiro pa Kulinganizika kwa Mphamvu

  • Kusintha kwa njira yofunikira: [[FLT :1] Roe anasonyeza kuti Khoti likatetezera kuyenera kwa maziko, kupitiriza mwambo umene unayambira ku Lochner v. New York (1905]) ndi kutsogolo [[FLT: 4.]
  • State vs. zoyenera za munthu aliyense: Maboma olamulira a mphamvu zoletsa kuchotsa mimba, kuchotsa mphamvu kwa opanga malamulo a boma ndi kulinga kwa oweruza ndi munthu.
  • Kumaliza kugaŵidwa kwa ndale zadziko: Roe inakhala malo operekera chilango m'nkhondo zachiweruzo ndi kusonkhezera zaka makumi ambiri za kukambitsirana koyenera kwa chiweruzo, zomwe zinathera m'kuchulukitsa kwa chigamulocho Dobs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization (20222]).

Kuchepetsa Mphamvu ya Ulamuliro: United States ndi Nixon (19974)

Mwano wa Watergate unaika lamulo lakuti “palibe munthu amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo . ali ndi mayeso ake ochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Pamene loya wapadera anafunafuna makaseti ojambulidwa a nkhani za pulezidenti Richard Nixon, Nixon ananena kuti mwaŵi woopsa unamlola kukana matepiwo kutetezera kulankhulana kwa pulezidenti kwachinsinsi. Khoti Lapamwamba, pa chigamulo chimodzi, linakana mawu amenewo.

Woweruza wamkulu Warren Burger anavomereza kuti mwaŵi waukulu unalipo kaamba ka chisungiko cha dziko kapena nkhani zaukulu wa boma koma anatsutsa kuti iwo sakagwiritsiridwa ntchito kubisa umboni m’kufufuza kwa upandu. Khotilo linalamula Nixon kutulutsa matepiwo, amene potsirizira pake anavumbula kuloŵetsedwa kwake m’chikuto chachikuto ndipo linatsogolera ku kuleka ntchito kwake.

Chiyambukiro pa Kulinganizika kwa Mphamvu

  • Zipilala pa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti: United States v. Nixon anakhazikitsa kuti prezidenti ali wogonjera ku dongosolo lachiweruzo ndi kuti mwaŵi waudindo suli wotheratu.
  • Uyang'aniro wa maofesi a nthambi: Chigamulocho chinalimbitsa mbali ya makhoti m’kukhazikitsa lamulo laupandu motsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma, kukhazikitsa chitsanzo chogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'kufufuza kwa pambuyo pake ndi kutsutsa.
  • Umboni ndi lamulo: Chigamulocho chinakhala maziko a democracy yachitetezo ya Amereka, kusonyeza kuti ngakhale udindo wamphamvu koposa m'dziko uyenera kuyankha ku ulamuliro walamulo.

Kuteteza ndi Kulingana kwa Ukwati: Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Chisinthiko cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chinafikira pa kupita patsogolo kwatsopano ndi Obergefell v. Hodges , zimene zinakhulupirira kuti okwatirana a kugonana ali ndi kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukwatira pansi pa Secondation Proces Claus ndi [FLT :] Equal Device Clause ya Kusintha kwa 145]. Mlandu unaphatikiza zitopo zoletsa kuletsa ukwati wofanana kuchokera ku Michigan, Ohio, Kentecky, ndi Tessee.

Woweruza Anthony Kennedy analemba lingaliro la anthu 5-4, kugogomezera kuti “kuyenera kwa kukwatira kuli kuyenera kwakukulu kokhala ndi ufulu wa munthu. Khotilo linalingalira kuti kuchotsa okwatirana amodzi paukwati kunachititsa ulemu wawo ndi kukhazikitsa “kupatulana” kuti malamulo a boma sakalekerera. Chigamulocho chinafuna kuti maboma onse apereke zilolezo za ukwati kwa okwatirana aubwenzi limodzi ndi kuvomereza maukwati ochitidwa m’mbali zina.

Chiyambukiro pa Kulinganizika kwa Mphamvu

  • Kuperekedwa kwa zoyenera zazikulu: Obergefell anapitirizabe mwambo wa Khoti lakuzindikira mipambo yatsopano ya ufulu pansi pa Dongosolo la Claus, kuchokera ku malo achinsinsi mu .Griswrold kuyanjana ndi chinsinsi mu [FLT:] Lawrence v. Texas .[FLT:]
  • Chigamulo chalamulo cha mkangano wa dziko lonse: mwa kuthetsa funso la kulingana kwa ukwati mwalamulo, Bwalo lamilandu lothetsedwa la malamulo ndi kachitidwe ka lamulo, likumapereka chisulizo kwa awo amene anatsutsa kuti kusintha kwa mayanjano kuyenera kubwera kupyolera mwa dongosolo la demokrase.
  • Kulimbana kosalekeza pa thayo lachiweruzo: Magaŵano 5-4 anagogomezera kugaŵikana kwakukulu pa Khotilo chifukwa cha kuyenerera kwa ulamuliro wachiweruzo .D. ndi gawo limene likupitirizabe kuumba malamulo a masiku ano.

