Maboma akupereka dongosolo, dongosolo, ndi mautumiki kwa anthu amene amaimira. Ku United States, ulamuliro umenewu umagawidwa ku mlingo wosiyana wa zitatu: malo, boma, ndi boma. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi ulamuliro wake, mathayo ake, ndi magwero a ndalama, komabe onse atatu amagwira ntchito pamodzi pansi pa dongosolo lodziŵika kukhala lolamulira dziko. Kumvetsetsa mlingo umenewu wa boma si maphunziro chabe; ndiwo maziko a unzika wodziŵa bwino. Kudziŵa mlingo umene umagwira ntchito kukonza misewu, umene umayang'anira sukulu za onse, ndi umene umayang'anira chitetezo cha dziko lonse kupatsa anthu mphamvu yogwira ntchito mogwira ntchito mogwira ntchito ndi akuluakulu awo osankhidwa ndi kuwachititsa kukhala ndi mlandu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mikhalidwe yapadera ya boma lililonse, mmene amachitira zinthu, ndi chifukwa chake mbali zawo zazikulu n’zofunika kwambiri.

Maziko: Mphamvu Zogawanika

Kugawa kwa boma kukhala la kumaloko, boma, ndi boma sikunakhazikitse. Ilo nlozikidwa pa Malamulo a U.S. Ilo limandandalitsa dongosolo la boma limene limagawana mphamvu pakati pa boma lapakati la dziko ndi maboma. Demendment ya 10 Demendment imasunga maulamuliro onse osaperekedwa ku boma la boma kapena kwa anthu. Malamulo a malamulo ameneŵa amapanga malo amodzi pamene mlingo uliwonse uli ndi thayo lalikulu la malamulo pamene uli ndi ntchito ya ena kwa ena. Maboma a kumaloko, amapangidwa ndi ulamuliro wawo ndipo amagonjera ku ulamuliro wawo, komabe kaŵirikaŵiri amasunga ufulu wokulira m'nkhaninkhani za tsiku ndi tsiku. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti umodzi wa dzikolo uli wolinganizika ndi kusintha kwa kumaloko, kulola malamulo kusoka kuyendera mbali zosiyanasiyana.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Maziko a Ulamuliro

Maboma apafupi kwambiri ndi anthu. Anthu a m’tauni, tauni, tauni, chigawo, ndi chigawo chapadera. Mu United States muli mabungwe pafupifupi 90,000 a boma, kuyambira pa makampani akuluakulu a m'mizinda monga New York City mpaka ku magawo ang’onoang’ono a kumidzi. Kuyandikana kwawo ndi anthu a m’deralo kumapangitsa kuti akhale a boma loonekera kwambiri komanso kuti akumane kaŵirikaŵiri. Mwiniwake akafuna kuti apereke thandizo la ngozi, amatumiza mwana ku sukulu ya boma, kapena amapita ku holo ya tauni, amakambirana ndi boma lakwawo.

Ntchito

Maboma a m’maderawa amachita zinthu zambiri zofunika pamoyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

  • Public Safety: Madipatimenti a apolisi, mautumiki a moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi mandende akwanuko.
  • Maphunziro a Chitukuko: Kujambula magawo a sukulu K-12, kuchirikiza malaibulale a anthu onse, ndi kuyang'anira maprogramu a maphunziro auchikulire.
  • Kusunga misewu yakwathu ndi Transport: [[FL:1] Kusunga misewu yakumaloko, milatho, njira, magetsi a m’khwalala, zizindikiro za pamsewu, ndi kuyang'anira madongosolo a zoyendera za anthu monga mabasi ndi sitima zapansi pa nthaka.
  • Dziko Kugwiritsira ntchito ndi Zoning: Kulamulira kuyambika kwa nyumba, zilolezo za malonda, mizera ya katundu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo omanga.
  • Kusanguluka ndi Chikhalidwe: Kusunga mapaki, mabwalo, malo a chitaganya, maiwe osambira, ndi kulinganiza zochitika ndi mapwando a kumaloko.
  • Kutentha ndi Sanitation: kusonkhanitsa zinyalala ndi kukonzanso, kugwiritsa ntchito zipatala zaumoyo, kukhazikitsa madzi akumwa oyera, ndi kuyendetsa zimbudzi.

Maboma a kumaloko alinso ndi mabungwe a malamulo, monga ngati mabungwe a mzinda, mabungwe a boma, kapena mabungwe a oyang’anira, amene amalamulira malamulo amene amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wawo. Olamulira monga mameya kapena mabwana achigawo amayang'anira maulamuliro. Makomiti a sukulu, kaŵirikaŵiri osankhidwa paokha, amayang’anira njira zamaphunziro ndi bajeti.

