Maboma ndiwo maziko a moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa Amereka, kuumba zonse kuchokera ku misewu imene timapita ku sukulu zimene ana athu amapita. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma ku Washington, D.C., kaŵirikaŵiri limalamulira, ndi maboma amene amalamulira mwachindunji ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku za nzika. Maboma onse 50 amayendetsa boma lake lenileni, lozikidwa pa Tenth Amereka ya U.S., imene imaika mphamvu zonse zosaperekedwa ku boma la boma ku maboma. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapanga nyumba zapamwamba za democracy, kumene maboma amayesa malamulo a maphunziro, zaumoyo, zoyendera, ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Kuzindikira udindo wonse wa boma ndi wofunika pa udindo uliwonse wa boma, wophunzitsa, wophunzitsa, kapena wophunzira kumvetsetsa mmene dziko la America limagwirira ntchito.

Kupenda Maboma a Boma

United States ndi dziko la boma, mphamvu ya kugawidwa pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma. Bukhu la malamulo lililonse limakhazikitsa kakonzedwe kake ka boma, kamene kamasonyeza chitsanzo cha boma koma ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa malo. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu yapadera — ndiko kuti, angachitepo kanthu pa nkhani iliyonse imene isakhale yoletsedwa mwachindunji ndi lamulo la U.S. kapena malamulo awo a boma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ulamuliro waukulu pa malonda a mayiko, lamulo labanja, lamulo la upandu, lamulo la katundu, ndi thanzi la anthu onse.

Maboma alinganizidwa ku manthambi atatu osiyana: akuluakulu a boma, alamulo, ndi achiweruzo. Kulekanitsa maulamuliro ndi macheke ndi mayeso ndi mayeso zikugwira ntchito pamlingo wa boma monga momwe amachitira boma, koma ndi mbali zapadera zonga ngati maulamuliro a gubernerator, mayeso a nzika, ndi ma a assenduum amene amasiyana m'boma ndi boma. Mphamvu ndi ufulu wa maboma zasintha kwa nthaŵi, makamaka kupyolera mwa zosankha za Supreme Court ndi malamulo a boma, koma amalamulirabe magwero aakulu a ulamuliro wa Aamereka ambiri.

Nthambi za Boma

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Wotsogozedwa ndi bwanamkubwa, mkulu wa nthambi amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi kuyendetsa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za mabungwe a boma. Kazembeyo amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mphamvu zimene zimaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa pulogalamu ya mzera (mosafanana ndi pulezidenti wa U.S.), kukhazikitsa akulu a madipatimenti a boma, kuyang'anira boma, ndi kukhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo a akuluakulu a boma. Maboma ambiri amasankhanso akuluakulu a boma osiyanasiyana kwa bwanamkubwa, monga bwanamkubwa, mkulu waboma, mlembi wa boma, ndi wa chuma, kupanga mkulu wa boma amene amatsata mphamvu.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo

Boma lililonse kusiya Nebraska liri ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya ma bidamaral yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira (Nebraska yaundaral service). Maboma opanga malamulo ali ndi thayo la kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo msonkho, maphunziro, zoyendera, ndi thanzi la anthu. Kachitidwe ka malamulo kamasiyanasiyana koma kamaphatikizapo kumva kwa makomiti, kutsutsana kwa pa chipinda, ndi kuvomereza kwa greubernerator. Maboma ambiri amalolanso ovotera kukhazikitsa malamulo mwachindunji kupyolera kapena kutumiza malamulo, kupatsa nzika zamphamvu kaamba ka kupanga malamulo. Comgalamu ya Boma ya Boma ya Boma imapereka mfundo zatsatanetsatane pa malamulo ndi njira zonse za malamulo a boma.

Nthambi Yoweruza

Makhoti a boma amamasulira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo, ndipo amasamalira milandu yambiri ya zamalamulo mu United States. Boma lililonse lili ndi dongosolo lakelake la khoti, makamaka makhoti, makhoti a apilo, ndi khoti lalikulu. Oweruza a boma amasankhidwa mwa njira zosiyanasiyana: kugamula masankho, kugamula kwa makomiti, kapena kusankha koyenera (Puni ya Missouri). Makhoti a boma amatsutsa zonse kuchokera ku ku ku kuswa malamulo a pamsewu ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni yowopsa ndi milandu yachiŵeni yokhudzana ndi lamulo la boma.

