Kuyenera kwa Kuzenga Mlandu Wabwino: Mzati Wamaziko wa Chilungamo

Kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu koyenera kuli chimodzi cha zitetezero zofunika kwambiri m'chitaganya chilichonse cha demokrase. Kumatsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense woimbidwa mlandu wa upandu ali ndi mwaŵi weniweni wa kupereka chidzichinjirizo chawo kwa bwalo lamilandu, popanda kukakamiza, kukondera, kapena njira yongotsatizana. Lamulo limeneli siliri chabe kulinganiza koyenera; ndi maziko a lamulo ndi ziyambukiro zake zofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha kutetezera ufulu ndi kuchirikiza lamulo la munthu payekha. Ku United States, kuyenera kwa kuzengedwa mlandu kumaikidwa kwambiri mu Malamulo, makamaka kupyolera mwa Sikisith Amendmentment, ndipo limachirikizidwa ndi Programmes of the 5 FInd Reconfmentations. Kumvetsetsa maziko ake a malamulo ndi matanthauzo ake nkofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwona lamulolo kutetezera ufulu ndi kusungitsa ufulu ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri Yake kwa Mlandu Woyenera

Magwero a M’nyengo Zapakati: Magna Carta ndi Chilamulo Choyambirira

Kulingalira kwamakono kwa kuyesa kolungama kumatsatira chiyambi chake kumbuyo kwa 1215, pamene atsogoleri a Chingelezi anakakamiza Mfumu John kusaina Magna Carta. Chaputala 39 cha tchata cha mbiri yakalecho chinalengeza kuti palibe munthu waufulu amene angamangidwe m’ndende, kuchotsedwa, kapena kuthamangitsidwa “kusiyapo mwa chiweruziro chalamulo cha ausinkhu wake kapena ndi lamulo la dziko." Chikalata chimenechi chinakhazikitsa lingaliro lakuti malamulo alamulo ayenera kutsatira malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi kuphatikizapo chiweruzo ndi anthu amodzi. Pamene kuli kwakuti Magna Carta poyamba anatetezera gulu laling'ono la anthu omasuka, malamulo ake anafutukula pang’onopang'ono kufalitsa chitetezo. Mngelezi, malamulo ofala monga momwe anali kukhalira oyenera kumveka, malamulo oletsa kudziimira okha, ndi ziyeso zofunikira zimene zimachitidwa poyera.

Buku la ku England Lonena za Ufulu ndi Chisonkhezero cha Atsamunda

Glorious Revolution ya 1688 inatsogolera ku Bungwe la Ufulu wa Asilikali lachingelezi la 1689, limene linachepetsanso ulamuliro wachifumu ndi kutsimikizira ulamuliro wa nyumba. Pakati pa makonzedwe ake panali chiletso cha belo lopambanitsa ndi “chilango ndi chilango chachilendo, zomwe ziŵirizo zinachirikiza mwanjira ina miyezo yolungama ya ku Amereka. Malingaliro ameneŵa anapita ku maiko a a America, kumene malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma oyambirira anayamba kukhazikitsa zitsimikizo zofananazo. Mwachitsanzo, Chilengezo cha Virginia cha Ufulu wa Ufulu wa pa 1776 ananena mwachindunji kuti “m'likulu wonse kapena kuukira kwaupandu wa munthu ali ndi kuyenera kupempha chochititsa ndi chachibadwa chake, kuyang'anizana ndi oimba mlandu, kukaitana kaamba ka chiyanjo chake, ndi mlandu wa mwamsanga ndi woweruza wosasankha mlandu wake wa oweruza mlandu wake. Chinenero cha Chisanu ndi Chimodzi. Chinenerochi china china china chinaimira chinenetso cha Chisanu cha Chinenetso cha Chiya.

