Kulolera ndiko kugonjera ulamuliro wa demokalase, njira imene anthu amapikisana kuti apange malamulo ogwira ntchito. M'kachitidwe kapoyera, kutsatsa malonda sikumapeŵeka chifukwa chakuti zinthu zotsala, makhalidwe otsutsana, ndi opanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana samalola kagulu kena kalikonse kukwaniritsa zolinga zake. Kudziŵa luso la kulolera molakwa sikuli chizindikiro cha kufooka koma nkofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale njira zothetsera zodalirika, zokulira. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mphamvu zololera kugonja pa malamulo a anthu onse, zopinga kuivuta, ndi njira zotsimikizirika zimene oyendetsa malonda angagwiritsire ntchito bwino kwambiri.

Kumvetsetsa Kulolera Molakwa m’Malamulo a Anthu

Kulolerana m'njira za anthu kumaphatikizapo kusintha malo oyambirira kuti afikire pangano lovomerezeka. Kumafunikira ogwirizana kuika zolinga zina pa ena, kaŵirikaŵiri kulandira zotulukapo zochepera posinthana ndi kupita patsogolo. Njirayo imafuna kuti opanga akhazikitse apangenso mikangano yogwirizana monga kukambitsirana kwa vuto. Mmalo mwa kuona kulolera kukhala kutaikiridwa, okhoza kulolera kulakwa amakuona kukhala kuyendetsa ndalama m'chigwirizano cha nthaŵi yaitali ndi kuyenerera.

Malamulo a boma amasinthasintha kwambiri zinthu: nucleasus portections (zimene zapezedwa kapena kutayika m'zophatikizidwa) ndi zotsatsa malonda a pulojekiti (mmene zosankha zimachitikira ndi amene amalandira mawu). Kulolera mowonjeza maadiresi onse aŵiri, kutsimikizira kuti lamulo lomalizira silili logwira ntchito komanso limaonedwa monga lolungama ndi oyambukiridwa.

Ntchito ya Otenga Malo

Kumvetsa malo awo ndiko njira yoyamba yodziŵira malo amene angadzagwirizane.

  • [[FLT: 0] Akuluakulu a Boma: Oimira ndi atsogoleri a mabungwe amalinganitsa ubwino wa anthu ndi kupulumuka kwa ndale zadziko. Ayenera kulingalira za zungulirezo zosankhika, mapulatifomu a pagulu, ndi kulephera kwa mabureaucracy.
  • Mabungwe Opambana: [[FT:1] Mabungwe a malonda, mabungwe a malonda, ndi maukwati ofikira zigamulo kaamba ka zotulukapo zenizeni, kaŵirikaŵiri kubweretsa chuma champhamvu ndi ukatswiri ku gome.
  • Akhamu ndi Anzawo: Anthu onse amayembekezera malamulo amene amasamalira zosoŵa zawo(kusamalira, maphunziro, chisungiko, thayo , koma angasoŵe kukhoza kwa gulu kutengamo mbali mofanana m’kukambitsirana.
  • [[MLT:0] Kagulu kampatuko: [[FT:1] Mabizinesi ndi makampani amafunafuna kutsimikizira ndi mikhalidwe yabwino ya kuikizira ndalama, kuwapangitsa kukhala oseŵera ofunika pa malamulo a zachuma ndi a malo okhala.
  • Minithi ya madera osiyanasiyana: M'dziko logwirizana, mabungwe a mitundu yonse, magulu a malonda, ndi mapangano amakhazikitsa zopinga ndi mwaŵi zimene maboma adziko ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito.

Kuzindikira kuti wogulitsa aliyense amagwiritsira ntchito zisonkhezero zosiyana − kulinganiza, kulinganiza bajeti, kukakamiza ziŵalo, kapena kupeza phindu kwa mamembala ake — kumapanga mayeso ovomereza zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimenezi popanda kunyalanyaza malamulo amakhalidwe abwino.

