Nkhani ya demokrase ya ku America si yosiyana ndi mbiri ya magulu ake omenyera ufulu wa anthu. Iyi si nkhani ya mgwirizano wosasintha, wangwiro, koma nkhondo yaikulu, yachiwawa kuwonjezera malekezero a ufulu ndi unzika. Kuyenda kwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 20 sikunali chochitika chokha koma kupambana kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kutsutsana ndi kuperekedwa kwa conjolson ndi kusokonezeka kwa Jim ndi kuchititsa nkhanza kwa Crow. Chisonkhezero chake chinasinthanso njira za ulamuliro wa America, kuzindikira anthu ake, ndi tanthauzo lenileni la demokrase. Kumvetsa United States lerolino, magawa ake, mfundo zake, ziyenera choyamba kumvetsetsa mphamvu yosintha ndi yokhalitsa ya kulimbana ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Maziko a Kukana: Mbiri Yaitali ya Gulu la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Chiyambi cha nthaŵi yapadera cha Chigawo cha Konty Movement kaŵirikaŵiri chimayamba ndi 1954 [FLT: 0] Brown chigamulo kapena Montgomery Bus Boycott ya 1955. Komabe, mizu yake imafika pansi pa kulephera kwa kukonzanso. Lonjezo la 13, 14th , ndi 15 Dementetions zinafa ndi kulolera kwa 1877, kumene kunachotsa asilikali a boma kuchokera ku South. Pa kusoŵa kwawo, dongosolo lauchigaŵenizo la fuko linabuka, losonkhezeredwa ndi Klan, lovomerezedwa ndi [FLT:] Pyless. Ferguption v , ndipo linasungidwa ndi ngongole. Mtundu uwu "Ndia wa kutsutsana ndi mayanjano a ku Bhavice" sunayambitsidwe. Ivice adakumana ndi Kne - Bregneach.

NAACP's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ku . [[FLT:] (1954]) inali kusintha kwakukulu, kulengeza kuti malo ophunzirira osiyana anali osalingana kwenikweni. Chigamulo chimenechi, ngakhale kuti chinachitidwa ndi "kutsutsa kwa lamulo" kuchokera ku maiko a Kum’mwera, ikupereka papulati ya makhalidwe abwino ndi ntchito ya kuchitika. Kupha Emmatt Till mu 1955 ndi kuchotsedwa kwa opha ake pambuyo pake, kutsimikizira kuti bwalo lamilandu lokha silingapereke chilungamo. Chigawo chinali chokhazikitsa chitsutso cha nkhondo.

Mawu a Gulu: Atsogoleri, Olinganiza, ndi Oganiza

Civil Rights Movement inasonkhezeredwa ndi atsogoleri osiyanasiyana. Kuyambira pagome mpaka ku gawo la woyendetsa, kuyambira ku laibulale yalamulo mpaka ku ndandanda ya chakudya chamasana, mawu osiyanasiyana analongosola kufunika kwa ulemu. Mafilosofi awo osiyana anapereka injini yanzeru yamphamvu imene inasonkhezera kupita patsogolo.

Dokotala Martin Luther King Jr. ndi Kusamenyana kwa Makhalidwe

Dr. King anatchuka m'dziko lonselo panthaŵi ya Montgomery Bus Boycott, koma nzeru yake ya kutsutsa kopanda chiwawa inazika mizu yaikulu m'chikhulupiriro chake Chachikristu ndi ziphunzitso za Mahatma Gandhi . Iye anatsutsa kuti cholinga cha kutsutsa sichinali kuchepetsa woponderezayo, koma kumwombola ndi mphamvu yosintha ya kuvutika ndi chikondi. Monga mtsogoleri wa Somerter Christian Leaderne Conference (SLC), Mfumu yolinganiza mpikisano ku Birmingham ndi Selma yomwe inakakamiza mtunduwo kulephera kwake kwa makhalidwe abwino. "Ine ndi Maloto" pa March 1963 pa Washington adakalibe kulongosola kolongosola kwachilendo kwa maloto a ku America. Pambuyo pake Mfumu inasintha kwa anthu Osauka, poluza chilungamo ndi kutsutsa kwake nkhondo, kutsutsa kwake kwa za m'nkhondo ya ku Vietnam, chiwonetsero cha .

