Ufulu wa maphunziro waikidwa m'lamulo la ufulu wa anthu lapadziko lonse monga choikizira chachikulu chimene chimapatsa anthu ndi kusintha mayanjano. Chidziŵitso cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights ndi cholembedwa mu International Pangano la International Paramente on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), kuyenera kwa maphunziro kumakhazikitsa mathayo ku maboma a ufulu, maphunziro okakamiza ndi maphunziro apamwamba otsalira ndi ofikapo kwa onse. Komabe kukwaniritsidwa kwa ufulu umenewu kumadalira kwambiri pa mmene malamulo a mitundu yonse amatembenuzidwira ku lamulo lovomerezeka. Lingaliro la ] njira yovomerezeka ndi yovomerezeka ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano awo a m'malamulo a dziko lonse.

Kumvetsetsa Kugwirizana kwa Malamulo a Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Kugwirizanitsa kuli njira yalamulo imene imasintha mapangano amene agwirizana pamlingo wa mitundu yonse kukhala malamulo ogwirizana m'malamulo a dziko. Njirayo imasiyana pa miyambo yalamulo. Amomoni , monga Falansa kapena Netherlands, mapangano ovomerezedwawo amakhala mbali ya lamulo la dziko lonse ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji m’khoti. m'madongosolo a zalamulo, monga United Kingdom kapena Australia, mapangano amafuna ntchito yomveka bwino ya kugwirizanitsa malamulo a boma . Pambuyo pake, malamulo amasungidwa pamlingo wa mitundu yonse, amasiya anthu popanda kuyendetsa bwino lamulo ngati aloŵa m’manja.

International Parvention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , ", mwachitsanzo, amalamula zipani za maboma kuvomereza pang’onopang’ono kuyenera kwa maphunziro kupyolera m’njira zonse zoyenerera, kuphatikizapo malamulo a boma. Kusintha kwa malamulo kumasintha ntchito yosaoneka ndi masoka kukhala muyezo wotsimikizirika. Imapatsa makhoti mphamvu zopenda malamulo a boma, kuswa malamulo aupandu, ndi kukonza zinthu pamene sukulu sizikupezeka, sizikufikirika, kapena kupereŵera.

Malamulo Oyenera Kuphunzitsa Ana M’lamulo la Padziko Lonse

Kuyenera kwa maphunziro si kupatsidwa kwa munthu mmodzi, kovomerezeka. Malamulo a mitundu yonse amalongosola ukulu wake kupyolera m'ziŵiya zambiri zomangirira. ICECR, m'Chigawo 13, imakhazikitsa lamulo lakuya: maphunziro oyambirira ayenera kukhala okakamiza ndi opezeka kwa onse; maphunziro a sekondale, kuphatikizapo luso la zopangapanga ndi ntchito, ayenera kukhala opezeka mowonjezereka ndi omasuka; maphunziro apamwamba ayenera kukhala ofikirika mofanana pamaziko a malo ambiri. Msonkhano pa Ufulu wa Child (CRC) umalimbikitsa mathayo, kuwonjezera malamulo a malamulo apamwamba a mwana, ndi kuyenera kwa mwana kumvetsera.

General Wothithira ndemanga No. 13 wa UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights amapereka chitsogozo chodalirika pa ufulu wa maphunziro, kutchula mbali zinayi zofunika: kupezeka, kupezeka, kuvomerezedwa, ndi kusinthika . Kutsimikizira kuti miyezo imeneyi ikhoza kuoneka yovomerezeka, ndiko kuti, yovomerezeka m’khoti la lamulo. Popanda kulowa m’khoti, maboma angaone maphunziro ngati chinthu chongofunikira kukwaniritsa lamulolo.

Mmene Kugwirizanitsa Kumalimbitsira Kukakamiza Ufulu wa Maphunziro

Ngati ufulu wapadziko lonse wa maphunziro walowetsedwa m’bungwe, munthu mmodzi ndi gulu la anthu a m’dzikolo amapatsidwa chida champhamvu choŵerengera maboma awo. Wophunzira akakana kulowa chifukwa cha fuko lake, kapena mwana amene ali ndi vuto loti sanalowe m’sukulu yaikulu, angapereke chilolezo ku khoti la boma. Khotilo lingagwiritse ntchito malamulo a m’dzikolo, ngakhale ngati malamulo a boma sanena kapena akutsutsana.