Kupereka Ndalama ndi Kuŵerengera

Maboma akumalo amapeza ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya malonda (kumene boma limalola), ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito monga madzi kapena zosangalatsa, ndi kusamutsira boma kuchokera ku magwero a boma ndi boma. Msonkho wa zinthu ndizo chiyambi chachikulu, kupangitsa anthu kuyang'anira malowo kukhala osamala kwambiri ndi chuma chenicheni. Chifukwa chakuti akuluakulu a boma amasankhidwa ndi nzika, kulipira ndalama zolipilira: nzika zimaona zotsatira za msonkho m'makwalala awo ndi m'masukulu akumalo. Kulamulira kumeneku kumalolanso anthu kuyesa malamulo atsopano . Kuyesa kuyendetsa ntchito za boma kapena miyezo yomanga nyumba yachikhalidwe chachikale kungavomerezedwe kwina kulikonse.

Boma: Wotsogolera Wapakati wa Ulamuliro

Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wovuta pakati pa milingo yakumaloko ndi yaboma. Maboma 50 ali ndi malamulo akeake, osankhidwa, kazembe wa malamulo wa bimear (kusiyapo Nebraska, amene ali ndi nyumba yoikidwiratu ya boma), ndi dongosolo la khoti. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu za apolisi zokhala ndi chibadwa. Mphamvu zotetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ndi ubwino wa nzika zawo. Maulamuliro ameneŵa ndi aakulu ndipo amalola maboma kulamulira madera ambiri amene boma silinawalamulire.

Ntchito ya Malamulo ndi Kupanga Malamulo

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amagwira ntchito m'boma lonse pa nkhani monga chiweruzo cha upandu, lamulo la banja, malamulo a katundu, mapangano, ndi malamulo ambiri a zamalonda. Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka kupyola malamulo a U. Malamulo, monga kuwonjezera ufulu wa kukhala kwachinsinsi kapena maphunziro. Maboma amachitanso mbali yaikulu m'dongosolo la boma mwa kuyendetsa maprogramu a boma monga Medicaid, inshuwalansi ya ulova, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera katundu. Ndiponso, maboma ali ndi mphamvu yopanga ndi kuchotsa maboma a dziko, kulongosola malire awo, ndi kupatsa ulamuliro wa kuŵerengera ndi kutumiza ma maofesi a boma.

Mathayo Aakulu a Boma

  • Kuphunzitsa: Kukhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, kuchirikiza mayunivesite a boma ndi makoleji a anthu onse, kukhazikitsa aphunzitsi, ndi kupereka chithandizo cha maphunziro a boma ku zigawo zasukulu zakumaloko.
  • Kumanga ndi kukonza misewu ya boma, madera apakati (mogwirizana ndi boma la boma), maulalo, ndi mabwalo a ndege.
  • Public Safety and Relecters: apolisi a boma ojambula kapena olondera magalimoto, kuyang'anira ndende za boma, ndi kuyang'anira njira zopimira milandu ndi zopimira.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kusamala ndi Umoyo: [[FLT :1] Kutumikira Medicaid, Ana a Health Inshuwalansi Program (CHIP), chithandizo cha chakudya, ndi mautumiki ena a chitaganya.
  • Zisankho: Kukhazikitsa njira zovota, kujambula zigawo za malamulo, kutsimikizira zotulukapo za chisankho, ndi kuyang'anira ndawala.
  • Makampani ndi Maluso a Malondawo: Kupereka malaisensi a madokotala, maloya, omanga nyumba, ogulitsa malo, ndi ntchito zina.
  • [[NT.0] Chitetezero cha chibadwa: Kulamulira malamulo a malo okhala, kuyang'anira mapaki a boma, ndi kuwongolera madzi ndi mpweya m'malire ake.

Maboma alinso ndi mphamvu yopereka msonkho, misonkho, misonkho ya makampani, ndi misonkho pa zinthu monga petulo ndi fodya.

Boma: Ulamuliro wa Dziko

Boma la boma, lozikidwa ku Washington, D.C., limakhala ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zimene zimakhudza dziko lonse kapena kuloŵetsamo maunansi a dziko lonse. Maulamuliro ake amaŵerengedwa mu Lamulo la U.S. ndipo atembenuzidwa mokulira, makamaka pansi pa Commerce Claus ndi Beat . Boma la boma ndilo linzake lokha la mphamvu zolengeza nkhondo, kusunga magulu ankhondo, kuloŵa m'mapangano, kuyendetsa chigawo cha mayiko ndi malonda akunja, ndalama, ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka nkhondo ka dziko lonse.

