M'maboma a demokrase amakono, kusagwirizana pakati pa chisungiko cha anthu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha kuli chimodzi cha mikangano yosatha ndi yotsatira. Tsiku lililonse, maboma amapanga zosankha zimene zimalinganiza ku chisungiko chowonjezereka kapena ufulu, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa moyo wa nzika. Kuyambira pa makamera pa mphambano za misewu kufikira pa malamulo a katemera, funso likutsala: Kodi ndi ufulu wotani umene timafuna kugulitsa kaamba ka lonjezo la chisungiko? Nkhaniyi imafufuza mizu ya mbiri yakale, malo amakono, ndi zikalata zamtsogolo zopereka chiyeso cha kulinganizo chodabwitsa chimenechi, kujambula pa zitsanzo zalamulo, malamulo a makhalidwe abwino, ndi kufufuza kwa dziko.

Mbiri Yakale

Nkhondo pakati pa chisungiko cha gulu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi yakale monga boma lolinganizidwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani yoyambirira inatchula Magna Carta (1215), kuukira, ndi magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kujambula kwa mbiri yakale nkwabwino kwambiri ndi kophunzitsa kwambiri. Zitsanzo zoyambirira zimaphatikizapo lamulo la lamulo la Roma [[FLT: 0]] mu puldul supuli lex esto [1215] [1] (chisungiko cha anthu ndicho lamulo lalikulu), limene kaŵirikaŵiri olamulira amapempha kulungamitsa miyezo yapadera. Ku United States, Alien ndi Sédtion of 1798 Active Acts potsutsa boma panthaŵi ya nkhondo yowopedwa ndi France, kutsogolera kundende kwa mkonzi wa nyuzipepala ndi kumbuyo kwa dziko limene linathandiza kukhazikitsa kwa ufulu. Mtsogoleri wa Chipani cha Chipani cha Chibadwire, kumbuyo kwa nkhondo ya Chiyambi cha Chipani cha Chipani cha Chikulu cha , chikalata chotchedwa Chipangano cha Ching'smopwiriti, posatsutsira chikalata chotchedwa chikalata cha Chikalata cha kumbuyo cha kumbuyo cha kumbuyo kwa Auni

Zaka za zana la 20 zinabweretsa zitsanzo zowopsa. Kulekanitsidwa kwa Ajapani pa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya dziko lapansi, kovomerezedwa ndi Od Order 906 , mokakamiza kunasamutsira anthu oposa 1100,000 ozikidwa pa chiyambi cha makolo awo. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, boma la United States linapepesa ndi kukhazikitsanso kugaŵana, kuvomereza kuti kulinganizako kunali kupanda chilungamo kwakukulu kochititsidwa ndi tsankho la fuko mmalo mwa kusungidwa kwa lamulo. Nkhondo ya Mawu, McCalthyism ndi Nyumba ya Un-America Actal Committenments Committee inatulutsa zifuno zokhulupirika ndi kutsutsa kwa ndalerenje m'dziko. Zochitika zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti: m'nthaŵi zolingaliridwa kukhala zatsoka, maboma osadziŵa, osadziŵa, ndi ovulazidwa, ndi kuvulaza ufulu kwa anthu angapitirizebe nthaŵi yaitali pambuyo pa kutha kwa nthaŵi ya ngozi.

Pambuyo pa 9 / 11 nyengo inatha. Act ya USA PATRIOT, inadutsa milungu yochepa chabe pambuyo pa kuukirako, mphamvu zofufuza zowonjezereka, kuphatikizapo makompyuta oyendayenda, kupezeka ku zolembedwa za mabizinesi, ndi "sneak ndi kuyang'ana". Mavumbulutso otsa pilo monga Edward Snowden anasonyeza kuti maulamuliro ameneŵa anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutali kwambiri kuposa zochitika za uchigaŵenga, kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha mamiliyoni a anthu wamba a ku America. Mpaipi wobwerera kumbuyo ndi USA Free Act of 2015, imene inathetsa kusonkhanitsa metametal , koma kutsendereza kwakukulu kumakhalako. Monga momwe Bren Center ya Justie, " Chito n’chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa chitetezo chimene chimalongosola ufulu wathu. [FLD]

Mavuto Amene Alipo

Lerolino, kugulitsana pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu kumawonekera m’mbali zitatu zazikulu: kuyang’anira ndi kukhala kwachinsinsi, njira zosungitsa lamulo, ndi njira zaumoyo wa anthu.

