Kumvetsetsa Kachitidwe ka Khoti: Chitsogozo Cholongosoledwa Mwatsatanetsatane cha Mchitidwe wa Malamulo

Ulendo wa pa khoti ungamve kukhala wowopsa, koma kuzindikira njira zazikulu zimagwirizanitsa mmene makhoti amathetsera mikangano. Kaya ndinu wophunzira walamulo, mphunzitsi, kapena munthu amene akufuna kudziŵa mmene chilungamo chimagwira ntchito, kuswa mbali iliyonse kumasonyeza njira yolinganizidwira kutsimikizira chilungamo. Nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni . Nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni . Zimene zimakhudza mikangano pakati pa anthu kapena mabungwe, zimatsanzira njira yodziŵira kuchokera ku chigamulo chomalizira kapena ku gawo. Bukuli limafotokoza njira zofunika za njira ya malamulo, kupereka umboni wa zimene zimachitika pa mbali iliyonse ndi chifukwa chake zili ndi nkhani yake.

Kupenda Kachitidwe ka Malamulo m’Kuzenga mlandu Kwachiŵeniŵeni

Malamulo a mlandu wa boma kwenikweni amapangidwa ndi masitepe osiyanasiyana. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira zenizeni zingasiyane ndi malamulo a khoti, maziko ofunika kwambiri ngogwirizana. Kumvetsetsa masitepe ameneŵa kumathandiza zipani, maloya, ndi openyerera kudziŵa zimene ayenera kuyembekezera ndi kukonzekera mogwirizana ndi zimenezo. Masitepe aakulu ndi:

  • Kudandaula Kapena Kupempha
  • Zimene Anagwirizana ndi Zimene Anthu Anachita
  • Kutulukira
  • Kuyenda ndi Misonkhano Zisanachitike
  • Kuzenga Mlandu
  • Kuyenda ndi Kukopana Pambuyo pa Kukwera

Pulogalamu iliyonse imakwaniritsa cholinga chinachake, kuyambira pa kupereka chidziŵitso cha kusonkhanitsa umboni mpaka pomalizira pake kufotokoza nkhani pamaso pa wopanga zosankha zauchete. Dongosolo lakonzedwa kuti lithetse mikangano bwinobwino pamene likuteteza ufulu wa anthu onse okhudzidwa.

Sitepe 1: Kudziimba Mlandu Wodandaula ndi Kutseguka

Malamulo amayamba pamene munthu (munthu kapena bungwe lopereka mlandu) aika mafaelo a chikalata cholembedwa chotchedwa chidandaulo ndi khoti loyenerera. Chikalata chimenechi chimafotokoza zonena za mtsogoleri wa milandu, mfundo zochirikiza zimenezo, ndi nthanthi zalamulo zimene woimbidwa mlanduyo amanenezedwa kuti ali wolakwa. Chidandaulocho chiyeneranso kutchula chiwongola dzanja, chimene chingaphatikizepo chiwongola dzanja (lamulo la khoti loletsa kapena kukakamiza kachitidwe), kapena chigamulo chalamulo (mawu a ufulu walamulo).

Mbali Zazikulu za Kudandaula Kochuluka

Chidandaulo choperekedwa bwino kaŵirikaŵiri chimaphatikizapo:

  • ['''''''''''''Pangano: Maina ndi maadiresi a platiff (s) ndi woimbidwa mlandu.
  • Juridiction ndi Venue: maziko alamulo kuti khoti limvere mlandu (m., funso la boma kapena kusiyanasiyana) ndi malo oyenera.
  • Zoimira: Mndandanda womveka, woŵerengedwa wa maumboni amene, ngati nzoona, angachirikize zinenezo zalamulo.
  • Mfundo zachilolezo: zochititsa zenizeni za kachitidwe konga ngati kusasamala, kuswa pangano, kapena kuipitsa, ndi zilozero za malamulo ogwirizana kapena zitsanzo.
  • [[MFUNDO:0] Pemphero la Thandizo: Pempho kaamba ka mankhwala enieni ofunikira a kawonedwe ka wofufuzayo.