Kukonza Lamulo la Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Anthu ku United States

Pamene Constitution ya Constitution inayamba mu 178791, chikalata choyambirira chinali ndi ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi wochepa. Anti-Federalist adatsutsa mwamphamvu, kuumirira pa lamulo la ufulu ngati chilolezo cha kugonetsa. Mapangano a kusintha anatsogolera ku kuvomerezedwa kwa malamulo a First Congress kukhazikitsa zitsimikizo zisanu ndi chimodzi: kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kwa anthu, wosakondera kuchokera ku boma ndi m'chigawo, kudziŵitsa za kulakwa, kuweruza kwa mlandu, kuweruza kwa ufulu wa ku United States. [[FLT:] Suclectth Conf Reformation Restem'.

Maziko a Malamulo ku United States

Mfundo Zomaliza za M’buku la 6 la M’Baibulo Lokonzedwanso

Lamulo la Sikisi Lokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu Limapereka Malamulo Okhudza Upandu Wochita Zaupandu

  • Kuzenga kwamphamvu: kumatetezera woimbidwa mlandu ku ndende zosadziŵika ndi kutsimikizira kuti umboni sutha kuwonongeka. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Barker v. Wingo [[FLT :] [7]] [7] [7] [72] adakhazikitsa kupima kopimira koyesa kuchedwa, chifukwa chochedwera, kutsimikizira kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo, ndi kunyada kwa woimbidwa mlandu.
  • Kuweruza kwa Paubili: Kumalimbikitsa kuonekera ndi kuletsa zochitika zachinsinsi. Anthu ndi zosindikiza kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi kuyenera kwa kupezekapo pa milandu, ngakhale kuti pali zina zimene sizilipo kaamba ka nkhani zangozi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kupatula Jury: [[FLT: 1] Amafuna kuti oweruza asakhale ndi ufulu ndi kutengedwa ku mtanda woimira chigawo cha chitaganya. Voir jamp alola maloya kutsutsa othekera kaamba ka chochititsa kapena kupyola m’kupinga.
  • Mlandu uyenera kudziŵitsidwa za “chiwopsezo ndi chifukwa cha mlanduwo, kutheketsa kukonzekera chitetezo. Kuweruza kapena kutsutsa kopeka kumaswa ufulu umenewu.
  • [[FLT : 0] Kutsutsa Claus : kumatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni zotsutsa ndi mtanda wa agrimine. Nkhani yosonyeza . Washington [2004]) yoletsedwa kuvomereza makutu a mbiri pokhapo ngati declarant sapezeka ndi woimbidwa mlandu anali ndi mwaŵi woyamba wa kutsegulidwa kwa mtanda.
  • Programu yokakamiza: [[FLT :1] Woimbidwa mlandu angapereke umboni wapopena ndi kukakamiza umboni wawo. Kuyenera kumeneku nkofunika kumanga chitetezo.
  • Kutsutsa Uphungu: Mwinamwake kuyenera kwapadera kwambiri. Gideon v. Wainwright [ (63]), Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa kuti boma lipereke uphungu kwa oimbidwa mlandu m'milandu yachikole, pambuyo pake ku mlandu uliwonse wokhudza chilango cha ndende.

Kulinganiza ndi Kugwirizanitsa

Demendment yachisanu imatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene “adzachotsedwa pa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira mawuwa kufuna njira zolungama m'nkhani ziŵirizo. Msanganizo wa 145th Amendment imagwira ntchito pa maboma, ndipo kupyolera mwa chiphunzitso cha kuphatikiza, pafupifupi Masinthidwe onse asanu ndi limodzi tsopano amatsimikizira za boma. Kuwonjezerapo, Mathes v. Eldridge [1] Maseact imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupenda zimene zimachitika.

