Chiyambi

Pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa dziko la Latin America pali kope lapamwamba lomvetsa mmene maulamuliro amasinthira zotsatira za demokrase. Pambuyo pomasuka ku ulamuliro wa Spanya ndi Portugal kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, mariphabliki akuluakulu otchuka a atsamunda a atsamunda, makampani okhwimitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi chuma chodalira pa kutsata kutsatizana ndi kuchotsa. Magulu ankhondo ogwirizana ndi mavuto a kumanga dziko kuti atulutse maulamuliro andale zadziko osiyanasiyana — kuyambira pa madesikishoni a boma audesiki okhazikika mpaka kubwerezanso ulamuliro wa asilikali ndi mapulogalamu a zipani za propulist . Nkhaniyi ikufufuza maulamuliro aakulu amene anatulukira ku Latin America pambuyo pa ufulu, kufufuza chisinthiko chawo, ndi kuonanso ziyambukiro zawo za nthaŵi yaitali pa kukhazikitsa komangira, kukhazikika kwa democracy, ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo la za boma.

Mbiri ya Ulamuliro wa ku Latin America

Magulu a kudziimira amene anaseseratu Latin America pakati pa 1810 ndi 1825 anatha zaka mazana atatu a ulamuliro wa atsamunda koma sanapange maiko okhazikika. Maiko atsopanowo adayang'anizana ndi mafunso aakulu ponena za mmene angalinganizire ulamuliro wandale. Kodi akatenga madongosolo a boma kapena audindo? Kodi mabwana a boma akakhala amphamvu kapena ofooka? Kodi ma franchise akanakhala otakata kapena opereŵera? Mikangano imeneyi inayambika pa maziko a nyumba zokhazikika [[FLT:]caudillo [1] — kulanda kwa anthu amphamvu a m'deralo amene anasonkhanitsa otsatira a zida — ndi kufooka kwa dziko.

Malamulo ambiri oyambirira anabwereka mokulira kuchokera ku mawonekedwe a United States kapena ku malingaliro omasuka a ku Ulaya, koma zenizeni za kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri zinawononga malingaliro ameneŵa. Otchuka oloŵa m’dziko, Tchalitchi cha Katolika, ndi asilikali anasunga chisonkhezero chachikulu. Chotulukapo chinali kuyesera kwalamulo, nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, ndi kuukira kopondereza komwe kunapitirizabe kufikira m’zaka za zana la 20. Chiphunzitso cha atsamunda cha pakati, chotenga ulamuliro ndi kusakhala ndi gulu lapamwamba la anthu chinapangitsa kukhala kovuta kumanga mabungwe a boma amene amachirikiza demokrase m'dera lakwa.

Malamulo Ofala

Maiko a ku Latin America ayesa magulu angapo a ulamuliro wosiyanasiyana. kapangidwe kalikonse kanali ndi ziyambukiro zosiyana za kuyambika kwa demokrase.

Madongosolo a Prezidenti

Malamulo ofala kwambiri a ulamuliro ku Latin America ndi akusonyeza kuti: mkulu wamphamvu angapereke umodzi wa dziko ndi kutha kwa zinthu, makamaka m'nthaŵi zamavuto. Komabe, dongosolo la pulezidenti ku Latin America kaŵirikaŵiri limayang'ana mphamvu zopambanitsa mu Chenical, makamaka pamene lisanganizidwa ndi mayeso ndi mayeso ofooka. Akatswiri ambiri ananena kuti mawu otsimikizirika ndi opambana a pulezidenti anachititsa kuti dziko likhale logwirizana ndi kutha kwa kachitidwe ka zinthu, makamaka m'nthaŵi za mavuto.

Njira Zopangira Malamulo ndi Zamaluwa

Madongosolo a Palamente, kumene mkuluyo amatenga kuyenerera kwake kuchokera ku nyumba ya malamulo, sanali ofala kwambiri ku Latin America. Uruguay anayesera kwachidule ndi mkulu wa bungwe la college (National Council of Government) kuyambira 1952 mpaka 1967, cholinga cha kufalitsa mphamvu ndi kupeŵa maupandu a kaudillimoso. Peru inatengera dongosolo losiyana, la kamodzikamodzi pambuyo pa malamulo a 1993. Komabe, zoyesayesa zambiri za ulamuliro wa pa pa pa konsiparamenti zinali za moyo kapena zopereŵera. Chitsanzo cha pulezidentiyo chinakhalabe chosalephera, m’mbali chifukwa cha mphamvu ya dongosolo la makhalidwe oipa a Spanya ndi chikhumbo cha utsogoleri m'magawo amphamvu m'magawo.