Mathayo Aakulu a Maboma

Maboma ali ndi thayo la ntchito zambiri ndi zosiyanasiyana. Pamene kuli kwakuti mathayo ena amagawana ndi boma, maboma amatsogolera m'madera ambiri amene amayambukira mwachindunji nzika. Pansipa pali maulamuliro aakulu a kachitidwe ka boma, iriyonse yofufuzidwa mwakuya.

Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi udindo waukulu kwambiri wa maboma. Mayiko ali ndi udindo waukulu wokhazikitsa ndi kuchirikiza maphunziro a boma kuyambira ku sukulu yapamwamba. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuika mfundo zamaphunziro, kuyang’anira masukulu a boma, kupatsa aphunzitsi, ndi kugaŵira ndalama ku madera a sukulu. Maboma amayang'aniranso mayunivesite a boma ndi makoleji a anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri kudzera m’mabungwe oikidwa a masukulu kapena anthu odalirika.

  • K-12 Maphunziro:[[FLT :1] United States anaika mapulogalamu a maphunziro, zofunika, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Maboma ambiri atengera Miyezo ya Boma ya Boma Come Core State kapena kuyambitsa miyezo yawoyawo. The Students Reseeds Act (ESA) imapatsa malamulo osinthasinthasintha kwambiri poyeza ntchito ya sukulu ndi kuloŵerera m'masukulu otsika.
  • Maphunziro Apamwamba : maboma a boma amayenerera ndalama ku makoleji a boma ndi mayunivesite, amakhazikitsa malamulo a zamaphunziro, ndi kukhazikitsa maprogramu a chithandizo cha ophunzira. Mayunivesite a dziko lapansi, okhazikitsidwa pansi pa Morrill Acts, amakhalabe mizati ya maphunziro apamwamba a boma.
  • Maphunziro apamwamba a ana: [[FLT :1] Maboma ambiri tsopano amasunga maprogramu asanayambe a makampani ndi kuyang'anira malo osamalira ana, kuzindikira kufunika kwa kuphunzira koyambirira.

Kupereka ndalama za maphunziro kumachokera ku msanganizo wa misonkho ya ndalama ya boma, misonkho ya malonda, ndi misonkho ya katundu ya kumaloko, zimene zimatsogolera ku kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maboma ndi zigawo. Kufupikitsa malamulo a zamaphunziro a boma, Commission of State [FL:1] imapereka chuma chochuluka.

Zoyendera

Maboma ali ndi udindo womanga, kukonza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri za msewu wa dzikolo. Mtengo wa Highway System ndi boma koma umayendetsedwa ndi maboma, ndipo madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) amayendetsa misewu ya m'dziko, milatho, ndi ngalande. Kuwonjezera apo, mayiko amayang'anira madongosolo a zaulendo, mabwalo a ndege, ndi madoko.

  • Maloboti ndi Malaŵi: [1] Madziko amasonkhetsa ndi kukonza kumanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito misonkho ya mafuta, ndalama zolembera galimoto, ndi ndalama zolipiridwa. Maboma ambiri akuyesa kulipira antchito oyendera mtunda pamene kuyendetsa bwino mafuta kumachepetsa ndalama za gasi.
  • [[FLT :0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Safety : Uniteds imakhazikitsa liŵiro, malamulo oyendetsa galimoto oledzera, ndi malamulo oletsa kuyendetsa galimoto. Amayang'aniranso kuyendera ndi kulembetsa, limodzinso ndi kuvomereza laisensi ya dalaivala.

Malo a boma amakhudza kwambiri zachuma ndiponso moyo wabwino. Bungwe la American Society of Civil Engineers likutumiza khadi la kampani ya boma lonena za zinthu zofunika pa moyo zimene zimagogomezera kukula kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Thanzi la Anthu Onse

Maboma ali mbali yaikulu ya dongosolo la zaumoyo la America. Mwakuyang'anira Medicaid, malamulo a misika ya inshuwalansi, ndi njira za zaumoyo, maboma amakhudza zotulukapo za thanzi la anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Affordcable Care Act ya boma yofutukulidwa mwa kuwalola kupanga inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ndi kuwonjezera Medicaid eligible.

