Table of Contents

Kumvetsetsa Ntchito ya Maboma a Federal ndi Boma

Dongosolo la ku Amereka la kulamulira limakhala ndi kugaŵikana kwaudindo kopangidwa bwino pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Malamulo ameneŵa, oikidwa m'Malamulo a U.S., amapanga kuyenderana kwamphamvu kogwira ntchito monga maulamuliro omwe amatumikira monga kuyang'anira kopitira kumbali iliyonse ya chinthu chimodzi. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi ofuna kudziŵa mmene dziko linasinthira kuchokera ku mgwirizano wa boma wamphamvu, kuzindikira madongosolo amene amasunga mphamvu za boma ndi maulamuliro mogwirizana ndi kufunikira. Lingaliro la kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza silimagwira ntchito kokha pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma; limagwiranso ntchito mopita patsogolo, pakati pa Washington, D.C., ndi malikulu 50 a boma.

Pamaziko ake, chipani cha boma chimagaŵira ulamuliro kotero kuti ponse paŵiri boma la dziko ndi maboma ali ndi mbali za ulamuliro wa kudziimira, komabe iriyonse ikhoza kusonkhezera ndi kukakamiza ina. Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kumeneku kunali kulolerana kwadala pakati pa ochirikiza boma lamphamvu ndi awo amene anawopa ulamuliro wankhanza. Chotulukapo ndicho dongosolo limene latsimikizira ponse paŵiri kukhala lolimba ndi losinthika, koma limenenso limayambitsa kupsinjika ndi mkangano. Kumvetsetsa malamulo alamulo, mlingo uliwonse wotsimikizirika umagwira pa wina, ndi zochitika za mbiri yakale ndi yamakono kumene ofufuzawo ayesako apereka chithunzi chomvekera bwino cha ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Malamulo a Maulamuliro a Boma ndi Audindo

Malamulo a U.S. amatchula maulamuliro apadera a boma pamene akusiya maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma kapena kwa anthu. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amakhazikitsidwa m'makonzedwe ofunika ambiri. Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 imandandandalika mphamvu za Congress, kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko ndi achilendo, ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, ndi kukhazikitsa maofisala a makalata. Maulamuliro ameneŵa otchulidwawo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi Malamulo ofunika ndi Oyenerera Clauslea, amene amalola Nyumba za Malamulo zonse kupanga “oyenera ndi oyenera" kunyamula mphamvu zake zolamulira .

Maboma, kumbali ina, sanandandalitsidwe kwambiri mu Malamulo. Mmalomwake, Demetriment ya khumi imapanga momvekera bwino zimene zinanenedwa: “Maulamuliro osaperekedwa ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Kuphatikiza kumeneku kwa maulamuliro amapatsa ulamuliro pa nkhaŵa zambiri za m'banja, kuphatikizapo maphunziro, thanzi la anthu, zoyendera za kumaloko, malamulo, ndi malamulo a malonda a dziko. Maboma amagwiritsiranso ntchito ulamuliro wochirikiza thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa nzika zawo.

Otchuka ndi Operewera

Mfundo ya VI ya Konsichushoni ili ndi Supremacy Claus, imene imalengeza kuti malamulo a boma, amapanga malamulo owonjezera, ndipo mapangano ali “Chilamulo cha Dziko.” Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pamene lamulo la boma lovomerezeka ndi lamulo la boma, lamulo la boma lipambana. Lamulolo ndilo la ulamuliro wa boma, liyenera kukhala loposa mphamvu zake, lamulolo lingathe kuchotsedwa kapena kunyalanyazidwa ndi malamulo a boma kapena malamulo alamulo. Komabe, ukulu wa lamulo la boma si wokwanira. Chifukwa chakuti lamulo la boma lokhazikitsa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo, liyenera kukhala m'malo a mphamvu zoperekedwa kwa boma lolamulira lolinganizidwa. Ngati Comrganization imachita zinthu zoposa mphamvu zake, lamulolo lingathe kuchotsedwa ndi makhoti, ndipo maboma angatsutse ziganitsidwe ndi malamulo. Motero, Suyddiname limagwira ntchito lamulo logwirizana ndi malamulo a boma lopanga malamulo a boma lolinganiza.

