Chiyambi

Malamulo amene amalamulira mikhalidwe imeneyi si osavuta kapena ogwirizana; amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo okhwima osungitsa chitetezo pamene akusamala ufulu waukulu. Misonkhano ndi zipolowe zopanda lamulo. "zochitika zamwadzidzidzi kapena kusokonezeka kwa anthu ndizo kuyesa malire a apolisi. Malamulo amene amalamulira mikhalidwe imeneyi si osavuta kapena ogwirizana; amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma, malamulo, malamulo a malamulo, miyambo ya malamulo, ndi ufulu wa anthu wapadziko lonse. Kumvetsa malamulo ameneŵa n’kofunika osati kwa antchito osungitsa malamulo okha komanso kwa opanga malamulo, ndi anthu a m’boma amene amafuna kuyankha mlandu. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mfundo zofunika zalamulo zimene zimavomereza, kuletsa, ndi kupenda machitidwe apolisi posamalira misonkhano yophwanya malamulo ndi zipoloko, ndi kukambirana mfundo za ufulu wa anthu.

Maziko a Mwalamulo a Kachitidwe ka Apolisi

Mabukuwa amasonyeza pamene apolisi angaloŵererepo, mphamvu zimene angagwiritse ntchito, ndi njira zimene ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito.

Malamulo a Malamulo

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo apadera amene amapatsa apolisi mphamvu yoyang'anira mayanjano amene amawopseza mtendere wa anthu. Ku United Kingdom, Public Ordern Act 1986 (monga kukonzedwanso) ndilo lamulo lalikulu. Imafotokoza [[[FLT:]] kuyendetsa [[FLT]] [[2] [[FLT]]] [] [i] [i] [i] .] Kachitidwe kamaperekanso mphamvu ya polisi yoika pa zochitika zaponse ndi m'dera, kuphatikizapo mphamvu yowaletsa. [[FLT:]

Mu United States, palibe lamulo lachipolowe limodzi la boma; mmalo mwake, likulamulira kukhala ndi malamulo awo. Mwachitsanzo, California Penal Code Depart 404-406 imamasulira msonkhano wosaloledwa (anthu aŵiri kapena ambiri osonkhana kuti achite ntchito yosakhala ya lamulo kapena kuchita ntchito yololeka) ndi chipwirikiti (kugwiritsira ntchito kulikonse kwa mphamvu kapena chiwawa kwa anthu aŵiri kapena oposapo kusokoneza mtendere wa anthu. Maboma ambiri alinso ndi [[FLT:]] Acts[[[FLT: 1]]] [APUPUPUZILEZILEMU] amene amavomereza kuti alamulitse ndi kumanga awo amene atsala. Odziŵika pang'ono koma a boma lapadera ndilo. [FUFURD]

Malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo amasamaliranso zida zogwirira ntchito zimene zilipo kwa apolisi. Malamulo ambiri a boma amavomereza mwachindunji kugwiritsira ntchito zida zopanda upandu (gasi, zipolopolo, madzi) panthaŵi ya zipwirikiti, kaŵirikaŵiri zonga ngati chenjezo la poyamba kapena kuyesayesa kwa boma. Maboma ena, monga Germany ndi U.S., amafuna kuti apolisi apereke chenjezo lomveka asanagwiritse ntchito mphamvu kufalitsa msonkhano. Mageti ndi njira zina ziyenera kulembedwa kuti atsimikizire mlandu.