Kuphunzira ndi Kukhala Nokha

Ku China, njira zamakono zoperekera ndalama za ngongole zathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu azikhala okhulupirika, pamene kuli kwakuti makampani apolisi amaletsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoonera kugwiritsa ntchito malowolo, ngongole, ndi mautumiki a anthu otchuka. Ngakhale kuti mayiko a Western democracy atsutsa kwambiri njira zomveka, iwo agwirizana ndi njira zoonera zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, kampani ya U.S. apolisi amagwiritsa ntchito ma dron ndi ziwiya zapansipansi kuti adziwe anthu osamukira m’dzikolo, pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe apolisi akusungitsa ndalama zoyendera anthu ooneka kuti ndi osakhulupirika.

Ansinsi a boma amanena kuti kuyang'anira kwaunyinji kumaziziritsa ndi mayanjano . Maziko enieni a demokrase. Malo ambiri alemba kuti maprogramu ofufuza a anthu okhala ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana, andale, ndi a zipembedzo za anthu aang'ono. ([FLT: 0] ACLU: Ancy & Surveillance )) Ndiponso, pamene pali zipangizo zoyendera, amapitirizabe ndi kukula, vuto lotchedwa "ntchito yopereka ndalama " chitsanzo, oŵerenga mapepala a laibulale amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi apolisi pofufuza milandu.

Kumbali ina, ochirikiza kuyang'anira kowonjezereka ku chipambano chenicheni: kuletsa zigaŵenga kulinganiza, kupulumutsa ana obedwa, ndi kuthetsa nkhani zozizira. Amatsutsa kuti anthu olingalira bwino amalandira makamera otetezera oonekera m'malo a anthu onse monga operekera chitetezo. Olimbana, ndi kuonekera ndi kuyang'anira. Maiko ena a ku Ulaya atsatira malamulo otetezera zinthu, kuphatikizapo General Data Protection Regitation (GDPR), amene amathandiza anthu kulamulira chidziŵitso chawo chaumwini ndi malire a boma. Ngati fakitale imeneyi ingathe kutumizidwa ku U.S. ndi nkhani zina zidakalibe zokayikitsa kukayikira.

Zochita Zokakamiza Lamulo

Apolisi akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kuimitsa malamulo, ndi kuletsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndipo kukhazikitsa lamulo kukupitirizabe kuyambitsa mkangano waukulu. Nkhani yoyamba yotchulidwa kuima-firisk ndi kujambula thupi; tingafutukule kwambiri. Mu New York City, kuimika ndi frisk adalamulidwa popanda kugamula mu 2013 pambuyo pa umboni wosonyeza kuti anthu akuda ndi Chilatini, okhala ndi kuima kopitirira 90% kwa kusamangidwa. Komabe machitachita ofananawo amapitirizabe kudutsa dziko lonse. Mamera, omwe poyamba anatamandidwa monga chida chodziwirira mlandu, atulutsa zotsatirapo zotsatirapo: pamene iwo angachepetse madandaulo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu m'mayiko ena, iwo amakwezanso nkhaŵa ndi mboni za anthu odziŵa kuteteza, zimene akukhala zitsulo zopitsira anthu, zimene akakhala oyenerera, potsatira kupha anthu apamwamba ankhondo.