  • [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . programu imeneyi ya boma imapereka thanzi kwa anthu olandira ndalama zochepa, ana, akazi oyembekezera, ndi anthu opunduka. Maboma amasankha kuyenerera, mapindu, ndi ndalama zolipirira mkati mwa zitsogozo za boma. Maboma 40 afutukula Medicaid pansi pa ACA, koma osunga angapo.
  • Umoyo wa Thupi: Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a Boma amafufuza matenda, amachititsa mpikisano wa akatemera, amalimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino, ndi kuvomereza kuyambika kwa magule ndi ngozi. Iwo amavomerezanso zipatala, nyumba za odwala, ndi zipatala zina zaumoyo.
  • Laisensi ya ntchito: laisensi ya United States ndi kulamulira osamalira thanzi onse, kuphatikizapo madokotala, manesi, ogulitsa mankhwala, ndi a mano, kutsimikizira miyezo yochepera ya kukhoza ndi chisungiko.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza ntchito zaumoyo wa boma, pitani pa CDC pa tsamba la zaumoyo wa anthu onse.

Chilungamo cha Anthu Onse ndi Chiwawa

Kusunga dongosolo la anthu ndi kuteteza nzika ndiko ntchito yaikulu. Maboma amasunga magulu awo apolisi (m’chitsanzo, asilikali a boma), kuwongolera malo operekera chilango, kupereka zigamulo zaupandu, ndi kugwirizanitsa dongosolo la ngozi.

  • Lamulo: apolisi a boma akukhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu, kupenda upandu, ndi kuthandiza apolisi a kumaloko. Loya wamkulu wa boma kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera kufufuza kwa upandu ndi kuzenga milandu zoloŵetsamo zikondwerero za boma.
  • Kusintha: [1] United States amayang'anira ndende kwa awo opezedwa ndi mlandu wa mabwinja, pamene kuli kwakuti ndende za kumaloko ziyang'anira zolakwa ndi kutsekeredwa kwa milandu. Madipatimenti a boma a zowongolera amayang'aniranso njira zopimira milandu ndi zopimira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uyang'anira wa zangozi: Mabungwe a boma oyang'anira ngozi amagwirizanitsa kubwezera tsoka, kuyambira mikuntho ndi moto wa magetsi kufikira miliri ndi zigaŵenga. Amagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi FEMA ndi maboma akumeneko.
  • Kuchinjiriza ndi Mautumiki: pamene madipatimenti a moto ambiri ali a kumaloko, maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo omanga, kusungitsa miyezo ya kutetezera moto, ndi kulangiza ozimitsa moto.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Chuma

Maboma amapikisana kwambiri kukopa mabizinesi, kupanga ntchito, ndi kulimbikitsa zinthu zatsopano. Amagwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zosonkhezera msonkho, ndalama, maprogramu ophunzitsa antchito, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera chuma. Mabungwe a zachuma a boma amapereka chuma kwa amalonda ndi makampani okhazikitsidwa mofanana.

  • [[FLT: 0] Makampani amalonda: Amapereka ngongole za msonkho, ndalama zoperekera katundu, ndi ndalama zothandizira makampani kupeza kapena kufutukuka m'malire awo. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti zisonkhezero zimenezi zingatsogolere ku “kuloŵa pansi, , [1] koma ochirikiza amaziona kukhala zofunika kuti apikisane padziko lonse.
  • Kukula kwa Ntchito: United States kumakoleji a chitaganya, masukulu a ntchito, ndi maprogramu a maphunziro a job kumanga antchito aluso. Maprogramu a ntchito amachirikizidwa mowonjezereka pa mlingo wa boma.
  • Infractive Investructive Invest: Kupyola m'zoyendera, maboma amaika ndalama pa intaneti yosanjikizana, madongosolo a madzi, ndi mazira a mphamvu, kuzindikira kuti zinthu zamakono zofunika kuti chuma chitukuke.

Bwanamkubwa wa Nationals Association amapanga malamulo a kutukuka kwa chuma ndi machitachita abwino koposa.

Kuteteza Malo Okhala ndi Zachilengedwe

Mayiko ndiwo akutsogolera pa malamulo a zachilengedwe ndiponso a zachuma. Pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe loona za zachilengedwe loona za zachilengedwe la Environmental Protection Agency limakhazikitsa miyezo m’dziko lonselo, mayiko ali ndi udindo waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ambiri a malo okhala.