“ Malamulo, ndi Malamulo a United States amene adzapangidwa m'Pulo yake ... adzakhala Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dzikolo; ndipo Oweruza m'Boma lirilonse adzamangidwa mwakutero, Chinsinsi chirichonse cha Malamulo kapena Malamulo a Boma lirilonse mosasamala kanthu za. . — U.S. Constitution, Claus 2[FL:1]

Mawu onse a Konsichushoni, kuphatikizapo Supremacy Claus, angafunsidwe pa webusaiti ya National Archives [[FLT: 1].

Macheke pa Mphamvu Yadziko: Mmene Maboma ndi Makhoti Amaletsera Boma la Dzikolo

Ngakhale kuti boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu, pali njira zingapo zofufuzira mphamvu yake ndi kutetezera ochenjereredwa.

Kupenda Chiweruzo Monga Mapendulo

Kufufuza kwamphamvu koposa kwa chiweruzo pa mphamvu ya boma ndiko chiphunzitso cha kupenda kwa chiweruzo, chokhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu Marbury . Madison (1803]). Pansi pa chiphunzitso chimenechi, makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kulengeza machitidwe a Congress yosamvana ndi yopanda pake. Mphamvu imeneyi imafutukula kupenda machitidwe a kayendetsedwe ndi malamulo a boma, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwa boma ndiko kutsekereza malamulo a dziko. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba ligamula lamulo la boma la boma, monga chitsanzo, mu [FLT:] United States. Lop. [FLT.[FLT3:] [195]) (19595], limene limachepetsa lamulo la GunFrence School Active Active) monga ngati malamulo a Grolections Councitions).

Kutsutsa Boma ndi Kulimbana

Maboma iwo eni ali okangalika m'kufufuza mphamvu ya boma. Mwa milandu, maloya a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo m'khoti. Zitokoso zimenezi zingachedwetse kukwaniritsidwa kwa malamulo ndi, ngati zipambano, kuchotsa ntchito za boma . M’malo mwa ligalamu, maboma angagwiritsirenso ntchito mphamvu zawo zalamulo ndi maulamuliro kutsutsa malangizo a boma. Lingaliro la “kukhazikitsa" liri ndi mbiri yotsutsana, koma njira zamakono za mgwirizano wa boma . Zonga ngati kukana kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma osintha anthu kapena kukhazikitsa inshuwalansi ya boma ya inshuwalansi ya za za za umoyo [1] Kusintha kwa maprogramumboni a boma kaŵirikaŵiri kulola makompyuta kutulutsa kapena kufunafuna mapulogalamu, kupereka chopimira china cha kutsutsa.

Kuŵerengera Ndale ndi Dongosolo la Zandale

Makonzedwe a boma la United States akhazikitsa mayeso kupyolera mwa kuimira. Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States, kumene boma lililonse lili ndi oimira aŵiri mosasamala kanthu za anthu, imapatsa mphamvu yaing'ono pa malamulo a boma. Chisankho cha pulezidenti, chokhala nkhoswe ndi Electoral College, chimalimbikitsanso mawu a maboma osachuluka chifukwa chakuti ofuna kuvota ayenera kudutsa mapu a dziko lonse. Malo a boma alionse angasunge oimira bungwe lawo ndi oimira boma, ndipo makhonsati a boma angasonkhetse malamulo a boma kudzera m'kulandira, zigamulo, ndi mayanjano a boma monga ngati a Genejalagent Association.

Macheke pa Ulamuliro wa Boma: Kuyang’anira Kolamulira ndi Malire a Malamulo

Monga momwe maboma angayang’anitsire boma la boma, boma la dzikolo lili ndi zida zamphamvu zotsendereza machitidwe a boma amene amawopseza zikondwerero za dziko, ufulu wa munthu payekha, kapena kugwirizana kwa maiko ena.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kuyesa kwa Gulu

Nyumba ya malamulo ingachotse lamulo la boma mwa kuika malamulo amene mwachindunji kapena kotheratu amasunga munda woperekedwa. Pamene lamulo la boma litsekereza lamulo la boma, maboma amaletsedwa kuyang'anira m'deralo. Chiopsezo cha kutaya ndalama m'madera onga ngati kusamuka, chitetezo cha nyukliya, ndi dongosolo la ndege. Kuwonjezera apo, mabungwe a boma angaletse kupereka ndalama ku maboma amene amalephera kutsatira miyezo ya boma yogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri zoyendera, maphunziro, ndi zaumoyo. Chiwopsezo cha kutaya ndalama za boma kaŵirikaŵiri chimasonkhezera maboma kutengera malamulo amene angawapeŵe mwanjira ina.