Asilikali ndi Akonzi

Maboma ankhondo anali dongosolo lobwerezabwereza lolamulira m'zaka za zana la 20. Ma 1960 kupyola ma 1980 adawona maulamuliro a boma la boma la boma la Bureaucracy ku Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, ndi kwina kulikonse. Maboma ameneŵa anapondereza zipani za ndale zadziko, kuthetsa masankho, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mantha a boma kukhazikitsa dongosolo — kaŵirikaŵiri ndi chichirikizo kuchokera kwa akuluakulu apamwamba ndi maulamuliro akunja onga United States mkati mwa Nkhondo Yamawu. Ulamuliro wa zankhondo kaŵirikaŵiri wogwirizana ndi demokrase, ngakhale kuti maulamuliro ena (m. Chile, pansi pa Pinochet) adapanga masinthidwe a zachuma kuti maboma ademokrase pambuyo pake sanasinthe. Maboma a demokrase — Makhoti ofooka, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kupondereza ufulu wa anthu.

Woimba Nkhonya ndi Maboma a Chisinthiko

Latin America inatulutsanso mwambo wosiyana wa polist autsogoleri, kuchokera ku Juan PerLN ku Argentina (46-955, 19731974) kupita ku Hugo Chávez ku Venezuela (1999-2013). Atsogoleri a chipani chotchuka kwambiri mu mabwana, anapatuka mabungwe, ndipo anasonkhanitsa anthu ogwirizana mwa kuchonderera osauka ndi kuchotsapo chuma. Pamene nthaŵi zina kuwonjezera kugawana nawo ndale kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, populalism imawononga kwambiri chitetezo cha democracy — makhoti odziimira paokha, manyuzipepala auleresi, ndi mabungwe olemekezeka — kutsogolera ku maulamuliro a zigaŵenga kapena a mphamvu ya kulamulira. Venezuela kuchirikiza kuyendetsa kwapamwamba kwa boma lapamwamba la Chvracracracto pansi pa chigamu ndi kuyendetsa ntchito yake.

Kusintha Zinthu pa Ntchito Zademokalase

Komabe, zinthu zokhazo sizingapangitse kuti anthu azikhala ndi moyo wabwino, azikhala ndi mavuto azachuma, ndiponso apadziko lonse.

Mphamvu za Mabungwe ndi Kulimbitsa Democratic

Maiko amene anamanga zipani zodziimira okha, zigawo zopambana — oweruza odziimira okha, opanga malamulo, mautumiki a boma, ndi manyukishoni aufulu — anali othekera kwambiri kusungitsa mademokrase okhazikika. [[FLT: 0] .Costa Rica [1] kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa monga nkhani ya chigawocho yopambana kwambiri: pambuyo pa kuchotsa asilikali ake mu 1948, dzikolo linayambanso boma lachitukuko la anthu, dongosolo la kayendetsedwe kake ka maufumu, ndi kudalirana kwapamwamba kwa anthu. [[FLT:] [FLT:] Uruguay[FLD: 3], mosasamala kanthu za kuyendetsa ulamuliro kwachidule kwa 1970 mu 1970, made, kubwereranso ku boma lopanda chitetezo chachikulu ndi kusungidwa kwachisungidwa kwa anthu. [FFUT], adatenganso mphamvu ndi kufalikira kwaungwe la boma lakale lakale, ndipo likulu lachiŵiri kwa zikalata zogwirizana ndi kufalikira kwa ogwirizana ndi kufalikira kwa mayiko ena.

Kuukira ndi Kusweka kwa Demokalase

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, maiko okhala ndi mabungwe ofooka ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba wa pulezidenti akumana ndi kusweka kwa demokrase mobwerezabwereza. Mwachitsanzo, Argentina, ikumayendera pamodzi pakati pa ulamuliro wa anthu wamba ndi wankhondo kasanu ndi kamodzi pakati pa 1930 ndi 1983. Kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro mu unduna wa boma, limodzi ndi makampani ochirikiza ndalama ndi kusoŵa macheke ogwira ntchito, kunachititsa dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zachuma ndi kuyendetsa maulamuliro a pulezidenti. Venezuela, lomwe kale linalingaliridwa kukhala chitsanzo cha demokrase, lidake lakusintha pang'onopang'ono pansi pa Chávez: malamulo a 1999 anatheketsa dongosolo la pulezia reodition recontivetion, neuter faceritivery judiary . Pofika 2020, dzikolo linaloŵa m'kangano la anthu ndi kupikisana kwakukulu kwa dziko lonse la Childdiadiase.