Mu Kum'mwera kwa Africa , Konsichushoni imaphatikizapo mwachindunji kuyenera koyenera kuphunzirira mfundo zofunikira. Izi zachititsa zigamulo zosinthasintha zinthu monga Mazibov v Mzinda wa Johannesburg [ ndi zina zambiri [[FLT:] Mtumiki wa Maphunziro wa Maphunziro Ozimiririka [[[FLT:]], kumene khoti linalamula boma kupereka nyumba ndi mabukhu oyenera. Zokumana nazo za South Africa zimasonyeza kuti kutembenuza lonjezo laphindu ku chiganitso chimene chingagwirizanitsidwe kupyola mu judia.

Mu India , ngakhale kuti Konsichushoni poyamba inatenga maphunziro kukhala lamulo lotsogolera, kumasulira kwachiweruzo limodzi ndi kukonza malamulo kunapanga kuyenera kwa maphunziro. Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka malamulo ofuna maprogramu a chakudya cha kusukulu, chilango choletsa, ndi kutsimikizira malamulo oikidwa. Zimenezi zinali zotheka chifukwa chakuti ntchito yapadziko lonse inali yogwirizana ndi lamulo la boma lapanyumba.

Komabe, kuphatikiza sikumathetsa zopinga zonse. Mayiko ambiri otsika olandira samakhala ndi zinthu zomangira sukulu, aphunzitsi, ndi ndalama zolipirira. Komabe ngakhale kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama sikumachotsa malamulo awo a kusonyezera masitepe adala, ozoloŵereka a ku kuzindikira kokwanira. Lamulo la kupitiriza.

Mavuto a Kugwirizanitsa Ufulu wa Maphunziro Mogwira Mtima

Kupereka Zolakwa Kupyola Zinenezo

Kusankha kaŵirikaŵiri kuli kochepa, kopanda pake, kapena kodalira pa zinthu zina. Maboma ena amaphatikiza ICESCR koma amachotsapo makonzedwe a maphunziro kuchokera ku kupenda kwachiweruzo. Ena amaphatikiza malamulo a CRC koma amasunga malamulo amene amalola kukwatira ana kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ana, kuchepetsa kwambiri kupezeka kwa maphunziro. Zodalira za thumba, ndale zadziko, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zingafooketse ngakhale malamulo amphamvu kwambiri. Makhoti iwo eni angakhale ozengereza kukhazikitsa ufulu wa kakhalidwe ka anthu, akutchula za kupatutsa mphamvu kapena kusoŵa kwa maphunziro.

Kutsutsana Kolungama

Chisulizo chosalekeza cha kuloŵetsa ufulu wa kakhalidwe ka zachuma . Kuphatikizapo maphunziro . Ndizo kuti iwo mwachibadwa saali oyenerera. Otsutsa amanena kuti makhoti alibe mphamvu ya kugaŵira chuma, mapulogalamu asukulu, kapena kuyendetsa madongosolo a sukulu. Komabe gulu la padziko lonse la ufulu wa anthu latsutsa kwambiri lingaliro limeneli. Makhoti ambiri amachirikiza ufulu wa maphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito muyezo woyenerera: salamula kuti malamulo azichitika koma amaumirira kuti maboma akhale ndi mphamvu, kuonekera bwino, ndi kulinganiza kopita patsogolo kwa kuzindikira zoyenera. [[FLT:] Gromantha Neverneral. [13 ] Amalimbikitsa kusungidwa kwa lamulo lachiweruzo, akugogomezera kuti ayenera kupereka mankhwala othandiza kaamba ka kuswa.

Kusiyana Pakati pa Lonjezo la Malamulo ndi Kukhalakodi

Ngakhale pamene makhoti apereka zigamulo zopita patsogolo, kugwiritsa ntchito zimagwira ntchito kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. M’mayiko ambiri, nthambi za akuluakulu zimanyalanyaza kapena kuchedwa kugonjera.

Kupititsa Patsogolo Maphunziro Olingana ndi Amene Amapezeka Pochita Zosemphana ndi Malamulo

Chimodzi cha zifukwa zazikulu zokhalira ndi ufulu wokhalira ndi ufulu wolingana. Lamulo lapadziko lonse lamaphunziro limaletsa poyera tsankho chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kugonana, chinenero, chipembedzo, malingaliro andale, mtundu kapena chikhalidwe, katundu, kubadwa, kapena kupunduka. Pamene maboma aphatikizapo makonzedwe osakondera ameneŵa, amatsimikiza kuchotsa zopinga zimene zakhala zikuchotsapo anthu onse m'mbiri.