Malonda Monga Malire

Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 chimapereka mphamvu ya “kugwirizanitsa Zamalonda ndi Mitundu ina, ndi pakati pa maiko angapo. . Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira mawu ameneŵa mokulira, kulola boma la boma kulamulira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zachuma zimene zimayambukira kwambiri malonda a mayiko. Gebuns v. Ogden [[FLT] [1824] [1824]), Khoti linakantha sitima yapansi ya New York, kukhazikitsa mphamvu ya boma yamalonda yolimbana ndi malamulo a boma. Pambuyo pake, milandu yonga [FLT:] Filkto. Filburn [FFL:] (1942], (1942]), ulamuliro wa boma wa boma wa kuphatikizapo, kuyendetsa za kutsogolo, kuimbidwa ndi kugulitsanso kwa malonda. Mabungwe a boma awonjezeranso malamulo a boma. [Ft.]

Mpumulo Wachinayi ndi Ufulu Woyenera wa Munthu Aliyense Payekha

Kutengedwa kwa Demendment ya 14neth mu 1868 kunasintha kwambiri kulinganiza pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Chiyeneretso Chake cha Kutetezera Claus ndi Ault Process Claus chifuna kulemekeza ufulu waukulu ndi kuchitira anthu onse mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kunapatsa boma mphamvu yochotsa malamulo a boma amene amasankha kapena kuphwanya ufulu ndi kuteteza malo a U.S. unzika. Nkhani zonga [[FLT:] brown v. Board of Education [[FLD] [1954] [194], zimene zinalengeza kuti 65ddition counigationtion, ndi [FFod] , [Foroundation] kuchokera ku Chikalata chokwanira cha Grouptiontionspective] [F].[5]

Chisinthiko Cha mbiri: Nkhani Zokhala ndi Malo Okhala ndi Malo Okhala ndi Malo Amene Anaumba Federalä State Relations

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu la Pamwamba zasintha mfundo za boma, ndipo nthaŵi zina zawonjezera ulamuliro wa boma ndipo nthaŵi zina zalimbikitsa ufulu wa boma.

[[FULT:0] McCulloch v. Maryland [[FL:1] (119): National Supremacy ndi Mphamvu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito

Mu McCulloch v. Maryland , Bwalo Lapamwamba linachirikiza kukhazikika kwa lamulo la Bank Yachiŵiri ya United States ndi kugwetsa msonkho wa Maryland ku banki. Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analongosola malamulo aŵiri amene amapitirizabe kuumba maunansi a boma: choyamba, Konsichuration imapatsa Maulamuliro osonyezedwa kuposa amene atchulidwa; yachiŵiri, maboma sangakhoze kukhoma msonkho kapena kusokoneza ndi mabungwe a boma. Chigamulocho chimalimbikitsa ukulu wa boma ndi kumasulira kofala kwa Sea ndi Claus Ce.

red Scott v. Sandford (1857): Federal Overgapday Observition

Kaŵirikaŵiri chigamulo cholingaliridwa kukhala chimodzi cha zigamulo zoipitsitsa za Khotilo, Dred Scott adatsutsa kuti Aafirika a Amereka sanali nzika ndi kuti Congress sakanaletsa ukapolo m'magawo a boma. Chigamulocho chinafooketsa Missouri ndi kuponderezana kwa zigawo, kotheratu kuthandizira ku Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. Ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake anagwetsedwa ndi Madeti khumi ndi atatu ndi anayi, mlanduwo umasonyeza mmene khoti Lapamwamba lingachepetse mphamvu za boma m’dzikolo m’njira zimene pambuyo pake zimatsimikizira kukhala tsoka.

Chipani Chatsopano: Kufutukula Ulamuliro wa Dziko

Mkati mwa Kutsika kwa Chuma Kwakukulu, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal inakulitsa kwambiri maprogramu a boma m'zachuma. Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa choyamba malamulo angapo a New Deal , koma pambuyo pa “court parackeack , Bwalo linayamba kuchirikiza njira zokulira za malonda ndi mphamvu zosonkhetsa misonkho. Zosankha zonga [[FLLD:0]] NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. (1977) ndi [FL:] Wickard v. Filburn (192]) zinalola msonkhano wa ndalamanja uliwonse. Nthaŵi imeneyi inadziŵika kuyang'anira ulamuliro wa boma, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake, Khoti la 2000.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kukakamiza

Mu 1950 ndi 1960, boma la boma linagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu pa maboma otsutsa. Chikalata cha Chisungiko cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, chochirikizidwa ndi ku Atlanta Motel ndi . United States (1964]), chinadalira pa Commercial Claus kuletsa tsankho la mafuko m'malo a anthu onse. Kuloŵerera kwa boma pa maphunziro, ufulu wosankha, ndi nyumba zinasonyeza kukhoza kwa boma kukakamiza maboma kulemekeza zitsimikizo za malamulo, ngakhale chitsutso choopsa cha kumaloko.