Mbali za Maluŵa za Kuzenga Koyenera

Kuganiza Kuti Munthu Sangakhale Wopanda Mtengo

Kulingalira kuti palibe cholakwa ndiko chingwe chapadera choyendera kuweruza kwaupandu. Chimatanthauza kulamula mlandu wosonyeza mbali iriyonse ya mlandu popanda kukaikira koyenera. Muyezo umenewu umatetezera woimbidwa mlanduyo ku chitsimikiziro chozikidwa pa kukayikira kapena kuthekera kwake. Kukayikira koyenera sikuli maziko ongodziimira; ndiko chitetezo chomakulakula kwambiri chimene chikufuna kuti ajuli akhale otsimikiza kuti ali ndi liwongo. Makhoti amalangiza mobwerezabwereza kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo safunikira kupereka umboni uliwonse. Ngati mlanduwo sukhoza kukwaniritsa thayo lake, mlanduko ayenera kutsatira.

Kuyenera kwa Uphungu ndi Thandizo Logwira Mtima

Kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kwakula kuposa pa kukhalapo kwa loya. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Strickland v. Washington () (19984) adakhazikitsa mayeso aŵiri a chithandizo chosagwira ntchito: woimbidwa mlandu ayenera kusonyeza kuti uphungu watsika pa muyezo wa cholinga wa kulolera ndi kuti kusasamala kutsutsa. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti uphungu suli chabe bungwe lofunda koma umapereka umboni walamulo. Madongosolo a anthu otetezera, ngakhale kuli tero, amayang'anizana ndi kulembedwa kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi kuchuluka kwa milandu, kumene kungaluluza mkhalidwe wa kuimira. Kulankhula kwa dongosolo limeneli kumakhala chitokosokosokoso.

Woweruza ndi M’busa Wopanda Tsankho

Wopanga chosankha wopanda tsankho ndi wofunika. Oweruza ayenera kudziimba mlandu pamene ali ndi tsankhu laumwini kapena afuna ndalama kuti zinthu ziyende bwino. Oweruza ayenera kuonedwa kuti ali ndi tsankho, ndipo ntchito yosankha ajuli ikufuna kuthetsa anthu amene sangathe kugamula mlanduwo motsatira umboni. . [FLT] judicary judicary [1] Amapereka malangizo atsatanetsatane otsimikizira kuti mahomu a a a ajuli akusonyeza chitaganya. Nkhani zazikulu zonena za audindo nthaŵi zambiri zimafuna kuti apeze mayerere aumboni osasankha.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu kwa Onse ndi Kutseguka

Kuwona padera kumaletsa machitachita achiweruzo ndi kulakwa, kulimbikitsa mboni kubwera, ndi kuphunzitsa anthu za dongosolo la chiweruzo. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti anthu ndi manyuzipepala ali ndi ufulu woyamba wa kuyang'anira milandu ya upandu. Malamulo opatuka alipo kaamba ka umboni wokhudza zinsinsi za malonda, chitetezo cha dziko, kapena mboni zosavuta, koma kutsekako sikuchitikachitika ndipo kuyenera kukonzedwa mochepera. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, kuwonjezeka kwa nkhani zakutali mliri mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVAID kunadzutsa mafunso atsopano onena za zigamu za mlandu wa anthu onse, ndi makhoti a zaumoyo otsutsana ndi zitsimikizo za lamulo.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu ndi Kuchinjirizidwa Kofulumira

Chiweruzo chozengereza nchokanizidwa. . . . . . . . . . . . . kuchedwa kochititsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa khoti, kulakwa kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo, kapena kudzitetezera kumayesedwa mosamalitsa. M'makhoti a boma, miyezo yalamulo imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kudzera mu Barker . Kuzengereza kwa boma kumakhalabe vuto m'makhoti a m'mizinda yosaunjidwa ndi anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri oimbidwa mlandu amakakamiza ozengedwa mlanduwo kusankha pakati pa mlandu kapena kuvomereza mlandu.