Malcolm X ndi Kuchepetsa Ulamuliro wa Anthu Akuda

Malcolm X anapereka malo amphamvu otsutsana ndi nthanthi ya King yogwirizanitsa. Monga wolankhulira wa mtundu wa Chidani cha Chisilamu, analalikira za kudalira kwa Black, kunyada, ndi kuyenera kwake kwa kudzigonjetsa yekha molimbana ndi udani wa fuko. Iye anatsutsa motchuka March ku Washington monga "Ntchito pa Washington," akutsutsa kuti ufulu weniweni sungaperekedwe ndi wopondereza koma uyenera kutengedwa ndi otsenderezedwa. Kugaŵa kwake ndi Mtundu wa Chisilamu mu 1964 ndi Ulendo wake ku Mecca kumtsogolera iye ku kuvomereza kutsutsa kokulira kwa kutsutsa kwa utundu wa anthu, kapangidwe kawonetseke ka anthu. Kupha kwake mu 1965 kunaletsa liwu lotsutsa, koma chisonkhezero chake pa gulu la Black Power ndi la fuko la anthu.

Zoumba Zopanda Chilungamo: Ella Baker, Fannie Lou Hamer, ndi John Lewis

Ella Baker, wolinganiza ndi mlangizi wanzeru, anakhulupirira "atsogoleri wa gulu pakati" mmalo mwa utsogoleri wozizwitsa, mwamuna wolamulira . Iye anathandiza kupeza Wophunzira Nonligth Coordinating Cooding Committee Komiti (SNC), imene inakhala chida, udzu wa maziko a gululo. Sannie Lou Hamer, yemwe kale anali wotsogolera pagulu, commukhazikitsa Boma Commusboracratic Party ndipo adapereka umboni pamaso pa 1964 Democratic National Convention ponena za kumenyedwa kwankhanza kumene adapirira chifukwa cha kuyesa kuvomereza. Kulimba mtima kwake kuvumbula kugwirizana kwa Chigawo cha Democratic Party m'kukulu. John Lewis, woyambitsa SNC ndi ufulu, anamenyedwa pa Mwazi wamwazi wamwazi mu Selma "Malie" adapanga chigwirizano cha makhalidwe chabwino, chifukwa cha kumenyera ufulu pakati pa nkhondo ya chiwomalamulo cha nkhondo yachikulu cha chiwo. [F.1]

Ntchito Yolemba Nkhani Zosadziŵika Bwino

A. Philip Randolph, mkulu wa Ubale wa Sleeping Car Porters, anali nduna yaikulu ya gululo. Chiwopsezo chake cha March mu 1941 pa Washington pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt kuti achotse ntchito ya kampani yotetezera. Bayard Rustin, tsogozo la mbuye ndi woyandikira Mfumu yolinganiza, analinganiza March pa Washington. Monga mwamuna wogonana ndi amuna, Rustin anagwira ntchito mosatopa mosasamala mosasamala kanthu za kukakamizidwa ku mithunzi. Zopereka zawo zimatikumbutsa kuti gululo silinali chabe la olankhula mawu ochititsa chidwi, komanso lopanga mwambo, ntchito yolinganiza ndi kumanga nyumba.

Chilango cha Kusavomereza: Kuchita Mwachindunji Mwachizolowezi

Njira yopanda chiwawa sinali yachiphamaso koma njira yoŵerengera ndi yamphamvu yopangira mavuto. Monga momwe King analembera mu "Letter ku Birmingham Jail," cholinga chinali kukakamiza chitaganya kuyang'anizana ndi nkhani zimene chinanyalanyaza kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Njirayo inadalira pa kufunitsitsa kwa otsutsa kulanda chiwawa popanda kubwezera, mwakutero kuvumbula chisembwere cha dongosolo pogwiritsira ntchito chitsenderezo cha zachuma ndi ndale zadziko panthaŵi imodzi.