Ntchito ya Asilikali M’ndale

Malo a lamulo lankhondo ndi ovuta kwambiri. M'mayiko angapo a ku Latin America, magulu ankhondo anakhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu zandale ngakhale pambuyo posintha ku demokrase — ntchito za chitetezo chapamkati, kulinganiza ufulu, ndi kukhululukira kupotoza ufulu wa anthu. “kusintha kogwirizana kumeneku ku [1] (m’ngatero, Brazil, Chile) kugulitsa mlandu wokwanira wa chitukuko, koma kulephera mphamvu zankhondo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, kuchotsa kwa Costa Rica asilikali monga wopanga zida zandale, kunasintha kwambiri.

Madongosolo a Zandale ndi Chipani

Makonzedwe a madongosolo a pulogalamu a pulogalamu aumbanso mkhalidwe wa demokrase. Proportonal , monga momwe imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Uruguay ndi Costa Rica, inalimbikitsa mpikisano wamitundu yambiri ndi nyumba zomangidwa pamodzi. Maiko ena anatengera madongosolo aakulu kapena osanganiza amene kaŵirikaŵiri amagawikana ndi kulimbikitsa ndale zaumwini. Brazil’s [Brazil] .] . Kuphatikizapo dongosolo la kujambula kwapamwamba kwa andale ndi kusokonezeka kwa magulu andale, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka ndi kuchepa kwa zigamu zachipani, zachititsa kuti asokoneze mabungwe ambiri a zipani zazing'ono, kukakamiza prezida kuti asonkhanitse mapangano aakulu ndi owononga kuti alamulire. Zimenezi zathandiza kuchuluka kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kake kamodzi kakedzana kamodzi ka

Kufufuza za Matenda

Chile: Kusiya Kuponderezana Kufikira Pakulamulira Kodalirika

Chile chigamulo cha ndale zadziko cha 1973 chinaikidwa m'kusiyanitsa. Kuyambira 1833 mpaka 1973, chinasunga lamulo lokhazikika la lamulo, ndi dongosolo launduna waupolunti limene linasintha kukhala ulamuliro wa demokrase yosagawanika kwambiri pakati pa zaka za zana la 20. Kulanda kwa nkhondo kwa 1973 kotsogozedwa ndi General Augusto Pinochochet kunakhazikitsa ulamuliro wankhanza umene unayambitsa kusintha kwa chuma ndi kukonzanso malamulo a boma mu 1980. Malamulowo anakhazikitsa mphamvu za prezidenti, zifuno zazikulu za maufumu, ndi zitetezero za nkhondo. Pamene democracyism inabwerera mu 1990, maulamuliro a Chile osungidwa ndi ogonjetsedwa ndi maboma a anthu, koma otsatidwa ndi zivomezi zachiŵalansi ku chivomerezo chachisimezi chachikale 2019, chikhoza kukwaniritsa kukwaniritsa kufalikira kwa mapangano aungwe a chivomeretso a chiwongo chachikale, ngakhale kuti chiwonjeko kuwonjezera chivomerere ku chitukuke chachi chachisi chachika ku chile chachikale chachikale, chizi

Venezuela: Democratic Democratic Decratic Computa

Venezuela adatchuka kwa nthaŵi yaitali monga chosiyana ndi kugwetsa mtendere kwa Latin America. Kuyambira 1958 kumkabe, chigwirizano cha Punto Fijo cha magulu aakulu chinakhazikitsa demokrase yokhazikika ya magawo aŵiri ndi ovota apamwamba ndi maprogramu autsogoleri otchuka a mafuta. Madongosolo a boma anaonetsa dongosolo lamphamvu la pulezidenti, koma ndi mayeso ndi mamiyeso amene anagwira bwino lomwe. Komabe, kugwetsedwa kwa mafuta m'ma 1980 ndi 1990, kuphatikizapo kukwera kwa ziphuphu ndi gulu lomagwedezeka, anatsegula chitseko cha Hugoth Chamávez, yemwe kale mtsogoleri wa maufumu. Pambuyo pa kutsutsa kwake kochititsa chidwi. Pambuyo pa kutsutsa kwake kofala, kuwonjezera zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zaungwe lachiŵiri, kukhoza kuchepetsa zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi (kuvomerezedwanso), ndi kuwonjezera ulamuliro wa National Assembly. Agulu la United States anatsegulira mphamvu za boma la United States kuti athetse mphamvu zake zaungwe kutsutsa mphamvu ya dziko lonse, ndipo akutsutsanso, posanja la United States, posa.