Kulimbana ndi Mtanda ndi Kuwonongeka

Kulimbana kwa Claus kumatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuyesa kudalirika kwa mboni zotsutsa. Kufufuza kwa mtanda kumalingaliridwa kukhala injini yalamulo yaikulu koposa imene inapangidwapo kuti itulukire chowonadi. Chigamulo cha Khotilo mu Carawford v. Washington [1] Kusintha kupenda kosinthaku mwa kuyang'anitsitsa mbiri yakale. Ngati woweruzayo afuna kuvomereza mawu oyambirira omwe ali umboni, declarant ayenera kupereka umboni ndi kugonjera ku kuwolokera ku kutsogolo, pokhapokha ngati declarant siimadwa ndi woimbidwayo ali ndi mpata woyamba wa kuwoloka kaunyidwe kake. Malipoti a a polisi, 911, ndi kufunsa mafunso kwa anthu onse pansi pa chiphunzitsochi.

Chiyambukiro Chokulira pa Anthu

Ziyeso zabwino zoyesa milandu sizimakhala kokha chifukwa cha phindu la oimbidwa mlandu. Zimatumikira zikondwerero za anthu. Pamene ziyeso zionedwa kukhala zolungama, anthu amadalira dongosolo la chiweruzo, limene limalimbikitsa kugwirizana ndi malamulo ndi kuvomereza zigamulo. Mayeso abwino amachepetsa zitsimikizo zolakwika, zimene sizimangotetezera anthu osalakwa okha komanso zimaletsa olakwawo okha koma kuletsanso olakwa enieniwo kukhala paudindo waukulu. [[FLT: 0] Project yoyesa yolungama [[FLT: 1] Project [[FL: 1] yathandiza kuti pakhale kulekana kwa lamulo, kapena kutsimikizira mlandu wa anthu, sapereka umboni wolakwika wofanana ndi wa kulakwa. Chilungamo. Chilungamo cholungama chimatsimikizira chitsimikiziro cholungamacho chisanafike lamulo, chikayikire, kapena kutsimikizira kuti chigamuke mlandu cholungama. Chilungamo choyenera choikidwa choikidwa pamwambapo. Chilamulo chovomerezeka chile. Chikutsimikizira chiletso choikidwa chokhudza lamulo chokhudza lamulo choyenera.

Mavuto a M’nthaŵi Yathu a Kuweruza Ufulu Wawo

Kufikira Kuimira Malamulo

Malamulo achangu amatsutsana ndi maofesi otetezera anthu osakhala otchuka. Oimbidwa mlandu ambiri amalandira chithandizo chalamulo, ndi maloya othedwa nzeru akufufuza milandu mazana ambiri. Zimenezi zingatsogolere kukakamiza kuvomereza liwongo ngakhale pamene kulidi kutetezera. Mayeso aposachedwapa, monga ngati NLADA [1] ndi kusintha kwa boma, cholinga cha kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuwonjezera ndalama, koma kupita patsogolo n’kosiyana. M’madera ena akumidzi, dongosolo lonse limadalirana pa malo oimira anthu otsutsa.

Kukula kwa Fuko ndi Chikhalidwe Chachuma

Mosasamala kanthu za zitsimikizo za lamulo, tsankho lachindunji ndi ufuko wa dongosolo likupitirizabe kuyambukira dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti oimbidwa mlandu Akuda ndi Aspanya ali othekera kwambiri kusungidwa asanaweruzidwe, kulandira zigamulo zotalikirapo, ndi kuyang'anizana ndi kukondera. Njira yosankha ya oweruza, pamene inapangidwa kuchotsa tsankho, ikhozabe kulola kutsegulidwa kwa upo ndi kugalulidwa. Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu Batson v. Kentucky (1986) kuukira kozikidwa pa fuko, koma kusungitsabe kovuta. Kuphunzitsa kwa tsankho kwa oweruza ndi maloya, limodzi ndi zopereka chidziŵitso pa kulongosola vutolo.