Nashville Amakhala Panyumba ndi Kuphunzitsidwa kwa Mbadwo

Nashville anakhala m'mabwalo a chaka cha 1960, olinganizidwa ndi James Lawson, akulongosola mwachidule njira yolangira ya chitsutso chosamenya. Ophunzira onga John Lewis ndi Diane Nash anaphunzitsidwa mwamphamvu ndi filosofi yopanda chiwawa, kujambula zochitika zapadera kumene ananyozedwa, kumenyedwa, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito chakudya. Cholinga chawo chinali kuchotsa malo ogulitsa chakudya chamasana m’tauni. Mkupitiwo unapambana osati kokha chifukwa cha kutsutsako, koma chifukwa cha kupikisana kwa mabizinesi a m’tauni, kumene kunakantha amalondawo m’zikwama awo. Ophunzira a Nashville anakhala maziko a SNC ndi kufalitsa njira zimenezi ku South.

Ufulu Unawonongeka Ndipo Mkupiti wa Birmingham

Freedom Rides ya mu 1961 inayesa chiletso cha Khoti Lalikulu pa zigamulo za basi zapakati. Okwerapo anayang'anizana ndi chiwawa chowopsa cha gulu mu Annison ndi Birmingham , Alabama. Uyang'aniro wa Kennedy unakakamizidwa kuloŵerera, kutumiza gulu la boma kutetezera okwera. Komabe, Birmingham Campaign inali ntchito yogwira mtima kwambiri ya kuletsa osamenya. Mwakuponya " Projectdit C" (Kuukira) ndi kulola Mkulu wa Apolisi Bull Connor kugwiritsira ntchito apolisi ndi a magetsi a magetsi pa ana, SCLCC adapanga zifanizithunzi za makhalidwe oipa kwambiri kotero kuti dziko silingayang'ikire kutali.

Kuchokera ku Makwalala Kufikira ku Mabuku Ofotokoza Malamulo: Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Johnson, anakhazikitsa lamulo lothandiza kwambiri pankhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe kuyambira pamene anakhazikitsanso malamulo amenewa, koma anasokoneza malamulo a Jim Crow ndi kupanga zida zamphamvu zomenyera nkhondo m’tsogolo.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Lamulo lapadera limeneli, loperekedwa pambuyo pa zaka zambiri koposa m'mbiri ya Nyumba ya Malamulo, tsankhu loletsedwa m'nyumba za anthu, ntchito, ndi maprogramu ochirikizidwa ndi boma. Iwo VII adapanga bungwe la Ogwirizana Ogwira Ntchito. Ntchitoyi inali chivomerezo chachindunji cha malamulo ku ndawala ya Birmingham ndi March ku Washington. [[FL:0] National Archives imasunga chikalata choyambirira , chipangano ku mphamvu ya gulu la kutembenuza chitsutso kukhala lamulo.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Selma ku Montgomery, makamaka chiwawa cha "Bloody Sande" pa Edmund Pettus Bridge, anadabwitsa dziko ndi kuchirikiza kwambiri lamulo la ufulu wovota. Chikalata cha Couverism choletsa kuvota cha 1965 choletsa njira zopangira kugamula monga mayeso a kuŵerenga ndi kuperekedwa kaamba ka kuyang'anira kwa boma (pasada) kusintha kwa mavoti ndi mbiri ya tsankho. Chiwopsezo chinali cha mwamsanga: podzafika mu 1968, Black votorr register ku Mississippia adadumpha kuchoka pa 7% kufika pa 60%. VRA imalingaliridwa mofala kukhala lamulo lamphamvu koposa la ufulu wa anthu lomwe linapangidwirapo. [[FLT:] Kupereka mlandu kwa ufulu wa Volct. [FLT.]