Pamene apereka chinenezocho, mpandu ayenera kuchipereka kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo, limodzi ndi mayeso amene amadziŵikitsa woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi nthaŵi yokwanira kuti ayankhe. Utumiki woyenera ndi chiyeneretso cha lamulo; popanda icho, khoti silingathe kuyang'anira woimbidwa mlandu. Malamulo a utumiki amasiyana / "ena amalola kuperekedwa kwa munthu, ena amalola utumiki mwa kutumiza kapena kupyolera mwa woimira. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito, onani U.S.

Mfundo Yachiwiri: Zimene Woteteza Anayankha

Pambuyo pa kulandira chidandaulocho, woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi nthaŵi yochepa (moyambirira masiku 21 mpaka 30 m’khoti la boma) kuyankha. Kulephera kuyankha kungatulukepo chiweruzo chotsimikizirika, kumene woimbidwa mlanduyo amapambana chifukwa chakuti woimbidwa mlanduyo sanaonekere kupikisana naye mlanduwo. Kaŵirikaŵiri ka yankho la woimbidwa mlanduyo limatenga umodzi wa mitundu iŵiri:

Kupeza Yankho

Yankho ndilo yankho lachindunji pamene woimbidwa mlanduyo avomereza kapena kukana chinenezo chirichonse m’kudandaulako. Yankholo lingaphatikizeponso kuvomereza chitetezero . Makalata amene angagonjetse chinenezocho ngakhale ngati chinenezocho chiri chowona, monga lamulo la polekezera, kulakwa, kapena kupeputsa.

Kudzikakamiza Kuchoka

M’malo moyankha, woimbidwa mlanduyo angapereke njira yokanira, akumanena kuti ngakhale ngati zonena zake zonse zowona za mkonziyo zili zoona, lamulo silimapereka mankhwala. Zifukwa zambiri zimaphatikizapo kusoŵeka kwa ulamuliro wa munthu wotchuka, malo osayenerera, kulephera kupereka chinenezo chimene chithandizo chingaperekedwe, kapena kulephera kulowa m’gulu lofunikira. Ngati khoti lilola kuyendetsa zinthuzo, mlanduwo ungathetsedwe popanda tsankho (kulola wotsutsa kukonzanso nkhaniyo) kapena ndi tsankhu (kungothetsa nkhaniyo). Kusintha kuti asungepo mfundo ya kuyang'ana pa kukhutiritsa kwalamulo, osati mikangano yeniyeni.

Mfundo 3: Zimene Zikupezeka

Kutulukira ndi nthaŵi yochuluka yopezera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofunikira. Cholinga chake n’kulola mbali zonse ziŵiri kupeza umboni woyenerera kwa mbali imodzi ndi imodzi yachitatu asanazenge mlandu. Malamulo a boma ambiri amalimbikitsa kutulukira zinthu zambiri, kutheketsa anthu kutulukira mfundo, zolemba, ndi umboni zimene zingasinthe nkhaniyo. Njira zofufuzira zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kudziwitsa: Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro. Mbali iriyonse ingapereke chiŵerengero chochepa cha mafunso (makamaka 25 m’khoti lolamulira) kusonkhanitsa mfundo zazikulu ndi kudziŵitsa mboni.
  • Mapempho kaamba ka Kutulutsidwa kwa Mabuku: Kufunidwa kwa gulu lotsutsana nalo kupanga ma email oyenerera, mapangano, zolembedwa za mankhwala, kapena umboni wina wowoneka. Kupezedwa kwamagetsi (e- copyrification) kwakhala mbali yaikulu ya kusindikiza kwamakono.
  • Mapangano a Kuzenga: Mawu amene wotsutsanayo ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana. Zimenezi zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchepetsa nkhani za kuyesa mwakukhazikitsa mfundo zosatsimikizirika.
  • Malamulo: Sworn, umboni wa m'bwalo woperekedwa ndi mboni kapena chipani. Malamulo amachitidwa pamaso pa atolankhani ndi maloya a khoti, ndipo umboni ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pambuyo pake kupereka umboni kapena monga umboni ngati umboni ulibe pozenga mlandu.
  • Subpoenas: [ Khoti limalamula mbali yachitatu kukakamiza kutulutsa zikalata kapena kuwonekera kaamba ka kusungidwa.