Kukongola kwa Malonda

Sikuti kulolera konse kwapangidwa kofanana. Policy cooffs ingasankhidwe ku mbali zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku (win-win) ku ku kugaŵa [ (kudulirapo). Kulolera kuwonjezera ndalama mwa kupeza njira zothetsera zinthu zambiri, monga chitsanzo, kugwirizanitsa malamulo a malo okhala ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa ntchito omwe amapindulitsa maindasitale ndi ntchito zonse ziŵiri. Kusakaza kumaphatikizapo kugawanya katundu wosungidwa, monga ndalama zamsonkhoma kapena zolitsira msonkho, kumene phindu la gulu limodzi limatayikiridwa ndi lina. Kuphatikiza kwa kayendetsedwe kaŵirika kamodzi, kugwiritsira ntchito njira zomapanga zinthu zomapanga zinthu zomapanga zinthu zogwirizana ndi kukonza njira zina kuti anthu ayambe kukonzanso.

Chifukwa Chake Tiyenera Kulolera Zinthu

Kulolera sikuli kokha kulola kwa machenjera; kuli lamulo la maziko la kuyenera kwa demokrase. Policies wochitidwa mwa kukambitsirana kophatikizapo amasangalala ndi kugula zinthu zambiri, zimene zimawongolera kuthekera kwa kubwereranso pamene mphamvu ikusintha. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti malamulo operekedwa ndi chichilikizo cha bipartisan amakhala okhalitsa kwambiri ndipo sakonda kuukira kotsatira. Kuwonjezera apo, kulolera kusokoneza zinthu kumachirikiza kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko mwa kuyambitsa kulimbana m’malo mwa kumanga mapulogalamu omanga kapena kachitidwe kamodzi. M'nyengo ya kukwera kwa mphamvu ya dziko, kukhoza kulolera kukhala luso lalikulu kwambiri lochirikiza ulamuliro wa ntchito.

Mavuto a Kulolera Kugonja

Kumvetsa zopinga zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti tipeze njira zozithetsera, ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zabwino kwambiri zimene zingatilepheretse kulolera.

Kusintha kwa Ndale zadziko

Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazo, kusanthula malingaliro kwakula m'mademokrase ambiri, ndipo magulu akumakhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi akutali. Kugaŵikana kumeneku kumayambitsa "zonse kapena kusachita kanthu" kugawidwa kuti kulolera kumaikidwa monga kusakhulupirika. Makiransi a zamalonda ndi mawailesi a nyuzi oulutsira mawu akuchititsa mphamvu imeneyi, kukuchititsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kwa opanga malo otetezeka kuti apeze malo olingalirirapo. Kufufuza koopsa [ kumaonetsa kuti kusokoneza kusuntha kwa madera akutali konga gulu lotsutsa monga gulu lino lino lino, kuchepetsa kufunitsitsa kuvomereza.

Kusadziŵa Zinthu Moyenera Ndiponso Kusadalirika

Nzosagwirizana ndi mfundo zenizeni zofunikira pokambirana. Pamene odalirana sagwirizana pa mfundo zazikulu . Ziyambukiro za zachuma, maupandu a thanzi, kapena zochitika za m'mbiri, malo awo amazika mizu. Kusintha kwa malo amawonjezera vutoli: ngati anthu akukayikira kuti mbali ina ikuchita zinthu m'chikhulupiriro choipa, ngakhale zopereka zabwino zimaonedwa mokayikira. Kupereka chikhulupiriro kumafuna kulankhulana koonekeratu, kusamala mfundo zenizeni, ndi kutsatira mogwirizana pa mapangano aang'ono asanaike nkhani zazikulu.

Mabala a Mphamvu

Kulankhulana kwamphamvu kumachitikira pakati pa akanema amene ali ndi zinthu zambiri zosalingana. Kulandira alendo kwa maindasitale kwabwino kungalamulira njira yolamulira, pamene magulu a anthu osagwirizana akulimbana kuti amvedwe. Maulamuliro osagwirizana angatulutse kulolera kwamphamvu ndi kopatula, kuchepetsa kuyenera kwa lamulo lomaliza. Kuletsa zimenezi, operekera malangizo angagwiritsire ntchito zinthu monga ngati kutsimikizira nthaŵi yolankhula, otsogolera osaloŵerera, ndi kukhazikitsa kuwonjezera kuseŵera. Kugwirizana pa Chilamulo cha Harvard kumagogomezera kuti kuzindikira ndi kulankhula kwa mphamvu zosiyana m'kachitidwe ka mapanganowo ndiko kuchirikiza.