Roe v. Wade [1973] ndi Dobs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization [2022]

Roas v. Wade anakhazikitsa ufulu wa boma wa kuchotsa mimba, kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma amene analetsa njirayo. Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu, chigamulo chimenechi chochepa cha ulamuliro pa thanzi la kubala. Komabe, mu [[FLT:] Donbs]. Jackson Akazi a Health Organization , Khoti Lapamwamba la kulamulira , kubwezera lamulo la kuchotsa mimba ku matanthauzo. Kusinthakusintha kwa mphamvu kungasinthe modabwitsa ndi mafotokozedwe atsopano achiweruzo. Zimenezi [FLT:]

Malamulo Osintha Omwe Anasinthanso Bungwe la Federalātio

Kupyola pa zigamulo za chiweruzo, kusintha kwa lamulo ku Konsichushoniyo kwasintha kugaŵidwa kwa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma.

Mpumulo Wachisanu: Kusintha Mphamvu kwa Maboma

Mu 1791, Khoti Lalikulu linaitchula kuti ndi mbali ya Bill of Rights, Tenth Amendment imasunga tchutchutchu thire ku maboma (kapena kwa anthu) maulamuliro osaperekedwa ku boma la boma. Pambiri yambiri ya America, inali malo olimba a ufulu wa maboma. Khoti Lapamwamba linaipempha mu United States v. Lopez [1] ndi [FLT:] ndi [FLT] printz v. United States (1997]), yomaliza ya lamulo la boma lofuna kuti liyendetse asilikali a kuyang'anira kugula mfuti. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya khumi ya kugulitsa yakhala yophwaza ndi kuchepa, imakhalabe maziko apakati a United States [1997] United States [FLT.

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Kulola Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Utundu wa Munthu Mmodzi

Monga momwe taonera poyamba, Kusintha kwa 14th Amendment kunafutukulidwa kwambiri mphamvu ya boma pa maboma. Chiphunzitso chake cha kuphatikizapo kwake ufulu wachibadwidwe chimagwira ntchito ku maboma kudzera ku bungwe la Accolas(walola Bwalo Lapamwamba kuchotsa malamulo a boma amene amaswa ufulu wa kulankhula, ufulu wachipembedzo, njira zaupandu, ndi ufulu wina waukulu. Kukonza kumeneku ndiko maziko a lamulo lamakono la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kuyang’anira malamulo a boma nthaŵi zonse.

Mpumulo wa 16: Mphamvu ya Msonkho ya Federal

Mu 1913, bungwe la 16 la Sunday Amendment linavomereza kuti bungwe la Congress lipereke msonkho wa ndalama za levy popanda kugawana msonkho pakati pa mayiko. Zimenezi zinapatsa bomalo magwero aakulu ndi osinthasintha, kutheketsa kuchirikiza maprogramu ambiri. Kuyambira pa Social Security mpaka misewu yaikulu ya chigawo cha chigawo. Kusintha kwa ndalama kumene kumayambira pa luso la msonkho kwalola boma kulamulira boma mwa kupereka KGeneaid ndi ndalama, kuchepetsa kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro wa Washington.

Mavuto Amakono mu Federal̆ State Relations

Kaŵirikaŵiri kuthetsa mikangano imeneyi kumadalira pa kulinganiza kwa ndale zadziko, nthanthi zachiweruzo, ndi chinenero cha malamulo chachindunji.