Mfundo za Malamulo Zofala

Lamulo lachisawawa, makamaka m'maiko amene anatengera mwambo walamulo wa Chingelezi, limapereka malamulo a maziko amene amagwirizanitsa malamulo. Lingaliro lakale la msonkhano wosavomerezeka wa m'nyengo zapakati, kumasonkhana kumene kunasokoneza mtendere wa Mfumu. Pansi pa lamulo la anthu wamba, msonkhano sumakhala wovomerezeka pamene anthu atatu kapena ambiri akumana ndi cholinga chofuna kuswa mtendere kapena kuchita ntchito iliyonse yosaloleka lamulo. Lamulo lofala linkazindikiranso [[[FLT:]] la nzika za mtendere wa Mfumu. (ndiponso, chipani choletsedwa) kutsendereza chipwirikiti cha masiku ano mpangidwe [FT:] [FT] [FT] mu mphamvu zina zankhondo.[5]

Lamulo lachisawawa linakhazikitsanso linachititsa kusoŵa kwa anthu, malinga ngati akulimbana ndi chiwopsezo. Malamulo a Chingelezi, monga Thomas v. Sawts , adakhulupirira kuti apolisi angaloŵe m’msonkhano wachinsinsi kuti apeŵe kusokonezeka kwa mtendere. Komabe, malamulo amakono amalimbikitsa kuti lamulo la Chingelezi, longa Thomas v. Saws [FLT] ndi]

Chilamulo cha Malamulo ndi Ufulu Waumunthu

Mwinamwake ziletso zowopsya kwambiri za lamulo pa ntchito ya polisi zimachokera ku zitetezero za lamulo za kusonkhana ndi kulankhula. Ku United States, First Amendment imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kusonkhana mwamtendere. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula kuti boma lingakhazikitse nthaŵi yokwanira, malo, ndi njira pa ziletso. Apolisi sangakhale akufalitsa chiwawa chifukwa cha uthenga wake; ayenera kukhala ndi umboni wa kuyandikira kwa kachitidwe ka kusamvera malamulo kapena chiwopsezo chowonekera bwino cha anthu. Mlanduko Brandenburg v. Ohio. [1969])) anatsimikizira kuti chiwawa chimatetezeredwa kokha ngati sichikutsogozedwa kuti chisonkhezerere ntchito yosa lamulo ndipo chikwanikire. Malamulo apolisi ameneŵa akuchititsa ulamuliro wandale kutsutsa ndale.

Mu United Kingdom, Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Anthu 1998 chimaphatikizapo pangano la European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Mfundo 11 imateteza ufulu wosonkhana ndi woyanjana, pamene Chigawo 10 chimateteza ufulu wa kulankhula. Komabe, onse aŵiri ali ndi ziletso zimene zili zolembedwa ndi lamulo [ ndi [FLT:] yoyenerera m'chitaganya cha democracy [[FLT:]] chifukwa cha zolinga za kuphatikizapo kutetezeka kwa anthu, kuletsa chisokosokonezo, ndi kuteteza ufulu wa ena. Khoti la Ulaya la ufulu wa anthu lakhala ndi chiwopsezo chosa chiwopsezo chokhudza mtendere. [[FLT:] Ziliberg . Moldova v [FFFD] (2005], khoti loletsa kuletsa chikalata chokhudza malamulo 11 chifukwa cha chikalata chosonyeza chigamu chovomerezera cha chikalata chokhudza chikalata chokhudza chigamu.

M’maiko ambiri, Pangano la Zachikhalidwe pa Ziletso za Chiŵeniŵeni ndi zandale (ICCPR) limatsimikiziranso kuyenera kwa kusonkhana kwamtendere (Nyanga 21) ndi ufulu wa kulankhula (Aricle 19). Mabungwe Olamulira Aufulu a UN Communtion Committee Declation No. 37 2020) amapereka malangizo atsatanetsatane pa malamulo ololedwa a lamulo: Ayenera kukhala [[FLT:] Oyenerera, kulinganiza, ndi osayenerera kuwonjezera malamulo [FLT:]. Malamulo a kukhazikitsa kuti mabungwe a lamulo aphunzitsidwa kulemekeza ufulu umenewu mkati mwa ntchito zolamulira za gulu. [FL:]

Zikole ndi Zitetezo Zalamulo

Ngakhale kuti apolisi mwachibadwa amafuna nzeru zachisawawa panthaŵi ya mavuto, pali zoletsa za lamulo kuti apeŵe nkhanza ndi kusunga lamulo. zoletsa zimenezi sizingalepheretse ntchito yabwino ya upolisi; izo ndizo chitetezo chimene chimakulitsa kudalirika kwa anthu ndi kudalirana kwawo.

