Table of Contents
Maziko a Miyambo ndi Mayanjano Akale
Kuyenera kwa kusonkhanitsa sikunaonekere m’chimbudzi; kunachitidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri polimbana ndi ulamuliro wa autocracy. Kufufuza kwa demokrase koyambirira ku Atene wakale kunaphatikizapo misonkhano yapoyera pa phiri la Pnyx, kumene nzika zinatsutsana ndi kuvota malamulo. Komabe, lingaliro lamakono la ufulu wa kusonkhana wopendedwa pa nthaŵi ya Kutseguka kwa , pamene afilosofi onga John Locke ndi Jean-Jacques Rousseau anatsutsa kuti kachitidwe kamodzika kanali kuwonjezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Pofika m’zaka za zana la 18, misonkhano yaikulu inakhala chida cha mphamvu yotsutsa mphamvu ya mfumu, makamaka m'mayiko a ku America ndi Sta Act Act (175) ndi Boska Party (1773). Zochitika zimenezi zinasonyeza kuti misonkhano ya gulu la anthu ikhoza kutsogolera mwachindunji.
Chipanduko cha ku France cha 1789 chinatenganso lingalirolo, kusintha malo a anthu kukhala zigawo za ulamuliro wotchuka. Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa nzika chinalengeza kuti "kulankhulana kwaufulu kwa malingaliro ndi malingaliro ndi malingaliro ndi chimodzi cha zoyenerera zamtengo wapatali kwambiri za anthu" — mawu omwe anatetezera kotheratu misonkhano ya nzika. M’zaka za zana la 19, Kusintha kwa Makampani kunabala gulu la antchito, ndi antchito ophatikiza m’mafakitale ndi m’makwalala kuti afune malipiro abwino, mikhalidwe yotetezeka, ndi ufulu wa kugwirizanitsa. Petroloo Massacre wa 18 mu Manchester, kumene apakavalo ananenetsa gulu lamtendere, limakhala chikumbutso cha kufupikizidwa kwa boma la kamodzi. —
Kudutsa Atlantic, nkhondo yothetsa ndi kukhazikitsa akazi inadalira kwambiri pa misonkhano ya onse. Seneca Falls Convention (11848) inagwiritsa ntchito msonkhano kuyambitsa gulu la ufulu wa akazi, pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe oletsa analinganiza misonkhano yolimbana ndi ukapolo. Zochitika za m'mbiri zimenezi zimagogomezera choonadi cha padziko lonse: kuyenera kusonkhana sikuli kokha kuyerekezera kwa lamulo; ndiko kuyendetsa kwa anthu.
Kuteteza Mayiko ndi Malamulo
Lerolino, ufulu wa kusonkhana waikidwa m'mapangano a mitundu yonse ndi malamulo a dziko. Chilengezo cha ufulu wa anthu (Article 20) chimalongosola: "Yense ali ndi ufulu wa ufulu wa kusonkhana ndi kugwirizana. Mfundo imeneyi imachirikizidwa ndi International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR, Article 21), imene imagwirizanitsa zigamu za boma 173 kulemekeza misonkhano, kuchepetsa ziletso kwa awo okha "ovomerezedwa ndi lamulo ndi oyenerera m’chitaganya cha democracy"."
Zida za ufulu wachibadwidwe za chigawo zimawonjezera miyalo ina. Msonkhano wa ku Ulaya wa Ufulu wa Anthu (Njira 11) imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kusonkhana kwamtendere ndi ufulu wa kugwirizanitsa, ndi European Court of Human Rights ikupereka zigamulo zachiweruzo zapadera pa milandu ya ndale zadziko yochokera ku kutsutsa kwa ntchito ndi kutsendereza. Mofananamo, Chikalata cha Afrika cha Charter on Human and People’s Rights (Artle 11) ndi Msonkhano wa American on Human Rights Rights (Alcicle 15) chimapereka chitetezo chofanana.
Malamulo a boma amapereka mlingo wosiyanasiyana wa kulongosola. United States First Amendment — "Confect siidzapanga lamulo lililonse ... kuchepetsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa ofalitsa nkhani; kapena kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhana mwamtendere, ndi kuchonderera Boma kuti libwezere zidandaulo , ndi kuti likhale pakati pa zotchulidwa zambiri. Malamulo a India (Aricle 19(b) amatsimikizira ufulu wa kusonkhana mwamtendere ndi popanda zida, kugonjera ku ziletso zoyenerera pa zofuna za anthu. Lamulo Lachikulu la Germany (Article 8) limateteza ufulu wakugwirizanitsa ndi wosalandira chilolezo choyambirira kapena chilolezo, ngakhale kuti misonkhano ikufuna kulembetsa. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene miyambo yalamulo yosiyana yotsutsana ndi ina ya pamanja.