Kusamalira Zaumoyo: Lamulo la Chithandizo Chabwino ndi Boma Lotsutsa

Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA) ya 2010 inaimira kuloŵerera kwakukulu kwa boma m'zaumoyo, dera lolamuliridwa ndi maboma. Lamulo linafuna anthu kuti asunge inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, kuwonjezera Medicaid, ndi kukhazikitsa misika ya inshuwalansi. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [FLD :1] [20202], Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo la munthu monga msonkho koma likuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma kukakamiza Médicaid mwa kuwopseza kuchotsa ndalama zonse zimene zilipo. Monga chotulukapo, ambiri amasankha poyamba kusawonjezera Médic, zonse ziŵiri zikuimira malire a bungwe la dziko la ExPGPR. [FFF:]

Kuvomereza Mwalamulo: Kukangana Pakati pa Boma ndi Lamulo la Federal

Chiyambire 2012, maboma ambiri alembetsa mankhwala kapena chamba movomerezeka, potsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma la Substances Act, limene limatcha kuti chida cha genomed . Boma la boma layamba kutsatira lamulo la kusamvera pansi pa Cole Metrindum ndi chitsogozo chotsatira, koma vuto la lamulo likutsalira. Ma Banki amene amagwira ntchito zamalonda a chigufwali amaikabe pangozi chilango cha boma, ndipo anthu ena angaikidwebe mlandu pansi pa lamulo la boma. Kulimbanaku kukusonyeza vuto la kusunga malamulo a boma pamene malingaliro a boma ndi malamulo a boma achoka poyera.

Kusintha Zinthu: Mizinda Yosapatulika ndi Kutha kwa Ntchito

Kusuntha kuli mbali ya ulamuliro wa boma wokha, komabe United States madera ambiri atenga “malamulo oletsa kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m’dziko. Boma la boma lachitapo kanthu mwa kuwopseza kuti likana kupereka ndalama ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa. Mu ] Arizona v. United States (20:2), Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa makonzedwe angapo a Arizona S.B. 1070, likutsimikizira kuti silingakhazikitse malamulo awo osungitsira kusamuka. Komabe, Bwalo linasiya zopereka zina zosalakwika, ndi kutsutsana kumene maiko angapitirizebe kuyendera zokumana nazo m'dziko lawo.

Lamulo la Maphunziro: Wophunzira Aliyense Apambana

Maphunziro akhala alamulo ndi thayo lakumaloko, koma boma lachita mbali yowonjezereka kupyolera mwa maprogramu onga ngati Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) ndi kulembedwanso kwake. SA imasonyeza kukonzanso kwadala mphamvu, ngakhale kuti ndi zifuno za boma ponena za kuyesa, kusimba, ndi kupereka ndalama. Chidziŵitso cha malamulo a boma pa [FLT:] AS angapezeke pa Congress.vv: FF1.

Kusintha Kwabwino Kwa malo Okhala: Dongosolo la Mphamvu Yabwino ndi Zakutali

Chitetezero cha malo okhala ndi malo amene maboma a boma amawombana kaŵirikaŵiri. Mwachitsanzo, Cealor Air Act, imalola bungwe la United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kukhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko ya kulimba kwa mpweya, imene iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mwa mapulani a boma. Maboma a Obama a Clean Power Plan, cholinga chake n’kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wotenthetsa mpweya kuchokera ku ziwiya zamphamvu, chinatsutsidwa ndi maboma ambiri monga wolanda ulamuliro wa boma. Ilo linasungidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba ndipo pambuyo pake linaloŵedwa ndi malamulo otsika a Biden. Nkhondo zimenezi zikugogomezera kutentha kopitirizabe pakati pa miyezo ya dziko ndi kusinthana kwa boma.

Kumaliza: Kulimba kwa Machenjera ndi Kulinganizika

Unansi pakati pa maulamuliro a boma ndi boma suli mkhalidwe wokhazika koma wopangidwa ndi Malamulo, zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba, chigamulo, ndi chifuniro cha ndale zadziko ndi atsogoleri a dziko. Kufufuza ndi kulinganiza kopangidwa m'magulu a ulamuliro audindo ameneŵa kumatsimikizira kuti palibe gulu la boma limene lingachite popanda kutsenderezedwa. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amene akufunafuna kumvetsetsa ulamuliro wa Amereka, kuyamikira kupikisana kumeneku nkofunika. Dongosolo la boma linapangidwa kukhala lamphamvu moyenerera kuthetsa mavuto a dziko ndi kulimba kwake. Pamene nkhani zatsopano zikutuluka m'zachipatala, zasayansi, kapena ufulu wa anthu, zipitizire zidzapitirizabe kusintha, koma malamulo apamwamba, ulamuliro wa dziko, ndi ulamuliro wa anthu akukhalabe.