Black Live Matter, imene inatsutsa zitsutso m'dziko lonselo mu 2020, inagogomezera vuto lalikulu: dongosolo la chiweruzo la milandu kaŵirikaŵiri limayesa anthu akuda ndi ofiira kukhala okayikira mmalo mwa nzika zofunikira chitetezo. Kuitana "wakukhazikitsa apolisi" kukhala malingaliro omveka bwino othandizira ku mautumiki a zaumoyo, nyumba, ndi maprogramu a zachikhalidwe. Matauni ena, monga Austin, Texas, ndi Los Angeles, ayesa ndi magulu a anthu opereka chithandizo chamavuto osakhala ndi zida. Zotsatira zake zikusonyezedwabe, koma kusinthako kukusonyeza kuzindikira kowonjezereka kuti chisungiko cha anthu onse sichingapezedwe mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito polisi, ndi kuti lamulo lalikulu la lamulo lingawopseze ufulu.

Masinthidwe onga ngati malamulo ovomerezedwa, mabungwe oyang'anira anthu wamba, ndi ziletso pa malo otsekereza zagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera ambiri, koma vuto lalikulu likutsalira. Monga momwe National Institute of Justice ikunenera, "Vuto nlosungitsa dongosolo pamene kuli kwakuti kuli kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa anthu onse." ([FLT: 0] NIJ: Law Inforcement Threes [[FLT: 1]])

Mmene Anthu Amakhalira ndi Thanzi Lawo

COVID-19 inabweretsa kugulitsa ufulu waufulu m'banja lililonse. Malo otetezera, mask, mapasipoti, ndi kutsekedwa kwa mabizinesi kwa anthu ndi maboma kuyesa ufulu waumwini ndi thanzi la onse. Nkhani yoyamba inandandandalika monga kufufuza, koma iyenera kupatsidwa chithandizo chake. Kuyambiriro kwa mliriwu, maiko ambiri anaika malamulo okhwima, ndi mageti a chipambano osiyanasiyana. New Zealand ndi South Korea anagwiritsira ntchito kuyesa ndi kujambula kwamphamvu kusungitsa milandu yaing'ono popanda kutsendereza kwanthaŵi yaitali, pamene U.S. ikulongosola kuti kutsutsana kwake kwalamulo ku [FL:] Khoti Lapamwamba la Katolika la Brooklyn. Culvevmo. [FF:]

Vaccine amalamula antchito a zaumoyo, ana a sukulu, ndi antchito a boma anayambitsa milandu ndi nkhondo za ndale zadziko. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) inatsutsa kuti malamulo anali ofunika kuteteza gulu la anthu ovutika ndi kuteteza anthu. (CD CD: Kuvomereza kwachikazi ) Otsutsa mfundo za thupi, kuvomereza kodziŵidwa, ndi kuopsa kwa zotsatirapo za matenda. Malamulo a lamulo a "harm" . Kuyenera kwa ufulu wa munthu wina kumathera pamene chitetezo cha wina chimayambika, koma chivomerezo chenicheni nchosa. Mliro wa mliri, wolungamitsa ndi wolungamitsa, koma wolungamitsa, koma wolungamitsa pamene akulephera kuletsa zipatala.

Zovuta zaumoyo wa anthu zinavumbulanso kusiyana kwa ziletso. Antchito otsika amene ali ndi ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri anali ndi ngozi yaikulu, pamene kuli kwakuti antchito akutali angapatule. Ufulu wa kukhala panyumba suli wopezeka kwa aliyense. Kugawana kwa chilungamo ndi ufulu wa anthu kumawonjezera kuvuta kulikonse. Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, funso silikukhudza ngati miliri yamtsogolo idzachitika, koma kaya tidzakhala titakhazikitsa zoonekera bwino, umboni wozikidwa pa kulinganiza ufulu wa munthu ndi chitetezo cha chitaganya popanda kubwereza zolakwa za 2020.

Kufufuza za Matenda

Kufufuza nkhani mwatsatanetsatane kumasonyeza mmene mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zosamvetsetseka zimagwirira ntchito.