Chisonkhezero cha Ofalitsa Nkhani ndi Kufalitsa Nkhani

M'nkhani zazikulu, kufalitsa nkhani kofala kungaipitse chigawo cha ajuli. Zofalitsa za mayanjano zimatsimikizira zimenezi, monga momwe oweruza angachitire ndi ndemanga zolakwika kapena umboni wosatsutsika. Makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito njira monga malamulo a gag, kusintha malo, majuli oletsedwa, ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha kuchepetsa tsankho. Komabe, malire pakati pa kulengeza nkhani zolungama ndi zonyoza sagwirizana. Kukwera kwa makompyuta, kumene oimba mlandu amatsutsidwa poyera asanazenge mlandu, kumachititsa chiwopsezo chatsopano cha kusakondera.

Kuzenga ndi Kuweruza

Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti njirayi inakakamiza anthu ambiri osalakwa kuchonderera mlandu, makamaka ngati ayang'anizana ndi zigamulo zochepera. Ndiponso, kuchonderera kopanda lamulo, kochititsa kutaya zigamulo ndi kutha kwa woweruza. Maboma ena tsopano amafuna kuyang'anira kapena kuulula umboniwo asanalandire chilolezocho.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Zaluso

Zipangizo zamakono zimapereka mwayi wochita zinthu ndiponso kuyambitsa ngozi. Makhoti achinsinsi anafalikira kwambiri panthawi ya mliriwu, ndipo zinalimbikitsa nkhaŵa za ufulu woweruza milandu ndiponso kulankhulana kwabwino pakati pa anthu oimbidwa mlandu ndi uphungu. Ngakhale kuti kuonekera kwakutali kungawongolere chipambano cha khotilo ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya oweruza yoona khalidwe la munthu. Kuwonjezera apo, kugwiritsira ntchito nzeru zopeka pofufuza, kufufuza njira zopangira malamulo, ndi zotulukira zimene zapezedwa kuyenera kufufuzidwa mosamala kutsimikizira kuti oimbidwawo ali odalirika.

Malingaliro ndi Chitetezo cha Padziko Lonse

Kuyenera kwa mlandu wachilungamo sikuli kokha lingaliro la ku America. Mfundo 10 ya Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) imati: “Yense ali ndi ufulu wokwanira ku kuweruza kwachilungamo ndi mlandu wapoyera ndi bwalo lodziimira payekha. [1] International Paravenment on Civil and Political Rights (ICPR) yofotokoza mfundo zachiyeneretso za kulingana pamaso pa makhoti, kukana kwa upoyera, ndi ufulu wa kuchititsa apilo. Msonkhano wa European on Rights on Human Rights (Ufulumiko Wopanda tsankho) mofanana ndi European Court of Human Rights Yourdonsing Congreementtion (ICPR) yopanga malamulo olemera kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira zovomerezeka za malamulo, malamulo audindo audindo osakondera, ndi oyenerera, ndi opezeka padziko lonse lapansi lapansi zikudziŵika.

Kumaliza

Kuyenera kwa kuweruza kolungama sikuli kumbuyo koma lamulo lamoyo limene limafuna kusamala nthaŵi zonse. Maziko ake a lamulo mu Sixth Amendment ndi Auct Procesme amapereka maziko olimba, koma kukwaniritsidwa kwa chilungamo kumadalira pa zinthu zokwanira, machitachita osakondera, ndi ulemu kwa chitetezo cha mapulogalamu. Pamene zitsutso zatsopano zikubuka, kuchokera ku kumbuyo kwa anthu, njira zotetezera zapoyera ku chisonkhezero cha makompyuta ndi njira za malamulo zosinthira pamene sizikuiŵala cholinga chachikulu: kutsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense wonenezeredwa ndi mlandu alandire mwaŵi weniweni kusanamvedwe. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika, kuzindikira zoyenera zimenezi ndi njira zoyambirira zotetezera anthu. Malamulo a chilungamo omwe afunika kuyesa kuweruza.