Brazil: Kusintha kwa Utsogoleri ndi Chiphuphu

Malamulo a ulamuliro wa Brazil amaphatikiza dongosolo lautsogoleri wamphamvu ndi magawo ambiri, akazembe a boma amphamvu, ndi dongosolo la malamulo lotchuka kwambiri. Pambuyo pa malamulo a 1988, Brazil adabuka monga demokrase yamphamvu, koma mavuto osatha a ukatangale wandale zadziko, kufooka kwa gulu, ndi kusalingana kwa anthu kunasokoneza ntchito yake. Dongosolo la pulezidenti linalimbikitsa maulamuliro aakulu, ogwirizana mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba zaudindo — kusinthana maudindo ndi kuyanjana ndi kuchirikiza malamulo a boma. Zimenezi zinapangitsa kuti ulamuliro wa prezidenism . Koma zinapanganso malo osungirako zinthu, monga momwe mapulomeredwe aakulu a Vava Jato Jeto Jeto Je. (2011.201) adawonetsera kuchuluka kwa anthu andale mu 2016 ndi Jrol Brool kuti apeze mphamvu zolamulira za boma: koma adapanganso mphamvu zambiri za kuyendetsa ntchito ya boma, monga momwe kuthandiziranso kukonza kwa anthu andale, ngakhale kukonzanso kufalikira kwa anthu ambiri.

Mexico: Kagulu Kamodzi Kosintha ndi Kasintha

Chigwirizano cha ku Mexico cha mbali yaikulu ya zaka za zana la 20 chinali chosiyana: dongosolo la democracy lapadera la demokrase lolamuliridwa ndi Institutional Rrevolution Party (PRI), limene linalamulira kuyambira 1929 mpaka 2000. PRI inasunga ulamuliro kuphatikiza pa masamu, kusanthula ndi kutsogolera pamodzi kwa adani, kuphatikizapo kugaŵana ndi kugaŵana kwa otsutsa, mmalo mwa kuponderezana kwachinduna kwa usilikali. Mtsogoleriyo adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yaikulu ya democracy (Mwinjirizo zankhondo). Kachitidwe kake kapadera kamene kanali kamodzi ka zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kokha popanda kupambana, koma kakhoza kubwezera woloŵa mloŵa mmalo wotsatira wotsatira ufulu wa dziko la Mexico. Chipani cha kuwonjezera mphamvu yamphamvu ya ufulu wa anthu ambiri, poyerekezera ndi kuukira kwa ufulu wa chiwopsetso cha ufulu wa chiwopsera cha mphamvu yachiphamaso, chiwopserake cha mphamvu yamphamvu ndi kuukira chiwonjereze cha mphamvu yachikunja chachikulu chachikulu.

Argentina: Kulephera Kupeza Chitetezo ndi Kulephera

Kulamulira kwa Argentina kumasonyezedwa ndi kusokonezeka kwakukulu pakati pa demokrase ndi ulamuliro wankhondo, kosonkhezeredwa kwakukulu ndi chiŵerengero cha kugawana kwa Juan Perón ndi gulu lokhalitsa limene anakhazikitsa. Dzikolo linatenga dongosolo la prezidenti , koma mphamvu ya ulamuliro kaŵirikaŵiri inagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’njira yosokoneza: magulu achiwawa, zigaŵenga pakati pa Peronist ndi ankhondo olimbana ndi ankhondo, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kuloŵerera kwa magulu ankhondo kofooketsa kupitirizabe kwa chitaganya. Kuyambira mu 1930 mpaka 1983, palibe pulezidenti wosankhidwa womaliza chigamulo popanda kugwetsedwa kapena kuchotsedwa. Dzikolo linabwerera ku democrase mu 1983, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo Argentina wakhalabe ndi democracy, koma mkhalidwe wa pansi pa chiwopsezo cha ulamuliro cha anthu onse a m’dziko la . Pamene kuli kwakuti mphamvu ya ulamuliro wachiŵirinso kulephera kwa chuma cha dziko la Zambia ndi kulephera kwa ulamuliro wa chiwombandeumphanga ndi kulephera kugonjetsa ulamuliro wa boma la Zambia, pamenensonthetsedwa ndi kulephera kwa anthu onse, pamene kuli kochepa kwa mphamvu ya boma lachiŵiri kwa anthu, pamenensor