Lamulo la USA la Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Zotsatira Zake

Pa October 26, 2001, Act ya USA PATRIOT inapatsa akuluakulu a boma mphamvu zatsopano kuti afufuze uchigaŵenga. Pakati pa malamulo ake otsutsana kwambiri: Gawo 215 linalola FBI kupeza "chinthu chilichonse chooneka" chokhudzana ndi kufufuza kwa uchigaŵenga, kuphatikizapo zolembedwa za laibulale, zikalata za makampani, ndi metape. Zaka zambiri, anthu anadziŵa zochepa za mmene maulamulirowa anagwiritsidwira ntchito. Kenako mu 2013, Edward Swden adatsegula mapepala osonyeza kuti National Security Agement (NSA) anali kusonkhanitsa mameta a anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America mu chigawo chachikulu, pansi pa kumasulira chinsinsi kwa chigawo cha 215. Kuphwanya kwa boma kwa USA, kumene kunatha kusonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri koma maulamuliro ena ambiri. Woukira ndi wokonza mapangano a bungwe la United States adapitiriza kutsutsana ndi kuweruza mlandu wa anthu. Khoti la chigawa, kapena kuletsa kuteteza kwa bungwe la boma kuti liletsedwe ndi dzina la oyendetsa ntchito.

Kusintha kwa Apolisi ndi Gulu la Anthu Okhala ndi Moyo Wakuda

Pa May 25, 2020, George Floyd anaphedwa ndi apolisi a Minneapolis amene anagwada pakhosi pake kwa mphindi 9. Chochitikacho, chitagwidwa pa vidiyo, chinayambitsa gulu lalikulu la chitsutso m'mbiri ya United States, ndi ziŵerengero za otengamo 15 kufikira 26 miliyoni. Mosiyana ndi kutsutsa koyambirira, fundeli linatsogolera kusintha kotsimikizirika: Minneapolis City Council yosankha kuchotsa gulu la apolisi (ngakhale kuti muyezo wa pambuyo pake unalephera), ndipo maulamuliro ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kutsekereza mabomba, kufunikira makhamera a bungwe, ndi kupenda kodziimira kwa a apolisi okhudzidwa ndi imfa. Chilungamo cha Polichi cha Polichi chinapereka ndalama kumbuyo kwa ntchito zina zapolisi za kuwonanso. Mapolisiwo anasinthanso malamulo a polisi ndi kuyendetsa ntchito ntchito yopereka malamulo aumoyo. Apolisiwo ndi kukonzanso njira yaumoyo, ndi kutetezera kwa anthu otchuka kwa anthu a polisi.

Ziletso za Covid-19: N’zofunika Kuzitsatira Pakachitika Zinthu Zoyenera

Magulu osiyanasiyana anatsatira njira zosiyanasiyana zoletsa miliri, akumachita kafukufuku wachilengedwe pa kuyendetsa ufulu. China ndi maboma ena authoritarianism anagwiritsira ntchito kutsekereza kolimba, kutsekereza anthu, ndi kutsata manambala kuti athetse kachiromboko, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kulephera kuonekera ndi kuŵerengera. Magulu a democratic monga Germany ndi South Korea adakhoza kugonjera kwambiri mwa kulankhulana ndi kukhazikitsa zigwirizano zachibadwa. Ku United States, dongosolo la boma logaŵikana linapanga ntchito ya malamulo a boma, kuchititsa kusokonezeka ndi kuchititsa kutchuka. Malamulo a m'chiletso anakhala: ena analetsa, ena anafuna kuti zichitike. Nthaŵi zambiri khoti lina lina lina linalimbikitsa njira zaumoyo wa anthu pansi pa mphamvu za boma, pamene zinali zowawawa kwambiri kapena zopanda pake. Zomwe zinalimbikitsa kufunika kwa maluso a sayansi ogwirizana ndi ulemu. [F.1]

Malangizo a M’tsogolo

Zinthu zimenezi zimasintha chifukwa chakuti anthu amafunika kuganizira zinthu zitatu zofunika kwambiri.