  • Kulingana kwa lamulo: [[FLT :1] Maboma amafuna kuthetsa zizoloŵezi zimene zimaletsa atsikana kupita kusukulu, monga ngati kukwatira, chiwawa chozikidwa pa mwamuna ndi mkazi, ndi kukondera sukulu. M'maiko kumene ufulu wa maphunziro umaikidwa mwalamulo, makhoti awononga malamulo oletsa atsikana apakati kusukulu.
  • Ana olumala: Convention on the Rights of Humans of Disorder Convention on the Humans of Disorder, yomwe imaphatikizapo makonzedwe a maphunziro, amafuna madongosolo a maphunziro odzipatula. Kulephera kwa maboma amalamula kupereka malo okhala, ziwiya zopimira, ndi chichirikizo cha maphunziro.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kuphunzira ndi madera a dzikolo: Maphunziro ayenera kukhala oyenera ndi opezeka m’zinenero zaing’ono pamene kuli kofunika. Kusintha kwa ICESCR ndi Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Anthu a ku Iversity People chimagwirizana ndi mfundo zimenezi.
  • Zopinga zachuma: Kusintha kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kutokosa malipiro a sukulu, mtengo wobisika, ndi malamulo ovomereza upo waupo amene amayambukira kwambiri mabanja osauka.

Lamulo la kupezeka kolingana sikungotseguka zitseko; kufunikira njira zotsimikizira kuti magulu atsamunda akutengamo mbali mowonadi ndi chipambano. Kusintha kwapanga maziko alamulo kaamba ka kukakamiza njira zovomerezeka zoterozo, kuphatikizapo maphunziro a zamaphunziro, zoyendera, maprogramu a sukulu odyetsa, ndi zopereka zaulere kusukulu.

Kusankhana ndi Kuletsa Tsankho m’Maphunziro

Kusasankhana kuli lamulo lachinsinsi limene limayendera mapangano onse a ufulu wa anthu. Msonkhano wa UNESCO wotsutsa tsankho mu Education (1960) umaletsa mwachindunji kunyalanyaza kapena kuchepetsa mwaŵi uliwonse wa maphunziro pa zifukwa zauchiŵeniŵeni. Pamene maboma apanga msonkhano umenewu, iwo amasankha kuchotsa sukulu, kumaliza maphunziro opatula ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuchirikiza kwambiri kugwirizana. Zimenezi zakhala zofunika makamaka kwa mafuko aang'ono monga Aroma ku Ulaya, Dalits ku South Asia, ndi ana a ku America.

Makhoti osiyanasiyana, atawaloŵetsa m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana, athandiza kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amasungitsa ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti la European Court of Human Rights, likuimira pangano la European Convention on Human Rights (limene limaphatikizapo ufulu wa maphunziro kudzera mwa malamulo 1, Mfundo 2), lapeza kuti ana achiroma anaikidwa m’masukulu apadera popanda chifukwa. Khoti linafuna kuti boma lithetse machitidwe ameneŵa ndi kuonetsetsa kuti anthu onse apeze maphunziro abwino.

Kupatula kumatetezanso ku tsankho lachindunji . Maboma amene amaonekera kukhala osaloŵerera m’zinthu koma ali ndi zotsatirapo zoipa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la sukulu lofuna chikalata cha kubadwa kwa mwana lingachotse ana osalembedwa kapena amene amabadwira m'madera akutali popanda kulembetsa. Makhoti amene amatsata malamulo osakondera angachotse malamulo amenewo.

Kufufuza za Makhoti: Kudziimira Pamodzi

United Kingdom: Chiletso cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe 1998

UK imaphatikizapo European Convention on Human Rights kupyola pa Chikalata cha Human Rights 1998. Pamene kuli kwakuti Msonkhanowo sumakhala ndi kuyenera kwa maphunziro mwatsatanetsatane mofanana ndi ICECR, Chikalata cha Malamulo 1, Mfundo 2 imapereka kuti palibe munthu amene adzamanidwa ufulu wa maphunziro. Makhoti a UK agwiritsira ntchito makonzedwe ameneŵa m'milandu yokhudza kuchotsedwa kusukulu, kukana kupatsidwa malamulo apadera ofunikira maphunziro, ndi kusankhidwa m'maphunziro achipembedzo. Act yakakamiza kusintha kwa malamulo, kuphatikizapo ntchito ya kuvomereza ana opunduka ndi kuyang'anira zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana.