Kutulukira kumalamulidwa ndi malamulo okhwima otetezera kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Maparishoni ayenera kuvumbula chidziŵitso choyenerera ngakhale ngati chivulaza mlandu wawo, ndipo angavomerezedwe kukhala olephera kugwirizanika. Kawirikawiri kachitidweko kamasonyeza nyonga ndi zofooka zimene zimatsogolera ku kukambirana. Kumira kwambiri m'njira zopezedwa, American Bar Association [1] Metallin Bar [1]

Mbali ya Malamulo ndi Mikangano Yotetezera

Ngati munthu akhulupirira kuti pempho la kutulukira chinthu n’lochuluka, lolemetsa, kapena lofuna chidziŵitso chapadera, angapange lamulo lotetezera. Khotilo lingachepetse kukula kwa zinthu kapena kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe. Kutulukira zinthu n’kofala; kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kumaphatikizapo kukambirana asanapemphe khoti kuloŵererapo.

Sitepe 4: Kuyenda Pasadakhale ndi Misonkhano

Deti la kuzenga mlandu lisanathe, khoti likhoza kuchititsa msonkhano umodzi kapena angapo asanayambe kuweruza milandu, nkhani zongopeka, ndi kulimbikitsa kuti mlandu uthetsedwe.

Zoyesayesa Zofala Pasadakhale

  • Motion for Funso Chiweruzo: Chigawo chimodzi chikupempha khoti kulamulira moyanja chifukwa chakuti palibe mkangano weniweni wa mfundo za zinthu zakuthupi ndipo chigamulo choyendacho chili ndi kuyenerera kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo. Ngati chiloledwa, mlanduwo umatha popanda kuzenga mlandu. Chigamulo chachidule nchoyenera pamene umboni, wowonedwa bwino kwambiri ndi gulu losakhala lopita, chimachirikiza chotulukapo chimodzi chokha.
  • Motion mu Limine: Kachitidwe kochotsa umboni wakutikakuti isanaperekedwe kwa ajuli. Mwachitsanzo, gulu lingafune kuchotsa zithunzi zolakwika, mawu a mphekesera, kapena umboni wa machitidwe oipa a m'mbuyo.
  • Motion to Compel: Ngati mbali imalephera kuyankha zifuno zopezedwa, mbali inayo ingapemphe khoti kulamula kuti litsatire. Sanctions zingatsatire.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chigawo cha pulogalamu ya pulogalamu yapasadakhale kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo kukonza mayeso a makompyuta, amene amalongosola nkhani zofunikira kuzengedwa, mboni ndi zisonyezero mbali iliyonse idzapereka, ndi mfundo zilizonse.

Sitepe 5: Kuzengedwa Mlandu – Kupereka Mlandu

Ngati mlanduwo ukhalabe ndi njira za polisi ndi kukambirana kwa mayeso, umapitiriza kuzenga mlandu. M'kuzengedwa mlandu, woweruzayo ali ndi thayo la kutsimikizira mbali iriyonse ya chonenacho ndi kusinkhasinkha za umboni [1] [1] kutanthauza kuti nkothekera kwambiri kuposa kuti woimbidwa mlandu ali wolakwa. Kuzengedwako kumatseguka m'mbali zingapo:

Kusankha Jury

Ngati mlanduwo wazengedwa pamaso pa oweruza, sitepe loyamba ndilo langozi . Njira yofunsira oweruza othekera kupendedwa kaamba ka tsankho. Oweruza aŵiriwo ndi woweruza angachotse oweruza kaamba ka chochititsa (kukondera) kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zitokoso zopinga (kugalamuka kochepa popanda kupereka chifukwa, choyenerera malamulo oletsa kugawana).