Luntha Lopanga ndi Kuneneratu za Kutsogolo

Madipatimenti a apolisi amagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri maajensi kuneneratu kumene upandu udzachitikira kapena kuti ndi anthu ati amene ali pangozi yokhumudwitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza amanena kuti zida zimenezi zingapereke zinthu zothandizira, otsutsa akuchenjeza kuti iwo amatsutsa mbiri yakale . Kupondereza Black . Madongosolo a bungwe la European Union olingaliridwa kukhala ndi cholinga. Mapangano a AIUNIA adzaphatikiza zida zodziŵira ngozi monga "ngozi yaikulu," kufunikira kuonekera bwino ndi kuyang'anira anthu. Ku United States, Act Accolcial Accomplication of 2022 ikufuna makampani kutsimikizira mphamvu ya madongosolo a za kulinganiza ufulu wa anthu. Mtsogolowo ungaphatikizapo malamulo ambiri, koma kupsinjika kwakukulukukhalabe: mmene angagwiritsirire chidziŵitso popanda ntchito ndi kusungidwa kwachinsinsi.

Chisungiko cha Dziko Lonse ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

Post-9 / 11 Kusintha kwa kuyang'anira kunasonyeza kuti mphamvu za kachitidwe ka ngozi kachikhalire zingakhomerezeke. Mliri wa Covid-19 unaona malamulo ofananawo ogwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa ziletso zimene zinatha miyezi kapena zaka. Kupita patsogolo, pali kugwirizana kowonjezereka kwakuti mphamvu zangozi ziyenera kuphatikizapo mawu odzifunira oloŵera dzuŵa, kupenda kolimba, ndi kukonzanso malamulo a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. International Commission of Jurists yaitanira "magements" imene imachepetsa kuswa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu ku zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi kulinganiza. ( Komiti ya Komiti ya za malamulo ya . Komiti ya padziko lonse ya Jurst [1]

Kuphunzitsa Anthu Umoyo ndi Kukonzekera

Kupereka ndalama m'madongosolo a zaumoyo a anthu onse . Kuyang'anira, kujambula, kupangidwa kwa katemera . Kuthandiza kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kusamala ndi kudalirana kwa akuluakulu a zaumoyo sikunafunikire kukhazikitsa malamulo aukali kapena atali. Mliri wamtsogolo wokonzekera uyenera kugogomezera kumanga mgwirizano wodzifunira mwa kulankhulana ndi kukakamiza osati kukakamiza. Kugulitsa ufulu ndi chitetezo cha anthu onse sikuli zero-um; malamulo oikidwa bwino angachepetse ngozi ndi ufulu.

Kumaliza

Kulimbana pakati pa chisungiko cha anthu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha sikuli vuto loti lithetsedwe kamodzi, koma vuto lofunikira kuliyang'anira mosalekeza. Mbadwo uliwonse umayang'anizana ndi tekinoloji yatsopano, ziwopsezo zatsopano, ndi mphamvu zatsopano zandale zimene zimasintha malire. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti mantha angasonkhezere kuuma, ndipo kusasamala kungabweretse mavuto otetezereka. Democracy yaikulu ndi aja amene amasunga kulimba kwa anthu achangu, uyang'ayang'aniro, ndi kudzipereka kwakukulu ku ufulu wa ku ufulu ngakhale m'nthaŵi za mavuto. Nzika ziyenera kukhala ndi phande, kugawana nawo m'nkhani zalamulo, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kukhala ndi mlandu. Monga momwe Chilungamo chachikulu cha Coust Coustis Burence Louis Breans chinalembera, " Ngozi zazikulu zomaletsa kuloŵerera mobisa anthu mwachangu, mopanda chidziŵitso chakuzindikira.