Nyengo Yogwiritsa Ntchito Mayiko: Misonkhano Yochitika M’madera Omwe Amapezekadi
Luso la zojambulajambula lasintha kwambiri mmene anthu amagwiritsira ntchito ufulu wosonkhana. Mapulatifomu a za mayanjano — Twitter, Facebook, Telegram, ndi ma authonsi opeka mawu — limatheketsa olinganiza kugwirizanitsa zionetsero ndi liŵiro ndi kukwera. Awab Spring Prigents (2012) Kuukira kwa zaka ((20: 20) kuonetsa mmene msonkhano wa makompyuta ungagwetsere opondereza olamulira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Facebookast kukonza masewera ndi kufalitsa zochitika zenizeni ngakhale kuti boma lafufuza. Posachedwapa, Matterm's Hat Chate' [[FLD:] mu 20], zimene zinayamba pambuyo pa kupha George Flod, kufalikira padziko lonse, mbali ya mavidiyo, ndi kufalikira kwa mavidiyo a Tkignegalamu, ndi ku Tkigna.
Komabe, kusonkhanitsa kwa pa foni kuli ndi mavuto apadera. Maboma apanga zida zapamwamba zoyang'anira kulinganiza zinthu pa Intaneti, pogwiritsa ntchito metaira, kuvomereza nkhope potsutsa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito authoritain . M'mayiko monga China, "Firellall" imatsekera malo achilendo ndi kutsendereza anthu powaika pa ndandanda ya makompyuta. Ngakhale m'mademokalaseyansi, malamulo olinganizidwa — monga ngati a UK'S Police, Crime, Sendensing and Courts Act 2022 — ayambitsa malire aakulu pa zionetsero za onse, kuphatikizapo zilatso zaupandu za "kugwetsa" zimene zimachititsa "kusokonezedwa kwa ". Zimenezi zikudzutsa funso lovuta: kuti lamulo likwanitse ku malo a pa makompyuta, kapena kuti nthaŵi zonse liphatikize zinthu?
Mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo bungwe la UN Special Rapportir pa ufulu wa kusonkhana mwamtendere ndi wa mayanjano, anena kuti kuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti monga momwe kumachitira pa Intaneti. Komabe kutsata lamulolo sikumakhala kosiyana, ndi maboma ambiri akunena kuti malo enieni saali "ponse" m’lingaliro lamwambo. Monga zenizeni ndi kufutukuka kwa malo alamulo, dziko lidzafunikira kusintha.
Mavuto a Pambuyo Pake pa Zoyenera za Misonkhano
Kulephera kwa Akonzi ndi Ziletso za Malamulo
Chikhoterero cha padziko lonse cha kubwereranso kwa demokrase chakhala chowopsya mwachindunji kutsekereza ufulu wa msonkhano. Ku Russia, patapita zaka 762 malamulo alionse opalamula kukumana kulikonse kolingaliridwa kukhala koluluza " ntchito yapadera yankhondo" ku Ukraine, kuchititsa zikwi zambiri za kumangidwa pa zitsutso za Gnome. Ku Belarus, boma la Lukashenko lakhala likugwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi zonse kutsekeredwa kwa ndende kuletsa zitsutso. Panthaŵiyi, ku Hungary, kubwezera ku Lamulo pa Msonkhano kumafuna olinganiza kuti adziŵitse maulamuliro 48 asanayambe ndi kupereka mphamvu kuti aletse zochitika za "malete makhalidwe abwino a anthu onse" — muyezo wosadziŵika bwino kaamba ka kuzunza.