  • .Air ndi Ater Sety : mabungwe a boma a boma amalola kutulutsa mpweya ndi kutuluka kwa madzi oipa, kuyang'anira kulimba kwa mpweya, ndi kusungitsa miyezo ya madzi oyera. Maboma ena amakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri kuposa zifuno za boma.
  • Dziko Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Zoning : Madziko amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsogolera dziko lakwawo kugwiritsira ntchito zosankha, kutetezera madera a kugombe, ndi kulamulira kupita patsogolo kwa ma merthe . Kuwononga malo adziko nkwafala.
  • Conservation:[[FLT :1] mapaki a Boma ndi nsomba ndi magulu a nyama ndi maekala a kuthengo amayang'anira mahekitala mamiliyoni ambiri kaamba ka kutetezeredwa ndi malo okhala. Kutetezera kwa boma ndi malo amasungidwa malo achilengedwe.
  • Kulamulira kwa Thupi: Madziko amalamulira kutaya zinyalala kowopsa, maprogramu okonzanso, ndi ntchito zodzaza malo.

Kupeza tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka, EPA] mayanjano a boma patsamba amalongosola mmene mgwirizano wa boma ndi boma umagwira ntchito.

Mathayo Ena Ofunika

Zosankha ndi Kulembetsa Mabuku

Maboma amasankha masankho onse a boma, a boma, ndi a kumaloko, kuphatikizapo njira zovomerezera, kuvomereza mwamsanga, ndi kuphonya. Nyumba za malamulo za boma zimakopa mabungwe alamulo ndi zigawo za boma pambuyo pa kuŵerenga kwa anthu kulikonse, njira imene kaŵirikaŵiri imayambitsa mkangano pa gerrymander.

Kusintha Mtengo

Kuwonjezera pa ntchito zaumoyo, mayiko ena amalolanso kukonza inshuwalansi, kusunga ndalama, kumanga mafakitale, ndiponso kukonza zinthu zina ndi zina.

Kuthandiza Banja ndi Mayanjano

Maboma amasamalira ana, kusamalira ana, ndi maprogramu a okalamba ndi opunduka.

Uyang’aniro wa Boma Lakumaloko

Maboma akupanga ndi kupatsa mphamvu maboma a m’madera osiyanasiyana, monga mizinda, matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera.

Boma: Lamulo la Kulinganiza

Malamulo a U.S. amapereka kulinganizika kowopsa pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma liri ndi mphamvu zokha pa malonda a mayiko, maunansi akunja, ndi chitetezo cha dziko, maboma amasunga mphamvu za apolisi kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo. Madera ambiri, monga ngati kulinganiza malo okhala ndi zoyendera, amaphatikizapo mphamvu zamakono zogwirizana zonse ziŵiri. Supremacy Claus amatanthauza kuti lamulo la boma limachotsa malamulo a boma otsutsana, koma boma kaŵirikaŵiri limapereka nthumwi ku maufumu [1] monga momwe zimawonedwa m'maprogramungwe a malo okhalako ndi malo okhalako.

Malamulo a boma ameneŵa amalola maboma kukhala malabolatory a demokrase, kuyesa malamulo amene angavomerezedwe m'dziko. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa mlingo wa boma wa inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, maprogramu a kaboni ndi a trade, ndi masinthidwe a chiweruzo cha apandu.

Kumaliza

Maboma ndi maulamuliro a boma. Iwo ndi maulamuliro amphamvu, odziimira okha, ndi maudindo aakulu okhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo: kuyambira pa kuphunzitsa ana ndi kutetezereka kwa misewu mpaka kuukhondo wa madzi ndi kukondera kwa masankho. Ntchito yawo mu America yolamulira siingatchulidwe. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika za tsiku ndi tsiku, kuzindikira ntchito za boma zofunika kuti anthu azichita nawo mbali ya boma. Mwa kuphunzira mmene maboma amagwirira ntchito ndi zimene amalamulira, anthu angasunge bwino akuluakulu awo osankhidwa ndi kuchirikiza kusintha kumene kumachitika m'dziko lawo. Kufufuza kwambiri za boma lanu, kuyamba ndi [FL:0] US. Boma la boma la FUS ndi logwirizana ndi chuma chanu.