Mphamvu za Malamulo

Mfundo I ya Konsichushoni imapatsa bungwe la Congress ndandanda yapadera ya maulamuliro, kuphatikizapo msonkho, kukongola ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda, kukhazikitsa malamulo achilengedwe, ndi kupereka chitetezo. Mtengo wa 16 unalola boma kulola kulipira msonkho wa ndalama zowonjezereka, umene umapereka ndalama zambiri. Pazaka mazana ambiri, ulamuliro wa boma wakula kuphatikiza malo monga ngati ufulu wa anthu, malamulo a malo okhala, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo (kupyolera mwa maprogramu monga Medicare ndi Afford Careal Act a Care ), ndi chisungiko cha kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu kuphatikizapo ndi malamulo kapena kuyendetsa ntchito zimene zikukhudza malonda a zamalonda.

Nthambi Zitatu

Boma la boma lapangidwa kukhala nthambi zitatu zolingana zolinganizidwa kuyenderana ndi kulinganizana:

  • Blantyre dans (Chorret): Yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (mamembala 100, aŵiri paboma) ndi Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 435 ogawidwa ndi anthu). Nyumba ikulemba malamulo, kuvomereza bajeti ya boma, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu.
  • Nthambi ya Uloma (Mkulu): Prezidenti amasungitsa malamulo, amalamula asilikali, amayendetsa malamulo achilendo, ndi kuika oweruza a boma ndi mamembala a kabati. Mtsogoleriyo amapanganso zizindikiro kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo.
  • Judicial Bank Bank (Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti apamwamba a boma): [[FULT:1] Makhoti a Federal amamasulira malamulo, amagamula malamulo alamulo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano yokhudza lamulo la boma. Khoti Lapamwamba ndilo khoti la zotsala zomalizira.

Programu za Malonda ndi Zoloŵetsedwamo

Boma la boma la United States limakhazikitsa maprogramu amene amakhudza pafupifupi munthu aliyense wa ku America. Chisungiko cha Social Bureat chimapereka mapindu opuma pantchito ndi opunduka; Medicare ndi Medicaid pamodzi amabisala zaumoyo kwa okalamba, opunduka, ndi olandira ndalama zochepa; Dipatimenti ya Veterans Auths itumikira kwa ukaidi wankhondo; Environmental Protection Agency imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko lonse yoipitsa dziko; ndipo Federal Bureagement of Investigation imasamalira milandu yaikulu ndi ziwopsezo za dziko. Ndalama za boma zimachokera makamaka pa misonkhoma ya munthu aliyense (oposa 50%), misonkhoma ya ndalama (yonda ya Social Secual and Medicareare), mison, ndi ndalama zoyendetsetsa msonkho za boma.

Mmene Kuloŵerera kwa Malamulo: Fiscal Federalism ndi Intergovernment Relations

Ngakhale kuti mlingo uliwonse wa boma uli ndi mathayo osiyana, iwo samagwira ntchito modzipatula. Lingaliro la kuchuluka kwa ndalama zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi boma limalongosola mmene kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa boma kumathandizira ndi kusamutsidwira ku zinthu zofunika za lamulo za mlingo wotsika. Mwachitsanzo, boma limapereka ndalama za madola mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri m'makwalala a boma, koma limafuna kuti maboma akhale ndi miyezo yakutiyakuti ya chisungiko (monga ngati kumwa kwa msinkhu wochepera wa 21) kuti alandire ndalama. Mofananamo, maboma amapereka chithandizo cha boma cha masukulu, misewu, ndi mautumiki a kaŵiri, kugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe imene maboma a m’dziko ayenera kukwaniritsa.

Unansi wa boma umenewu umachititsa zonse ziŵiri kugwirizana ndi kusagwirizana. Pambali imodzi, umalola miyezo yadziko yofanana m'madera onga mpweya woyera kapena ufulu wa anthu pamene akusamalira uyang'aniro wa kumaloko. Kumbali ina, ungatsogolere ku malamulo osavomerezedwa, kumene boma la boma kapena boma limakhazikitsa zofunika popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira. Mliri wa Covid . Mliriwuwuwuwu unasonyeza bwino lomwe kugwirizana kumeneku: boma linapereka ndalama zamwadzidzidzi ndi kugaŵira mankhwala a katemera; maboma akhazikitsa ma lockdis, mayeso, ndi makampani a katemera; maboma a boma a boma a boma akhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu onse ndi kutumiza makampani opilo.