Ziletso kaŵirikaŵiri zimatenga mtundu wa nthaŵi, malo, ndi malamulo amakhalidwe . Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti amachirikiza kwambiri malamulo auchete (m., akufuna zilolezo za zikondwerero zazikulu, kuchepetsa phokoso pambuyo pa 10 p.m.), mavuto amabuka pamene malamulo agwiritsidwa ntchito mosankha. Mwachitsanzo, amalola ndalama kukhala zokwera, kuchotsa mizu ya udzu. Kapena maulamuliro angatchule " madera otsutsa" kutali ndi olinganizidwa kwa olinganizidwa, kuchepetsa chiyambukiro cha msonkhano. Khoti la European Court of Human Rights lapeza kaŵiri kaŵiri kachitidwe kotsutsana ndi malamulo oterowo 11 pamene ali osayenerera m'chitaganya cha democracy.
Kulemekeza ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu
Unansi pakati pa apolisi ndi otsutsa wakhala malo oonekeratu m'maiko ambiri. Malipoti ochokera ku Amnesty International ndi Human Rights Watch akusonyeza kugwiritsira ntchito mopambanitsa gasi wa misozi, zipolopolo, ndi madzi ndi zitsulo zolimbana ndi ziwanda zamtendere m'malo osiyanasiyana monga Hong Kong, Chile, ndi United States. [[FLT:] George Floyd] kutsutsa [Folve] kuwona kuletsa kwa National Guardivements ndi maderesiti a kumbuyo kwa nthaŵi za U.S. mizinda yambiri, ndi lamulo loimbidwa kuti igwiritse ntchito njira zankhondo. Poyankha, maulamuliro ena atenga "deescalation" kaamba ka aphunzitsi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ziyambukiro za kleti. Komabe, kusokonezeka maganizo pakati pa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu aungwe.
Madipatimenti a apolisi akuda nkhawa kwambiri chifukwa amadalira kwambiri anthu owerenga mapepala a laisensi, ofufuza za makompyuta, ndiponso ngakhale makampani a m’ndege kuti apereke malangizo kwa anthu amene alipo. Magulu a zamalonda monga Electronic Frontinement Foundation anachenjeza kuti msonkhano wa anthu amene akuwaona ukuchititsa mantha m’tsogolo, pamene anthu akuopa kuti abwana awo, eni nyumba, kapena akuluakulu a boma a boma atha kubwezera. Kuyenera kwa anthu osadziwika kuti asonkhanitsedwe sikuli kotsimikizirika m’malamulo ambiri, koma nkofunika kwambiri kuti anthu ochepa ovutika atetezedwe.
Kulimbana ndi Ziwembu ndi Kudana ndi Mawu
Si misonkhano yonse yokhayikitsiratu. Nyumba zankhondo za Whitehet , zotsutsa LGBTQ, ndi zionetsero zachiwawa zimayesa malekezero a chitetezo. Lamulo la "kusaloŵerera m'ndale" likunena kuti boma silingaletse msonkhano chifukwa cha malingaliro otchulidwa, koma kusiyana kulipo kaamba ka kusonkhezera chiwawa ndi ziwopsezo zenizeni. [[FLD: 0] Kulimbana ndi gulu la anthu otsutsana ndi gulu lotsutsana, koma zimenezi zingatsogolere ku zinenezo za ku Charlottesville (2017) kuvumbula vuto la kulinganiza ufulu wa msonkhano ndi chisungiko, makamaka pamene otsutsa protesters asonkhana. Mayi ambiri tsopano amafuna kuti asungenso apolisi kuti akhalebe "odenti ya gulu lotsutsa, koma kuti apereke zinenezo za kuchitiridwa mopanda chiyero.
Malamulo a udani wa kulankhula amasiyanasiyana. Ku United States, First Rights Amendment imateteza ngakhale mawu onyoza kwambiri pokhapokha ngati aloŵa m’magulu ochepera (ziwopsezo zenizeni, mawu otsutsana). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Germany ndi France amachititsa kuti anthu asakhale ndi ufulu wophana chifukwa cha udani wa mafuko, zimene zingapangitse kuti misonkhano imene ikulimbikitsa mauthenga otereyi iletsedwe. Komiti ya bungwe la Human Rights yanena kuti malamulo a ufulu wa anthu ayenera kukhala ofunika ndi ogwirizana, ndiponso kuti msonkhano wamtendere suyenera kuletsedwa chifukwa cha maganizo a anthu odana ndi anthu.