Kuleka Kuyenda ndi Zovuta Zapamtima

Atsogoleri a democratic amayang'anizana ndi zisankho mobwerezabwereza, kupanga zisonkhezero kaamba ka kupeza zipambano zazifupi za nthaŵi yaitali pothetsa mavuto. Kulolera kumene kumafuna ndalama zowonongedwa mwamsanga . Ngakhale pa mapindu aakulu a m'tsogolo ndi aupandu. Mwachitsanzo, kupatsidwa mphamvu kwa kusintha kapena kugwiritsa ntchito carbon kungafune kudzimana lerolino kuti apeze zinthu zimene zingachitike zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, kuposa mzera wotsatira. Kugonjetsa nyengo zazifupi kumaphatikizapo kumanga mgwirizano wapakati umene umatsegulira zikole zofunikira zazikulu kapena mabungwe odziimira paoperation [1]

Kugaŵanika kwa Nkhani ndi Kupenda Anthu

Malo amakono oulutsira nkhani amakulitsa ufulu uliwonse, kusintha kukambitsirana kukhala zionetsero. Kusintha kwa maola 24 kwa nkhani kumadzetsa mavuto ndi drama, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa oyendetsa galimoto kuloŵa m'zochitika zabata, njira yololera. Kufufuza kwapoyera kungaumitsenso malo: ngati wopanga malamulo alephera, kuchirikiza kuonedwa kukhala wofooka. Kuchepetsa zimenezi, odziŵa bwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolankhulirana ndi zilengezo zotsatidwa, kulola anthu kuwongolera popanda kutaya nthaŵi.

Zida Zofunika Kuti Tisinthe

Ngakhale kuti mavutowo ndi enieni, maphunziro ambiri ndiponso zinthu zothandiza zimapereka njira zothandiza kuti munthu asinthe maganizo ake.

Kumvetsera Mwakhama ndi Kumvera Chisoni

Kumvetsera mwatcheru kumaphatikizapo kumvetsetsa malingaliro, makhalidwe, ndi zofunika zazikulu zimene zimasonkhezera munthu kukhala ndi udindo. Anthu amene amatsatira machenjezo achifundo angatulutse zinthu zimene sizikuonekera mwamsanga. Mwachitsanzo, kufuna kuti anthu apereke msonkho wotsika kungasonyezedi kufunitsitsa kwawo kudziimira pawekha m’malo modana ndi mautumiki a anthu. Mwakukambirana, olankhula ndi anthu angapange njira zothetsera mavuto onse. Njira zosavuta monga kupeputsa, kufunsa mafunso otsegulira, ndi kuvomereza malingaliro a anthu kuti agwirizane ndi mayanjano a anthu.

Kumanga Maunansi ndi Kudalirana

Kukhulupirirana ndi ndalama yololera. Mabwenzi anthaŵi yaitali amalola mapangano kuvomerezana popanda kuopa kudyeredwa mwankhanza chifukwa amayembekezera kuti abwerera m'mbuyo. Kugwirizana kwamwambo , kukambirana kwa mayanjano, kapena kukonza zinthu zina ndi zina, kumathandiza adani omwe ali ndi anthu. M'nkhani zakuya, opanga mapangano osaloŵerera angatumikire monga osokoneza ubwenzi, kupanga malo otetezeka kuti alankhulane moona mtima. [ Mediate. Mecom Mediate gradial .

Kudziŵa Zolinga Zofanana

Ngakhale zipani zotsutsana ndi malo ambiri kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwirizana ndi zolinga zapamwamba. Wopanga ndi gulu la malo okhala angasiyane ndi zinsinsi koma onse aŵiri amafuna malamulo otsimikizirika, kudalirana kwa chuma, ndi thanzi la anthu. Mwa kukweza makambitsiranowo kuti agwirizane, olankhulana angayambitsenso vutolo monga kufunafuna zothetsera osati nkhondo ya zero-m'. Zolinga za anthu zimagwira ntchito monga " katswiri wapamwamba" amene amayang'anira kupindulitsana, makamaka pamene nkhani zina zakulakula.