Lamulo la Kusamalira Nyumba la mu 1968

Chigawo chachikulu cha 1960 cha lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe, Fair Hosson Act, chinaperekedwa masiku ochepa pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Mfumu. Ilo linaletsa tsankho m'malonda, pa lendi, ndi kupezera ndalama nyumba. Komabe, kutsekereza ndi kutsata kochepa kwa mphamvu ya kuletsa kufalikira kwake, ndipo kugaŵa nyumba kwakhala kokhazikika kwambiri m'madera a ku America, chikumbutso chosalekeza chakuti lamulo lokha silingathetse kusiyana kwa zaka mazana ambiri kwa mabungwe.

Kuchotsa Demokalase ya America: Choloŵa cha Gulu Lalo cha Ndale Zadziko

Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement linasintha kwambiri ntchito ya demokrase ya America. Linakulitsa ulamuliro wa ku South, kuchotsa ulamuliro wa dziko pa malamulo a dziko, ndi kufalitsa mphamvu zandale. Komabe, linayambitsanso kubwezera kwamphamvu kumene kunasinthanso dongosolo la chipani ndipo likupitiriza kulongosola kuyendera pamodzi kwa ku America.

Kukula kwa Ntchito Yoyang’anira Dzikolo

Pasanathe 1965, mamiliyoni a Black America ku South adachotsedwa kotheratu ku dongosolo la demokrase. Voting Rights Act (VRA) inasintha kwambiri zimenezi. Inachititsa boma la boma kutsutsana mwachindunji ndi kutsenderezedwa kwa ovota a boma, kukhazikitsa lamulo lakuti ufulu wa kuvota uli ufulu wa boma. VRA si ufulu wa anthu a Black cotion , komanso ilo linkakhazikitsa chitsanzo chimene chikanagwiritsidwa ntchito kutetezera ufulu wosankha wa zinenero za anthu ochepa ndi magulu ena otsika.

Kuvomerezedwa kwa Ndale Zachimereka

Kuchirikiza kwa Democratic Party kwa Chipani cha Democratic kunapatula maziko ake a mwambo a Chiyera cha Southerners. Richard Nixon's "Southern Strategy" ndi Ronald Reagan adachonderera osankhawa mwadala mwakugwiritsira ntchito chinenero cholembedwa ndi ufuko chosumika pa ufulu wa maboma, lamulo ndi dongosolo, ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kunayambitsa mapu a ndale zadziko amakono, kumene South ndi likulu la lingalekanitse mzera waukulu m'chizindikiro cha Amereka. Kusinthako kumasonyeza mmene gulu la chilungamo lingatulutsire kusintha kwakukulu kwamphamvu ndi kutsutsana ndi kubwezera kwamphamvu.

Nkhani Yosamveka Bwino Yokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse

American Civil Rights Movement inasonkhezera nkhondo zosaŵerengeka kuzungulira dziko lonse. Gulu lotsutsa aparatheid ku South Africa linaphunzira mwachindunji kuchokera ku njira zake ndi njira zake. Gulu la Northern Ireland lopanga ufulu wa anthu kumapeto kwa ma 1960 linadzifanizira mwachindunji pa chitsanzo cha Amereka. Atsogoleri kuchokera ku Revolution Velvet ku Czechoslovakia ndi kuyambitsa njira za kutsutsa kopanda chiwawa kochitidwa ndi King ndi SNC. Gululo linasonyeza kuti gulu la anthu otsutsa ufulu wa anthu, lopanda chiwawa lingatokosalimba kwambiri njira za kuponderezana.

Agenda: Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni m’Zaka za Zana la 21

Kupambana kwa m'ma 1960 sikunathetse kufunika kwa gulu lomenyera ufulu wa anthu; anasintha maganizo ake. Malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi gululi tsopano ndi bwalo lalikulu lomenyera nkhondo. Anthu amakono akumenyera nkhondo kuteteza zinthu zakale polimbana ndi kusalingana kwa dongosolo kumene kukupitirizabe.