Ntchito Yosintha ya Magulu a Anthu
Kuchokera ku msonkhano, anthu wamba asinthanso zandale ndi chikhalidwe. Chilivil Rights Movement (1954-1968) ku United States amapereka chitsanzo chofanana. Kuyambira ku Montgomery Busbott (555) mpaka March ku Washington (1963), misonkhano yamtendere — kaŵirikaŵiri ikumakumana ndi boma lokonzedwa ndi chiwawa — kusintha kwa malamulo, kumaliza Chilamulo cha Chiletso cha ufulu wa Chilamulo cha 1964 ndi Chiletso cha Vonglement Act ya 1965. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa chipinda cha Glounction, kukwera, ndi kulembetsa kolembetsa kwa olembetsa kuonetsa kuti msonkhano sungochitika kokha; ndiko kuchititsa chivoti cha chivoti cha ndalensiti ya zandale za Sinarney "kusokoneza mphamvu za nthaŵi zonse za kachitidwe kayendetsedwe ka .
+ gulu la ufulu mofananamo linadalira pa msonkhano kaamba ka kuwoneka ndi kugwirizana . Stonewall Riots (1969) inali chipanduko chamwadzidzidzi, koma masiteshoni odzitukumula otsatira — omwe anayamba monga kamayendedwe kang'ono, kambirimbiri kowopsa — anakula kukhala mapwando apadziko lonse a chizindikiritso. M'maiko ambiri, kuyenera kwa kusunga mpikisano wonyada kudakalipobe; ku Poland, makampani ambiri alengeza "LBTTHHOOfree," ndi zochitika zonyada ndi mapepala otsutsa. Komabe kachitidwe kachitidwe ka kusonkhanako kakupitirizabe monga kulengeza ulemu.
Kayendetsedwe ka nyengo kozungulira dziko lonse, kotsogozedwa ndi achichepere ochirikiza kutsutsa malo monga Greta Thunberg, kayambiranso mwambo wa kugawana ndi magudumu a sukulu. Masiku a Zamtsogolo [ zionetsero, zimene zinayamba mu August 2018 ndi wotsutsa mmodzi kunja kwa nyumba ya malamulo ya Sweden, wofutukulidwa kuphatikizapo mamiliyoni a anthu m’maiko oposa 150. Misonkhano imeneyi yasintha nyengo kutsogolo kwa manyuzipepala ndi kukakamiza maboma kulengeza zamwaŵikitsa. Komabe, gululo limagogomezeranso chitokosokoso kuchirikiza kupita patsogolo kwa gulu: misonkhano yaikulu imafunikira, ndalama, ndi zipangizo, zimene nthaŵi zonse sizimapezeka ku madera akutalikira.
Malire a Malamulo ndi Chitetezo Chofunika
Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyenera kwa kusonkhanitsa kuli kofunika kwambiri, sikuli kopanda malire. Malamulo apadziko lonse amalola ziletso zokhazikitsidwa pa zolinga zoyenerera: chisungiko cha dziko, chisungiko chapoyera, dongosolo la anthu onse, kapena chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu ena. Mliri wa Covid . Mliri wa CHOVID . Unali chiyeso chachikulu, pamene maboma padziko lonse opereŵera kuchepetsa kufalitsa mavairasi. Mabungwe ambiri a ufulu wa anthu anavomereza ziletso zoikidwa kwa kanthaŵi, umboni wozikidwa pa ziletso zopanda pake koma wolephera kulingalira zina (m. g., mapwando a panja ndi ziphiniphirizo). UN Spec Rapporteur pa ufulu wa kusonkhanitsa anagogomezera kuti ziletso zokhala "zo zoyenera, zoyenerera, zogaŵa, zosasinthasinthasintha, ndi zosakwanira nthaŵi."
Kulimbana kwina kosatha kumaphatikizapo [[FLT: 0] pa katundu waumwini . Masitolo, makampani, ndi mayunivesite samakhala ongodzionetsera. Ku United States, mlandu wa Supreme Court Marsh v. Alabama [1] (1946) adakhulupirira kuti tauni yokhala ndi makampani inali yodziŵika bwino, koma zigamu zotsatira zachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zimene eni ake a katundu ayenera kuyang'anira. Ndi kukwera kwa "Ufulu Waunyinji wa anthu onse" m'mizinda, kaŵirikaŵiri ochirikiza apeza kuti aletsedwa mwalamulo kusonkhana m'mabwalo omwe akuonekera kukhala otsegulidwa.