Kusinthasintha ndi Kuthetsa Vuto Lopanga

Kumamatira kolimba ku zofuna zoyambirira ndi kutsutsa kulolera. Kusintha sikumatanthauza kusiya malamulo amakhalidwe abwino koma kupenda njira zina kuti akwaniritse. Kulinganiza magawo, kukonzekera, ndi "ingati" mafunso angapange zosankha zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, mkangano wa kugwiritsira ntchito malo ungathetsedwe mwa kusasankha pakati pa kutukulidwa ndi kusungidwa koma mwakulola mphamvu za thupi kusinthitsa malo obiriŵira. Kusintha kwa mathinki ogulitsa zinthu [1] Kutsegulidwa pa nkhani imodzi yopitira patsogolo pa mapangano ena amene anaoneka ngati sakhoza kuchitika.

Kufikira Kowopsya

Pamene kusintha kwakukulu kwatsekedwa, kulolera kwa dongosolo kungayambitse mphamvu. Kuswa lamulo lalikulu kukhala zidutswa zazing'ono, zosapikisana kumalola madansiwo kupambana ndi kusonyeza kuyanjana. Incrialist pixerst , yotchuka ndi wasayansi wandale Charles Lindblom, imalingalira kuti malamulo a masinthidwe ang'onoang'ono anapangidwa bwino kwambiri mmalo mwa mapulani aakulu. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a nyengo kaŵirikaŵiri amakula ndi miyezo ya malo osungirako , ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwa kaboni, ndi oyendetsa ndege za carbon [1] Kudzera pa chikalata chimodzi chomveka bwino. Kupambana kulikonse kumapanga likulu la ndalensi pa sitepe lotsatira.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zimene Analemba ndi Umboni

Luso lakulinganiza lingathetse mavuto mwa kusintha mfundo za zikhulupiriro zachikale ndi kutsimikizira mfundo. Komabe, chidziŵitso chiyenera kuperekedwa m’njira yosavuta, ndipo olemba mapepala ayenera kukhala osatsimikizira za zotsatirapo za malamulo osiyanasiyana. [FT: 0] Commette ya madeti a kazitape a zachuma, maphunziro a oyendetsa ndege, kapena mbiri yakale yovomerezeka ya kulolera zinthu zopereŵera. Komabe, chidziŵitso chiyenera kuperekedwa m’njira yosavuta, ndipo oyendetsa zinthu ayenera kutsimikizira kuti sanatsimikizire za kulakwa kwake. [FLT:] Committee kaamba ka masinthidwe a Federal Baclation [1]

Njira yachitatu

Pamene kukambitsirana kuthetsedwa, nkhoswe yauchete ingathandize. Oimira samapereka mayankho; amatheketsa kulankhulana, kusamalira malingaliro, ndi kulinganiza njira zina zopangira zinthu. M'mikhalidwe yapamwamba, yemwe kale anali nduna yolemekezeka, woweruza, kapena woperekera ntchito yothandiza kupitiriza ntchitoyo. Kugwiritsira ntchito ulaliki kumakhazikitsidwa bwino m'mikangano ya malo okhala, makambitsirano a antchito, ndi mayanjano a maiko. Mwachitsanzo, United Nations Mediction Unit [1] Yathandiza kuswa mapangano a mtendere mwa kupereka makonzedwe olinganizidwa ololera kugonja.

Kufufuza za Kugonja kwa Matenda

Zitsanzo zakale zimasonyeza mmene kulolera kumachitika, zimene zimasonyeza kuti zimenezi n’zotheka ndiponso kuti sizingatheke.