Mawu Otsegulira

Mawu otsegulira si umboni, ndi mapu othandizira oweruza kumvetsa zimene ayenera kuyembekezera.

Umboni Wosonyeza

M’kalatayo akufotokoza mlandu wake choyamba, kuitana mboni ndi kuyambitsa zisonyezero. Mboni iliyonse imapimidwa mwachindunji ndi loya wa mtsogoleri wa tchalitchi cha Plactiff, kutsatiridwa ndi kupendedwa ndi loya wa woimbidwa mlandu. Traff ndi mtanda wake zingachitike. Atapezeka, woimbidwa mlanduyo angasunthe kaamba ka chigamulo cholamulidwa (kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo) akutsutsa kuti woweruzayo analephera kupereka umboni wokwanira kuchirikiza chigamulo. Ngati akakana, woimbidwa mlanduyo angapereke umboni wake ndi mboni zake, angapereke chigamulo chimodzicho.

Kutseka Malire

Magulu onse aŵiri atapuma, loya aliyense akupereka chigomeko chomaliza akumafupikitsa umboni ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chimene oweruza ayenera kukhalira oyanja.

Malangizo ndi Mlandu

Woweruza amalangiza ajuli pa lamulo logwira ntchito . Ziyeneretso zalamulo zimene ayenera kuzitsatira. Ndiyeno oweruza achita dala mwamseri ndi kubwezera chigamulo. M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, maboma ambiri amalola chigamulo chochepera (m’chitsanzo, 5 mwa 6 kapena 9 mwa oweruza 12 alionse). Ngati ajuli atafa, woweruza anganene kuti mlandu walakwa, ndipo mlanduwo ungabwezedwenso.

M’kuzenga mlandu pa benchi (woweruza yekha, wopanda juli), woweruzayo amatumikira monga wopeza zenizeni ndi kutulutsa chosankha cholembedwa ndi zopezedwa za zenizeni ndi zigamulo za lamulo.

Sitepe 6: Kuyenda ndi Kukopa Kotsatira

Mlandu ukatha, munthu amene walephera kuweruza mlanduwo angakayikire kuti nkhaniyo yachitikadi pambuyo pa mlanduwo ndipo ngati n’kotheka, angakaimbire khoti lalikulu.

Kuyenda Pambuyo pa Kulira

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • [[MLT:0] Kuweruza mlandu Watsopano: Kutsutsa kuti zolakwa za lamulo, kusadziletsa, umboni wopezedwa chatsopano, kapena kuwonongeka kopambanitsa kapena kosakwanira kuchititsa kuzengedwa mlandu watsopano.
  • [[MLT:0] Kusintha kapena Kukonza Chiweruzo: imafuna kuwongolera cholakwa cha lamulo kapena kusintha chiwongola dzanja.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Ngati alephera kuweruza pambuyo pa milandu, chipanicho chingalembe chikalata chofunsira mlandu ku khoti. Chikalatacho si mlandu watsopano; khoti lamilandu limapenda mbiri yozengedwa kaamba ka zolakwa za lamulo. Appelant (gulu losangalatsa) amapanga mapepala achidule ofotokoza chifukwa chimene chigamulo cha khotilo chinali cholakwika, ndipo yankho lake. Khoti lingamve zonena pakamwa. Khotilo lingamve mfundo:

  • Kutsimikizira: Kuchirikiza chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu.
  • Kutsatira: Tsalani chigamulo.
  • Remand : [[FLT :1] Kutumiza mlandu ku khoti lozenga mlandu kaamba ka zokambirana zowonjezereka zogwirizana ndi chigamulo cha pulogalamu ya kanema.
  • ['''''''''''''sintha mbali ya chiweruzo.