Ndiponso, kukwera kwa madera propropections kuzungulira misonkhano ya ndale zadziko, maseŵera, ndi malo ochezera kuipitsa ufulu wa msonkhano. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa 2016 Republican National Convention ku Cleveland, mzindawo unasankha "kudzitetezera kwa chigawo" kumene kunaletsa chitsutso chilichonse poona holo ya msonkhano. Makhoti achirikiza opanga malo osonkhanirawo pamene aikidwa mwamphamvu — koma osuliza atsutsa kuti iwo amaswa chifuno chachikulu cha msonkhano: kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi awo okhala muulamuliro.
Maluso Olimbikitsa Ufulu wa Misonkhano
Kuteteza kuyenera kwa kusonkhanitsa kumafuna kuchitapo kanthu pa milingo yambiri. [[FLT: 0] Chisinthiko cha polisi ndi chiyambi: mitundu iyenera kupenda malamulo awo osonkhanira kuti itsimikizire kuti ikugwirizana ndi miyezo yamitundu yonse, kuchotsa ziganizo zosadziŵika bwino ndi zofunika zochulukitsa. [[FLT:] OSCE OF for Democratic Informations ndi Rights Human Rights (ODIHR) imatulutsa buku la ufulu wa msonkhano [[FLT: 4.] ndi malamulo opereka malamulo achitsanzo. Malamulo ayeneranso kukwaniritsa ufulu wonse wa anthu ndi kutumiza mali ogwirizana.
Mapangano ndi mapepala ngovuta. Magulu onga ngati Amnesty International [[FLT :3] ndi Zoyenera za Mbanjalo Watch [1] msonkhano wa gulu wokhudza kumanga ndi chiwawa cha apolisi. Malipoti awo angavumbule njira za kuzunza ndi kutsendereza maboma kuti zisinthe. Pamlingo wa kumaloko, ofufuza alamulo ndi ochirikiza mavidiyo amatumikira monga zoletsa kuswa malamulo oletsedwa.
Maphunziro a polisi ali ofunika mofanana. Nzika zambiri sizikudziŵa zoyenera zawo — kapena zimakhulupirira kuti kukana kulikonse kumapanga chitsutso chosakhala cha lamulo. Magulu a anthu ayenera kuyendetsa akudziŵa [1] malo ochitira ma pulogalamu anu ndi kugaŵira zotsogolera zosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, ALBU] zotsogolera pa zoyenera za otsutsa [ amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku United States.
Pomalizira pake, nyumba ya kuchuluka kwa anthu [[FLT :1] m'migwirizano imalimbikitsa kupirira. Pamene gulu la antchito likhala ndi ochirikiza nyengo, kapena pamene mabungwe aufuko alungamo achirikiza LGBTQ + kunyada, kuyenera kwa kusonkhana kumavuta kwambiri kuukira. Chigwirizano cha Mitundu Yonse — chonga ngati SOUNI FRAP'S CRATEURY CY CYY ya tsiku la ntchito yapadziko lonse [ — kungakulitse nkhondo za kumaloko ndi kupanga nkhondo yogwirizana yolimbana ndi kupondereza.
Mapeto ake: Lonjezo la Msonkhano Losakwaniritsidwa
Kuyenera kwa kusonkhanitsa sikunasungidwe konse. Kuyambira pa kusintha kwa zinthu kwa mbali zinayi za zana la 18 mpaka kutsutsa kosonyezedwa kwa 21, mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kukhazikitsanso ufulu umenewu. Msonkhano ndi wotsendereza mu umene demokrase imayesedwa: pamene nzika zingasonkhane popanda mantha, zingadziwiretu, kutsutsa, ndi kufunsa mlandu. Pamene msonkhano watsekeredwa, njira imakhala yochepera ku ulamuliro wankhanza.
Komabe kuyenera sikuli kongotsimikizira mwalamulo; kuli kachitidwe ka moyo. Kufunikira kulimba mtima kutuluka m’nyumba ya munthu ndi kugwirizana ndi ena m'malo a anthu. Kufunikira chidaliro chakuti boma lidzatetezera osati kuzunza. Ndipo kumafuna mabungwe amene amalemekeza mphamvu ya mawu a gulu limodzi. Pamene maiko a magetsi ndi akuthupi akuloŵana, ndi monga kukhazikitsanso ulamuliro wa a cureators mu mitundu yatsopano, kuyenera kusonkhana kudzakhala kopanda chiwopsezeko ndi kofunika. Kuteteza iko sikuli mkhalidwe wamwambo — ndiko mkhalidwe wa ufulu wonse wa kufalikira.