Mavuto ndi Ziyembekezo Zamtsogolo

Mosasamala kanthu za kugwirizanitsa kochitidwa kwa demokrase ya osankhidwa ku Latin America chiyambire ma 1990 (kusiyapo otchuka kwa Venezuela, Nicaragua, ndi Cuba), maiko ambiri amayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zosatha zimene zimachokera ku maulamuliro awo obadwa nawo. Kulamulira kwa ulamuliro kumakhalabe nkhani yaikulu: ngakhale kumene demokrase iripo, mapresidemokrase amapatula malamulo, kulamulira ndi malamulo, kapena makhoti a m'mabungwe ndi odalirika kwa ochirikiza. Mabungwe a bungwelo amadalirana m'malamulo m'malamulo, zipani zandale, ndi zipani zolamulira za ndale zadziko zotsalabe pakati pa chigawo chilichonse cha dziko lonse. Kukwera kwa chitetezo [FLD: 0] kwaupt , kulinganiza upandu, ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza mankhwala kwasonkhezeranso maboma, kuloŵereranso ulamuliro wa ankhondo pakati pa ankhondo.

Chitokoso china cha kumanga ndi chidani pakati pa kulephera ndi magawo ambiri . Monga momwe kwawonera ku Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, ndi Peru, mapresidenti osankhidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zambiri ayenera kumanga mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ogawikana kwambiri. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachititsa kuti pakhale kusagwirizana kwa malamulo ndi kulephera kukhazikitsa — Peru yekha anaona mapresidenti anayi atachotsedwa kapena kuchotsedwa pakati pa 2016 ndi 2022. Maiko ena akufufuza kusintha: Bolivia akusungirira ku “boma la coalgang’ong’onong’onong’ono pakati pa akuluakulu a boma ndi malamulo ambiri, pamene malamulo atsopano a Chile (okanidwa mu 2022) kutsutsana ndi mphamvu yapamwamba ya mphamvu. Koma kusintha kovuta ndi kochitidwa ndi anthu otchuka.

Zochititsa zina — makamaka chisonkhezero chomakulakula cha chuma cha China ndi kusintha kwa malamulo a kumaiko akunja — zimayambukiranso maulamuliro. atsogoleri aunduna mu Venezuela, Nicaragua, ndi Cuba adalira pa kubwereketsa ndi kuchirikiza kwa nkhondo ya Russia kuti atsutse chitsenderezo cha demokrase. Panthaŵi ino, mavuto a zachuma ku Argentina ndi Ecuador apanga mipata ya atsogoleri a gulu amene akulonjeza kuswa malamulo, kuiika pangozi kuwonjezereka kwa demokrase.

Kumaliza

Kuyerekezera maulamuliro a boma ku Latin America akusonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti nkhani za malamulo a boma zopangidwa, si zoikidwiratu. Mayiko okhala ndi zipani zodziimira okha monga Costa Rica, Uruguay, ndi pambuyo pa 19990 Chile atha kutsogolera mphamvu ya democracy kumapeto a democracy, ngakhale pamene ziungwe zawo zalamulo zifanana ndi za anansi osapambana. Kukhalapo kwa woyang'anira wamphamvu pa zochitika zofooka, kusalingana ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu, ndi chitaganya chokhazikika — monga ku Venezuela kapena Argentina — zatsogolera mobwerezabwereza kugwetsedwa kwa democracyism kapena kugwedemo. Chisonkhetso cha nkhondo, mtundu wa gulu la osankhidwa ndi gulu la anthu ongokhalira, ndi moyo wokhoza kuyendera ndi wokhoza kupambana. Kulimbana ndi kudalirananso kudalirana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zachiakazi kudalira pa mphamvu za dziko la America, monga momwe kudalira kusinthira kwa kusinthasinthasinthasintha kwa nyengo kwa mbiri yake.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani V-Democracy Institute maripoti a pachaka a democracy, Nyumba yaufulu [ mapendedwe a chigawo, ndi ntchito zamaphunziro monga “Presidemontialism ndi Democracy ku Latin America [1] yolembedwa ndi Scott Mainwaring ndi Matthew Shugart ([FLT: 4.] Cambridge University Press [[FFFF:5]]]