Zipilo zimalamulidwa ndi malamulo otsatizana kwambiri ndi malamulo apamwamba. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States ndi makhoti aakulu a boma akumva kokha kachigawo kochepa ka zifuno zobwerera. Zochuluka pa kugwiritsa ntchito, zilozera ku Malamulo a [[FLT: 0] APLT [FELTE Procediture [1].

Kulimbana Komwe Kulipo: Kukhazikika, Kuthetsa Vuto, ndi Kusintha

Nkhani zambiri zimathetsedwa mwa njira zothetsera mikangano ya m’malo mwa malamulo, kaya mwa kufuna kapena mwa lamulo la khoti.

  • Kukambirana kopitirizabe pakati pa mapwando ndi maloya awo kotsogolera ku pangano lovomerezeka. Milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni imatha mlandu usanaikidwe.
  • Kugwirizana: A mbali yachitatu yosaloŵerera (mlankhuli) imathandizira makambitsirano koma siikakamiza chosankha. Kuyankha sikumagwirizanitsa; zigawo zilamulira chotulukapo.
  • Kugwirizanitsa: Woyang'anira akumva umboni ndi kumasulira chosankha chomangira kapena chosamangirira. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mowonjezereka m'mapangano a zamalonda ndi mapangano a ntchito.

Courts often require parties to attempt mediation before trial. The rise of ADR reflects the legal system’s recognition that not every dispute needs a public trial to achieve justice.

Ntchito ya Oweruza, Malamulo, ndi Kuimira Malamulo

Kumvetsetsa njira yalamulo kumatanthauzanso kuzindikira mbali za otengamo mbali aakulu.

  • Oweruza: Atumikira monga oweruza auchete, oweruza pa zochitika za polisi, olangiza, ndi kukhazikitsa njira zoyenerera. M'maweruziro a benchi, oweruza amagamula zonse ziŵiri zenizeni ndi lamulo.
  • Zikalata: [[FLT :1] M'nkhani zambiri zachiŵeniŵeni, majaji amagamula milandu yeniyeni ndi kugamula mlandu ndi kuwonongeka. Ufulu wa mlandu wa ajuli umatetezeredwa ndi Secondal Amendment m’makhoti a boma.
  • Madamu oimira: zigamulo, kupereka malangizo pa njira, ndi kuchirikiza m'khoti. Dongosolo la kanema limadalira pa kuimira kwachangu kwa mbali iliyonse.
  • Udindo wogwira ntchito za boma: Clerks, beilfif, ndi atolankhani a khoti akuchita ntchito zauyang'aniro ndi kusunga mbiri.

Kuimira kwalamulo kogwira ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri nkofunika potsatira malamulo ovuta, umboni, ndi njira. Kwa amene alibe njira, mabungwe othandizira ndi maprogramu a probono amapereka chithandizo. Legial Services Services Corporation ndalama zalamulo zothandizira anthu ofika pansi pa America.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Kumvetsa Malamulo N’kofunika?

Malamulo sangokhala a maloya ndi oweruza; amakhudza aliyense amene angafunikire kukakamiza pangano, kuthetsa mkangano, kapena kutetezera mlandu. Mwakudziŵa njira zofunika kwambiri . Kuchotsa kudandaula kuti apereke chidzudzulo cha /(anthu ndi mabungwe angapange zosankha zodziŵidwa, kuzindikira nthaŵi yofunsira uphungu walamulo, ndi kutenga nawo mbali mogwira mtima kwambiri m'dongosolo la chiweruzo. Aphunzitsi amene amaphunzitsa mfundo zimenezi amathandiza nzika zamtsogolo kuzindikira zoyenera ndi mathayo awo. Njirayo, pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi zina imakhala yaitali ndi yokhudza mapulinsipulo a kachitidwe kabwino, kuwala, ndi lamulo limene limapanga dongosolo la khoti kukhala mzale wa chitaganya cha democracy.