South Africa: Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Pambuyo pa kuwonjezera kwa Malamulo a South Africa amaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa maphunziro m'Chigawo 29, kupereka kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa maphunziro oyambirira, kuphatikizapo maphunziro aakulu, ndi kuwonjezera maphunziro kupyolera m’miyezo yoyenerera. Khoti la Constitution lakhala likutsimikizira kuti kuyenera kwa maphunziro oyambirira kuli thayo lamwadzidzidzi lotsimikizirika. Monga chotulukapo, boma lakakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yofanana ya maphunziro, kupereka mabuku, ndi kupereŵera kwa aphunzitsi. Nduna ya Maphunziro ndi yoona ya Bhansi ya Maphunziro a Basicle [1] Zotsatira. Zosankha za boma ndizo chitsanzo za mmene limaperekera malamulo a anthu kuti apange madongosolo a kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Canada: Tchata cha Ufulu ndi Ufulu

Canada sanagwirizanitse ICECR mwachindunji m'malamulo a m'banja, koma Chigawo 15 cha Tchata (Ufulu Wosalingana) ndi Chigawo 7 (kusungidwa kwa munthu) chagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a magulu opatuka, makamaka ana a Mitundu Yoyamba. Canadian Human Rights Tribunal inapeza kuti mautumiki a boma a maphunziro apamwamba a m'mautumiki audindo apamwamba apamwamba, lamulo limene linakhudza miyezo ya mayiko onse. Ngakhale kuti silinagwirizanitse mwachindunji pangano la maphunziro, mlanduwu umasonyeza mmene malamulo a ufulu wa anthu angayambukirire ngakhale popanda kugwirizanitsa kochitidwa ndi lamulo lalamulo.

Ntchito ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Kufalitsa Mabodza

Kuvomereza kokha sikuli kokwanira. Kuyenera kupangidwa mwa ndandanda, kugamula, ndi kuyang'anira ndi mabungwe osakhala a boma, magulu a anthu, ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse. Mabungwe a anthu amachita mbali yaikulu mwa kuswa malamulo, kukonzekera mfundo zalamulo, ndi kuchirikiza mabwana. Kulinganiza kwapanga zipambano zazikulu: mwachitsanzo, Kulunjika ku project project ndi antchito a m'dziko agwiritsira ntchito malamulo kukakamiza maboma kulinganiza kulinganiza ndalama zoyenerera kaamba ka malipiro a aphunzitsi ndi kuchotsa ndalama zamwayi m'masukulu aakulu.

Kugwirizanitsa kumalimbikitsanso anthu kuŵerengera mlandu. Ngati anthu adziwa kuti ufulu wa maphunziro ngwovomerezeka mwalamulo, iwo amafuna kuti oyang’anira sukulu ndi akuluakulu a boma aikidwe mlandu. Zimenezi zingapangitse makomiti oyang’anira sukulu, makampani a aphunzitsi, ndi mapulogalamu a anthu onse omvera za ndalama zimene akugwiritsa ntchito pa maphunziro.

Kumaliza: Njira Yake Ikupita Patsogolo

Kuphatikiza mapangano a ufulu wachibadwidwe m'lamulo lapamudzi kuli ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa ufulu wa maphunziro ndi kutsata kulingana. Kumasintha malonjezo a kulakalaka kukhala mathayo oyenera kuchitidwa, kupatsa anthu machiritso alamulo, ndi kuchititsa maboma kukhala ndi mlandu wa kuchotsa kapena kusakwanira. Umboni wochokera ku maiko amene agwirizanitsa ufulu wa maphunziro ku South Africa ndi UK mpaka India .

Komabe kuphatikizapo sikuli matsenga. Iyenera kutsagana ndi kudzipereka kwa ndale zadziko kochirikizidwa, kuikizira ndalama zokwanira, ndi chitaganya cha anthu chatcheru. Zitokoso zambiri zikutsala: Kugwirizana kosakwanira, kutsata lamulo lofooka, kupereŵera kwa chuma, ndi kupitirizabe kwa tsankho lokulirapo. Komabe, chikhotererocho nchowonekera bwino. Pamene maboma ambiri aloŵetsamo zoyenera za maphunziro ndi pamene makhoti akukhala ofunitsitsa kuletsa, mpata pakati pa kuvomerezana mwalamulo ndi moyo weniweni ukhoza kuchepa.

Kuyenera kwa maphunziro si pepala chabe; ndi njira yopezera ufulu wina uliwonse. Kutsimikizira kuti mwana aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za mwamuna, lulema, fuko, kapena mkhalidwe wachuma, angapeze maphunziro abwino kumafuna kuti mapangano apadziko lonse akhale ogwirizana ndi lamulo la dziko. Kusintha ndiko chida chofunika kwambiri kuti asinthe, ndipo ntchito yokulitsa ndi kukulitsa ufulu wake iyenera kupitirizabe padziko lonse. Cholinga chachikulu cha dziko lapansili, kumene kulibe mwana wotsala.