Kulolera Koipa Kwakukulu kwa 1787

Pamsonkhano wa Malamulo, nthumwi zochokera ku maiko okhala ndi anthu ambiri zinakonda kuimira limodzi m'boma loimira boma, pamene mayiko aang'ono anafuna kuimira mofanana. Mabomawo anaopsezedwa kuchotsa ntchito yonse ya mgwirizano wa America. Great Relation, yolingaliridwa ndi Roger Sherman, adapanga Nyumba ya Oimira Oimira Ochokera ku dziko limodzi ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo yokhala ndi zisonyezero zofanana pa dziko limodzi. Kugulitsa kumeneku kunagwirizanitsa zolinga za maiko aakulu ndi aang'ono, ndipo kunakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kulinganizika kwa boma kumene kwakhalapo kwa zaka mazana aŵiri. Kulolera molakwa kunapambana chifukwa chakuti kunasinthanso nkhondo yochokera ku kupambana kwa kupambana kwa malamulo achilengedwe amene anasunga malamulo aŵiri onse aŵiri. Nkhani za mkanganowo zasungidwa m'malemba a [FLD:]

Chikalata Chothandiza Kusamalira Anthu Odwala (2010)

ACA ndi wofufuza wamakono wa maluso osokoneza a kulolera molakwa. Kupereka masinthidwe a zaumoyo, oyang'anira Obama adakambirana ndi opereka insurensi, makampani opanga mankhwala, zipatala, ndi magulu a madokotala. Makiyi ogulitsa anaphatikizapo: kulandira malonda a inshuwalansi (kusintha) m'malo mwa njira imodzi yokha; kuteteza wolemba ntchitoyo mmalo mwa kusokoneza mapulani amene alipo; ndi kuphatikizapo lamulo la munthu aliyense la kukwaniritsa zofunika za ntchito. Lamulo lomalizalo linaphatikizaponso kusankhidwa kwa anthu onse m'mabaibulo ena? inde, chosankha chaponse chinatayidwa kuti chitetezere mavoti okwanira. Chotulukapo chinali cholakwika koma chosintha lamulo limene linafalikira kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. [FLD:0] Kusintha kwa Kreaunda ya Ofesala Office . [FFFFF]

Chikalata cha ku Paris Chonena za Kusintha kwa Nyengo (2015)

Kukambitsirana za nyengo kwakhala kukulimbana ndi kusagwirizana kwa maiko otukuka ndi kuyenera kwa maiko omatukuka kwa chuma. Chikalata cha Paris chinaimira kulolerana kwa mbiri: mmalo mwa kugwirizanitsa zopinga zapansi, chinavomereza malo "kutsika" kumene dziko lililonse limakhazikitsa zopereka zake za dzikolo (NDC). Kusintha kumeneku kunalola kutulutsa kwakukulu konga United States, China, ndi India kusaina kusaina. Kubwerera, maiko otukuka anadzipereka kupereka ndalama za nyengo kaamba ka kusintha ndi kuchepetsa zinthu m'maiko osoŵa. Chipanganocho chinakhazikitsanso " ndandanda ya kayendetsedwe kake" kofuna kuwonjezera chikhumbo panthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ina pakati pa nthaŵi. Pamene otsutsa anatsutsa kuti mkhalidwe wodzifunira wa NDCC anafooka, analolera kukwaniritsa kuloŵerera kwa kampani kwa . [NFFF: CF] Chipangano chapamwamba cha malonda cha pa Paris: "FC]

Kumaliza

Kulolerana m'njira ya anthu sikuli kugonja kapena kufooka . Ofufuza aluso amazindikira kuti njira zabwino zothetsera vuto n’zosoŵa; cholinga n’chopangira malamulo abwino owongolera miyoyo posunga kuyenera kwa demokrase. Mavuto a kusungunuka, mfundo zolakwika, ndi mphamvu zosemphana ndi zinthu n’zachindunji, koma angathe kuthetsedwa mwa kumvetsera mogwira mtima, kumanga ubwenzi, kukonza zinthu zopangira zinthu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino njira ya chidziŵitso ndi youlutsira zinthu. Kuphunzira mbiri yakale ndi ya nthaŵi ino kulolera ku Pangano la Paris . Kuchokera ku Msonkhano wa Malamulo ku Paris, kutulutsa zida zopitira kupikisana kwambiri lerolino. M'dziko la makhalidwe osiyanasiyana ndi chuma, luso la kutha kulolera, kuloŵerera.