Kusiyana Kokulirapo pa Kungodya

Pamene kuli kwakuti milingo itatuyo ikugawana chonulirapo cha kutumikira anthu, kusiyana kwawo kuli kofunika:

  • Kusonyeza Ulamuliro: maboma akomweko amasamalira nkhani za m'dera ndi za chitaganya; maboma a boma amasamalira nkhani za chigawo chonse m'malire awo; boma la boma limachita ndi nkhani za dziko ndi maiko.
  • Malamulo a boma: Maboma a kumaloko ali oyambitsidwa a lamulo la boma; maboma a boma ali olamulira ndi malamulo awo; boma la boma limapeza mphamvu zake ku U.S. Constitution.
  • Machokera: Kudalira kwa kumaloko pa misonkho ya katundu ndi malipiro; boma kugwiritsira ntchito misonkho ya ndalama, misonkho yogulitsa, ndi zoikitsa zina; ulamuliro wa boma wa misonkho ya malipiro opita patsogolo ndi misonkho ya pepala.
  • [[FLT :0] Mtundu wotetezera: Malo amasumika pa mautumiki a moyo watsiku ndi tsiku (mabungwe, masukulu, mapaki); boma pa zomangira zokulira, thanzi, ndi uyang'aniro wa maphunziro; boma pa chisungiko cha dziko, inshuwalansi ya za mayanjano, ndi kukhazikika kwa chuma.
  • Umboni: Akuluakulu a boma ali ofikirika kwambiri kwa ovota; akuluakulu a boma ali ndi mphamvu yokulirapo koma ali ofikirikabe; akuluakulu a boma ali kutali ndi dziko lonse koma amaimira ma contitue.

Kumvetsa Mfundo za Boma N’kofunika Kwambiri

Kwa ophunzira ndi nzika zomwe, kumvetsetsa njira imeneyi yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akhale ndi phande logwira ntchito. Ngati chiboo chifunikira kukwaniritsa, chipani cha thayo kaŵirikaŵiri ndicho boma lakwanu. Ngati mukufuna kusintha laisensi ya dalaivala, mumakhala ndi nyumba yovomerezera malamulo a boma. Pamene mulimbikitsa kusintha kwa zaumoyo wa dzikolo, omvera anu ndi bungwe la boma. Magawawa a kusamvetsa bwino angatsogolere ku ku kugwiritsidwa mwala kapena kulephera. Ndiponso, anthu odziŵa bwino angapende malamulo a boma: kudziŵa kuti maphunziro ndi boma ndi ntchito ya kumaloko akufotokoza chifukwa chake malamulo a za za zaumoyo amasiyana kwambiri; kumvetsa kuti malamulo a boma akufotokoza chifukwa chake miyezo ya kuipitsa kungasiyane ndi miyezo ya boma.

Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimalimbikitsanso kuyamikira maluso a boma. Chimalola kuyesa zinthu . Chimene wasayansi wandale Louis Brandeis wotchedwa "Mabungwe a demokrase". Mayiko angayese njira zosiyanasiyana zosamalira zaumoyo, msonkho, kapena chilungamo chaupandu, ndi zitsanzo zachipambano. Maboma a m'dziko angathe kuyambitsa ntchito ya upolisi wa m’chitaganya kapena kupititsa patsogolo kokhazikika. Boma limapereka chitetezo ndi kutsimikizira zoyenera zazikulu m'dziko lonselo. Kuphatikiza kwa milingo imachititsa dongosolo lamphamvu la kulamulira limene, pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi zina limachitapo kanthu, n’kusintha ndi kulabadira zosoŵa zosiyanasiyana za dziko lalikulu ndi losiyana.

Kumaliza

Kugaŵana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma akumaloko, boma, ndi a boma kuli maziko a ulamuliro wa Amereka. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi mathayo apadera ogwirizana ndi ukulu wake: maboma akumayang'anira zosoŵa zapanthaŵi yomweyo za anthu, maboma amayang'anira malamulo a m'zigawo ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu ofunika, ndipo boma limasamalira chisungiko cha dziko, malamulo a zachuma, ndi ufulu waukulu. Kumvetsetsa mbali zimenezi zosiyana zimenezi . Ndi mmene amagwirizanirana ndi ulamuliro wa boma ndi kugawana ulamuliro wina ndi wina wake kuti akhale nzika zamphamvu, ochirikiza, ndi atsogoleri. Pamene dziko likupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mavuto ovuta kuchokera ku zipata za anthu kupita ku umoyo, kukhoza kuyenda ndi kuchita nawo ntchito ndi milingo yonse itatu ya boma kumakhala kofunika kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.