Kumenyera Nkhondo Zopanga: Chigawo cha Shelby ndi Kupyolapo

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba la 2013 chinatulutsa malamulo atsopano opotozetsa dziko lonse lapansi Selby County v. Hoker . Inachititsa njira yoyambirira ya Court Rights Act , kuchotsa njira yake yosungitsira mphamvu kwambiri. Chigamulocho chinatulutsa malamulo atsopano oletsa kupotolera boma m’dziko lonselo. Ziyeneretso za voti, ndi zochotsa zovota. Njira zimenezi zikuwononga Black, Latino, ndi Enive American Covition. Nkhondo yamakono yopitira kupyola John Lewis Voting Grigist Active Act ndi yankho lachigalamu lachigalamu pa chisankho cha 1965. [FON:]

Kugwira Ntchito, Kusinthasintha, ndi Black Milife Contter Movement

Black Lives Confect (BLM) yatulukira monga gulu lapadera kwambiri la ufulu wachibadwidwe m'zaka za zana la 21. BLM imatchula ufuko wautundu woyambitsidwa m’dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu, kuyambira pa kujambula mafuko ndi nkhanza za apolisi mpaka kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti BLM imagwiritsira ntchito kulinganiza kwabwino, kulinganiza kwa mayanjano a anthu, kufuna kwake kwakukulu kaamba ka ulemu, chitetezo cholingana, ndi mapeto a chiwawa cha boma choikidwa m’dongosolo la chiŵeruzo chachigamulo cha ufulu wa Chibalikiti ndi Magulu a Mphamvu a Black. Kuphana kwa George Flod, Brem Tayloy, ndi ena osaŵerengeka ayambitsa kukambitsirana kwapadziko lonse ponena za chilungamo cha fuko.

Chilungamo Chazachuma ndi Kachitidwe Kolimbitsa

Mpata wa chuma wa fuko, choloŵa cha kubwezera ndi tsankho, chikukhalabe chopinga. Dr. Chigamulo cha Anthu Osauka cha King’s Super Cammission, chomwe chinali cholinga cha kugwirizanitsa anthu osauka a mafuko onse, chinali ntchito yosatha ya gululo. Lerolino, mkangano wonena za kuvomereza mchitidwe wa maphunziro apamwamba ndi ntchito ndi nkhondo yapampando wankhondo. Zosankha zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu lakuletsa fuko la anthu ochirikiza ufulu ndi mabungwe a gulu laika mtolo mtolo wa njira zatsopano zochirikizira kusiyanasiyana ndi mwaŵi. NaCP Desense Lauvence yapamwamba ndi nkhondo yapamwamba ndi nkhondo imeneyi idakali pankhondo yoyambirira ya lamulo, kupititsa patsogolo njira yovomereza ufulu wa Thur Marshall.

Choloŵa Chochitidwa: Ntchito Yosatha ya Demokrase

Chivomezi cha Chilungamo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe chinali nthaŵi yosintha mbiri ya America, koma ntchito yake siinathe. Inasonyeza kuti demokrase si choloŵa chokhazikika koma ntchito ya moyo, yopuma imene imafunikira kukhala watcheru nthaŵi zonse, kulimbana, ndi kudzimana. Gululo silinangosintha malamulo; linasintha kalembedwe ka makhalidwe ka mtunduwo, kukhazikitsa kuti kulingana kwa fuko ndiko mkhalidwe wofunika kaamba ka chitaganya chachilungamo.

Kusintha kwa zinthu kumene kunayambitsa, kupitirizabe kwa kusalingana, ndi kuyesayesa kosalekeza kwa kutsendereza kupambana ndiko zikumbutso zimene sizikutsimikiziridwa. Mphotho yaikulu imene tingapereke kwa atsogoleri ndi asilikali apansi a gululo ndiyo kuzindikira kuti nyaliyo yapititsidwa ku mbadwo watsopano. Kumenyera ufulu wa anthu ndi mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri kukupitirizabe.