Udindo ndi Kufunika

Malamulo aŵiri a mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndizo maziko a kugwiritsira ntchito kwa mphamvu kulikonse kololedwa. Pansi pa malamulo a dziko lonse ndi madongosolo ambiri a m’nyumba, apolisi angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu kokha pamene kuli koyenera kukwaniritsa cholinga choyenera, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo, mphamvu ziyenera kukhala zowonjezedwa ku chiwopsezo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira zosakhala zachirombo ziyenera kulingaliridwa choyamba, ndipo ngati mphamvu zigwiritsiridwa ntchito, ziyenera kukhala ndalama zofunikira. Kutsutsa kwamtendere ndi zitsutso kapena kugwetsa chiwopsezo chakupha pokhapokha ngati kuchitika chiwopsezo chachiwawa kapena chiwopsezo chowopsa.

Ku United States, mlandu wa Supreme Court Graham v. Connor [1] (1998) adatsimikizira kuti kudzinenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yopambanitsa mkati mwa kumangidwa kumayesedwa pansi pa “kulolera kwa Fourth Amendment [Kulamulira kwa Fourter]. Muyezo umenewu umalingalira za ukulu wa upandu, kaya wonyumwiridwayo akupereka chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga, ndi kaya wonyumwiridwayo akutsutsa mwamphamvu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Graham [makhoti] agwiritsira ntchito kumanga, makhoti ofanana ndi kuyang’anira kwa anthu. Chitsanzo, m'malangizo [ault:] [FF:] [FD5]

Kuganizira Ufulu wa Anthu

Lamulo la ufulu wa anthu lapadziko lonse limakhazikitsa mathayo owonjezereka amene sangagwire mokwanira ndi malamulo a panyumba. Khoti la Ukratiki la Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Anthu lapanga bungwe lamilandu ya apolisi yosamalira zitsutso. mu [[FLT]] Oya Ataman v. Turkey [200] [6] [6], Khotilo linapeza kuswa mfundo 11 kumene apolisi anagwiritsira ntchito mpweya ndi madzi kuletsa chitsutso cha malo okhala popanda kuyesa kuyesa kuyesa kusokoneza kufunika kwa ufulu wa kusonkhana. Khoti linagogomezera kuti ngakhale ziletso zololedwa zololedwa mwalamulo ziyenera kupendedwa motsimikizirika. Momwemotere, [FLD:]

Mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu alemba zochitika zimene apolisi anagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yosalekeza yochokera ku fuko kapena kugwirizana ndi ndale zadziko kwa otsutsa. Komiti ya UN pa Kutha kwa Utundu (CERD) yalimbikitsa maboma kutenga njira zopeŵera ntchito za upolisi wa upandu m'gulu la anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa 2020 George Floyd wotsutsa ku United States, malipoti ochokera ku ACLU ndi Human Rights Watch anasonyeza kuti lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri limagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu motsutsana ndi Akuda kupyola kwa otsutsa azungu pamiyezo yofanana ndi otenga nawo mbali. Kusiyana koteroko kungatsogolere ku zitoko zalamulo pansi pa malamulo adziko ndi maiko osagwirizana.

Ziletso za Nthaŵi, Malo, ndi Zachibadwa

Ngakhale misonkhano yamtendere ingavomerezeke ndi ziletso zoyenerera. Maboma angakhazikitse ziyeneretso za chilolezo, kuika zitsutso, ndi kuika malire a nthaŵi . Kuphatikiza ziletsozo n’zosakwanira, zokonzedwa bwino, ndi kusiya njira zina zolankhulirana. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. mu Irved v. Rock Against Ractic [1998]) imavomereza kuti boma lingayendetse chimveketso chowonjezereka pakhonsati popanda kuswa Lamulo Loyamba, malinga ngati lamulolo likulungamizidwa popanda chophatikizidwa. Kulingalira kofanana kuyendera njira ndi msonkhano.

Komabe, pamene ziletso zikhala zolemetsa kwambiri kapena zogwiritsiridwa ntchito mopanda nzeru, zingapange kudodometsa pa kuyenera kwa kusonkhana. Mwachitsanzo, kufuna otsutsa kupeza chilolezo kwa mkulu wa polisi amene sanazembe kutsutsa kuletsa First Amendment (onani ] Shuttlesworthworth v. Birmingham[F:1], 1969). M'ma UK, Public Orct Act 1986 Act [malamulo] amapatsa apolisi mphamvu yoika mikhalidwe pa magudumu ndi misonkhano, kuphatikizapo ziletsozozo ziyenera kuzikidwa pa chikhulupiriro choyenera chakuti chiwopsezo, kuwonongeka kwa katundu, kapena kumudzi ku moyo wa anthu, kudzakhala ndi kusagwirizana kwachikale kwambiri.

Kuyankha Mwalamulo ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Pamene apolisi apitirira malire alamulo, amasintha anthu pazifukwa zingapo za lamulo. Malamulo a boma amaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomanira kumanga, kuukira, kubatiza, kuswa lamulo mwankhanza, ndi kuswa ufulu walamulo kapena wa anthu. Ku United States, 422 U.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kulola anthu kusungirira ufulu wa boma ku boma ndi kulanda ufulu wa boma posachita kuphwanya ufuluwo, masinthidwe aposachedwapa m'mayiko ena (g. Colorado, New York) adateteza zimenezi.

Ku United Kingdom, woneneza angabweretse mlandu wa boma kwa munthu kapena kuikidwa m’ndende konyenga, kapena kufunafuna chiwombolo pa Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe 1998 chifukwa cha kuswa ufulu wa chigwirizano. Ndiponso, apolisi angalamulire Ofesi Yodziimira ya Apolisi Pangano (IOPC) [1] Kufufuza kowopsa. IOPC ili ndi mphamvu yovomereza kuperekedwa kapena kutchula milandu ya Chigamulo cha Chigamulo cha Ufulu (CPS) kaamba ka milandu yothekera.

Machirikizo aupandu amaphatikizapo kuweruza apolisi paokha kaamba ka kuukira, mabatiriji, kapena kupha m'nkhani zowopsa. Komabe, milandu yaupandu yozengedwa kwa apolisi njosachitika chifukwa cha mtolo wowonekera bwino ndi kuchepetsa kaŵirikaŵiri kwa apolisi ogaŵanika achiŵiri. Madongosolo a apolisi a m’dziko achitanso mbali yake, koma osuliza amatsutsa kuti alibe ufulu ndi kuwonekera. Maboma ena akhazikitsa mabungwe apadera oyang'anira monga mabungwe ofufuzira zinthu za boma.

Mavuto Amene Adzabweretsepo Ndiponso Kusintha Zinthu

Zinthu zina zimene anthu a m’dzikoli amayendera sizikusintha chifukwa chakuti apolisi ayamba kukumana ndi anthu ophwanya malamulo, kusintha kwa zinthu zimene anthu akukhala ndi moyo, ndiponso kuweruza milandu.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zida Zopanda Kavumvulu

Makhoti nthaŵi zina aona kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zida zimenezi polimbana ndi otsutsa osakhala achiwawa (gasi), chiwopsezo cha mphamvu ya kuukira. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLY: 0] GOD v. Department of Public Safety , khoti lachigawo lalola kuweruza ndi Texas oukira otsutsa osakhala achiwawa amene anaukira kwambiri amene sanawopsezeze kwambiri. Khotilo linagamula kuti mphamvuzo sizinali zoyenerera. Momwemonso, Department of Public Safety [FOLT] [12] [20], khoti la chigawo cha chigawo cha Russian , linalola kuswa mlandu wotsutsana ndi kuukira koopsa kwa anthu (3).

Maboma ena tsopano akuletsa kapena kuletsa zida zina zopanda mphamvu kwambiri. Zitsogozo za United Kingdom’s Home Office zikugogomezera kuti zipolopolo za banon (zipolopolo) ziyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kokha m’mikhalidwe yoipitsitsa ndi chilolezo chachikulu. Ku United States, mizinda monga Portland, Oregon, yaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito gasi wokhetsa misozi polamulira anthu kusiyapo ngati patakhala nthaŵi yangozi. Komabe, zitokoso za lamulo zikupitirizabe, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri mabungwe apolisi amatsutsa kuti ziletso zoletsa zimenezi za maofesala kutetezera anthu onse.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafoni ndi Mafoni ndi Mafoni Amakono

Zitsutso zamakono zimalinganizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera m'makompyuta a anthu, ndipo apolisi atembenukira kwambiri ku kuyang'anira ndi kuneneratu misonkhano yosaloledwa. Malamulo oletsa kuyang'anira. Ku US, lamulo la Four Amendment la kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi kutsata zinsinsi za magetsi limagwira ntchito pa manambala ngati pali chiyembekezo choyenera cha zinthu zachinsinsi. Makhoti apereka maziko alamulo kaamba ka kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha makampani a zaumoyo, koma lamulolo limatsutsidwa ndi magulu a anthu opereka ufulu wodzitetezera.

Zitokoso za lamulo zasumikanso pa kugwiritsira ntchito luso la kuyang'anira nkhope panthaŵi ya zionetsero. Edurds v. South Carolina [1] (1963), Bwalo lamilandu linazindikira kuyenera kwa kusonkhana “mwamtendere” popanda chiwopsezo cha boma. Kukhalapo kwa makamera ndi ma drones kungakhale ndi chiyambukiro chochititsa mantha kuwona kumanja. M'UK, Khoti la Apperst in [Bridge] [Bridges] v. Mfumu yoyang'anira a polisi ya South Wales Falce [FLD:] (20) adanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito kwa apolisi kuŵerengedwa kwa nkhope yodziwirira kwa anthu kunali kosalotseka bwino ndi kulephera kutetezera kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo ndi kulongosola nkhani za za za zaumboni.

Kupeka ndi Kupenda Kodziwongolerera

Kukwera kwa [[FLT: 0] kosatsogolera. Malamulo amalingalira kuti olinganiza amakhala odziŵika ndipo angaloŵetsedwe m'kukambitsirana. Pamene apolisi avutika kugwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi, malo, ndi malamulo amwambo. Malamulo ena amatenga malamulo amene amafuna kuti apolisi ayese kuchepetsa kulankhulana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ngakhale m'mabungwe odzifunira. Mwachitsanzo, New York’s [FLT: 4.

Kumaliza

Malamulo olamulira a apolisi a kuyang'anira misonkhano ndi zipwirikiti siziri kokha malamulo aukatswiri; iwo amaimira chitsimikiziro cha chitaganya cha kulinganiza dongosolo la anthu ndi ufulu waukulu. Malamulo omanga bwino amapereka malire owonekera bwino a ntchito ya apolisi, amatsimikizira kuŵerengera pamene malirewo adutsa, ndi kutetezera kuyenera kwa nzika kusonkhanitsa ndi kufotokoza milandu. Malamulo ofunikira, kulinganiza, ndi kusagwirizana kwa anthu kuyenera kutsogolera ntchito iliyonse ya lamulo ndi kuwonjezera kudalirana ndi kudalirana kwa anthu onse.

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