Zizindikiro Zina: Kuchepetsa Kulinganizika Kwamakono

Kupyola pa milandu ya maziko imeneyi, zosankha zina zingapo zayambukira kwambiri kugaŵidwa kwa mphamvu mu United States.

Nzika United ndi Federal Echount Commission (200)

Corizens United v. FEC . FELT , Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti ufulu wa kulankhula Woyamba Ufulu wa Kusintha zinthu umaletsa boma kuletsa zowonongedwa zandale zaumwini ndi makampani, maukwati, ndi mayanjano ena. Chigamulo cha 5-4 chinagwetsa mbali za Bipartisan Campaical Reform Act (McCaini-Filingdold) ndi kulola kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza pa kusatsa malonda andale, malinga ngati sichikugwirizana ndi ndawala ya Biparticance.

  • Akugwira ntchito pa mphamvu ya ndale zadziko: [ Nzika za United zinawonjezera kwambiri ntchito ya ndalama m'masankho, kupatsa mphamvu opereka ndalama ndi zikondwerero za makampani pamene zikukulitsa nkhaŵa za chisonkhezero cha ndalama pa ulamuliro wa demokrase.
  • Kugwirizana pakati pa mawu ndi malamulo: Chigamulo chinafutukula mlingo wa chitetezo cha First Amendment ku makampani, kuyambitsa mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza kusintha kwa ndawala ndi kumasulira kwa Khoti zandale.
  • Ugwirizanitso: chidule cha nzika United v. FEC

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Mu Shelby County v. Haker , Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa chigamulo chachikulu cha Court Rights Act ya 1965. Chigawo 4 cha Act chinali ndi njira yoperekera imene inagamula kuti ndi iti imene ikunena ndi madera amene inakhala ndi mbiri ya tsankho la fuko, iyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi boma asanasinthe malamulo awo osankha. Khoti, m'chigamulo cha 5-4, linakhulupirira kuti lamulolo linali lopanda lamulo chifukwa linadalira pa zimene zinatha ntchito kuchokera ku 1960 ndi 1970.

  • Act pa kusungitsa kwa boma: Chigamulo chinaletsa mlingo woyambirira wofunikira, kusinthira mphamvu ku maboma kukhazikitsa masankho awo popanda uyang'aniro wa boma.
  • Ziyambukiro za Fateralist: Shelby County inalimbitsa ulamuliro wa boma pa masankho, koma osuliza akutsutsa icho chatsogolera ku mlingo wa ziletso zatsopano zosankha zimene mokulira zimayambukira ovota ochepa.
  • [[MLT:0] Ugwirizanitso:[[FULT:1] [[MTL:2] Cornell Information Institute shwata yonena za malamulo]

Bwalo Lalikulu ndi Kulinganiza Mphamvu

Milandu yofotokozedwa pamwambapa imasonyeza mbali yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu m’kugawira mphamvu mkati mwa dongosolo la malamulo a America. Mwa ziphunzitso zonga ngati kupenda kwachiweruzo, mphamvu zosonyezedwa, njira yoyenerera, ndi mwaŵi wapamwamba, Khoti lafutukula ndi kuumiriza ulamuliro wa nthambi zina ndi maboma. Zosankha zimenezi sizichitika popanda kanthu. Zimaonetsa mphamvu za ndale zadziko ndi za mayanjano a m’nyengo zawo ndipo, m’chenicheni, zimaumba mphamvu ya mtunduwo.

Komanso, mphamvu zamphamvu sizisintha. Kusintha kwa Khotili kumangochitikabe, ndipo milandu yatsopano ikupitiriza kuyesa mfundo zakale. Mwachitsanzo, kupambana kwa Roe v. Wade ku Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022) kunabweza malamulo oletsa kuchotsa mimba ku mayiko, kusonyeza kuti ngakhale zosankha zambiri zokonzedwa bwino kwambiri zingapendedwenso. Mofananamo, malamulo aposachedwapa a Khotilo pa ulamuliro wa boma m'nkhani zonga West Virginia v. EPA222)

Kuzindikira kugwirizana kwamphamvu pakati pa Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi nthambi zina za boma nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa ulamuliro wa Amereka. Malamulo, monga momwe Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall ananenera ku McCulloch, “ali wokonzekera kupirira kwa nyengo zikubwera, ndipo, potsatirapo, kutengera mavuto osiyanasiyana a anthu. Malamulo a panja amapereka zitsogozo za kusinthako, kupeputsa malire a ulamuliro mu lipabuliki limene likupitirizabe ntchito.

Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka