Chikalata cha Good Frive Advrence, chomwe chinasainidwa pa 10 April 1998, chimaonedwa mofala kukhala chimodzi cha zigawano za mtendere zazikulu kwambiri za m'zaka za zana la 20. Chinathetsa nkhondo yachiwawa zitatu - zandasi mu Northern Ireland yodziŵika monga “ Mavuto, ” yomwe inapha miyoyo 3,500 ndi kugawa kwambiri chigawo ndi m'mizere yamtendere yachikhalidwe chachitukuko. Pakuti panganolo lingaoneke lovuta, koma makonzedwe ake amapangidwa pa malamulo osavuta: mphamvu zokomerana, kugwirizana, kugwirizana, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Nkhaniyi imaswa malamulo a pa Lachisanu lachiyambo, mmene amagwirira ntchito ndi chifukwa chake.

Kuchokera Papanganolo

Kuti timvetse bwino pangano la Good Lachisanu Agreement, n’kothandiza kudziŵa chifukwa chake kunali kofunika. Ku Northern Ireland kwakhala dera lotsutsana kuyambira pamene Ireland inagaŵidwa mu 1921. Mgwirizano wa a bungwe lachipani, makamaka Aprotesitanti, anafuna kukhalabe mbali ya United Kingdom, pamene kuli kwakuti anthu autundu, Akatolika, ambiri ankalakalaka dziko la Ireland logwirizana. Kusankhana kwandale ndi kwa anthu a m’dziko kunayambitsa mikangano, zomwe zinayambitsa chiwawa kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za 1960 kupita patsogolo. Nkhondo zinakhudza magulu ankhondo ankhondo ochokera kumbali zonse ziŵirizo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, ntchito ya mtendere inayamba kupangidwa, motsogozedwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga John Hume, Gerry Adams, David Trimble, ndi ena, mothandizidwa ndi maboma a Britain ndi Ireland ndi authenga a mitundu yonse onga US Senator George Mitchell. Pambuyo pa zaka za kukambitsirana, nkhani zambiri zochitidwa ndi mbali zambiri zinathera ku Belfast Agreement, pambuyo pake zinatchedwa Good Lachisanu Agreement, dzina la tsiku limene linasainwa. Zinavomerezedwa ndi mamendendimasi onse aŵiri ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland mu May 1998, ndi nkhani zazikulu kwambiri.

Mfundo za Malamulo za Panganolo

Pansi pa mtima pake, pangano la Good Lachisanu lili ndi mfundo zingapo zofunika kwambiri zimene zimatsogolera zonse zimene lapereka.

Kuvomereza

Lamulo la chivomerezo likunena kuti kusintha kulikonse ku mkhalidwe wa lamulo wa Northern Ireland kukhoza kokha kuchitika ndi chivomerezo cha anthu ake. Uku kunali kulolera kofunika: atsamunda a dzikolo anavomereza kuti Ireland sudzachitika pokhapokha ngati ambiri ku Northern Ireland anavomereza, ndipo ogwirizanawo anavomereza kuti anafunikira kuchita nawo ulamuliro ndi atsamunda. Chipanganocho chikunena kuti Northern Ireland ali mbali ya United Kingdom kufikira nthaŵi yotero monga mavoti ochuluka.

Kuyendetsa Mphamvu

Mmalo mwa kupambana dongosolo lonse, panganolo limalamula boma logaŵanika kumene onse aŵiri ogwirizana ndi autundu ali ndi mphamvu ya ulamuliro. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti palibe gulu limodzi limene lingalamulire boma, ndipo zosankha ziyenera kusonyeza kugwirizana kwakukulu.

Kuyerekezera Ulemu

Pangano limeneli likusonyeza kuti anthu a ku Northern Ireland ali ndi ufulu wotchula anthu kuti ndi a ku Britain, Ireland, kapena onse awiri, ndipo amalemekeza chikhalidwe chawo, ndale, ndi zinenero zawo.

Makonzedwe Aakulu Alongosoledwa Mwatsatanetsatane

Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu chapangidwa mozungulira zitatu za A “strands, ” chirichonse chokhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za ulamuliro ndi kugwirizana.

Mgwirizano Woyamba: Msonkhano wa Kumpoto kwa Ireland ndi Ukulu

Strand One anakhazikitsa nyumba ya malamulo ndi boma ku Northern Ireland, yodziŵika monga Northern Ireland Assembly ndi Northern Ireland Idminitive . Msonkhano ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya 90 (choyambirira, pambuyo pake yochepetsedwa) yosankhidwa mwa kuimira. Mamembala ake, otchedwa MML AS (Otsatira a Legislative Assembly), amatengedwa ku magulu onse aŵiri ogwirizana ndi autundu.

Kutsimikizira kuyendetsa mphamvu, Msonkhano umagwiritsira ntchito njira yotchedwa kuvota kotsatira. Zosankha zazikulu zimafuna unyinji wa ziŵalo zonse kuphatikizapo unyinji wa magulu onse aŵiri osankhidwa ndi autundu, kapena 60% yochuluka ndi 40% kuchokera ku chigawo chilichonse. Zimenezi zimaletsa mbali iliyonse kuchokera ku lamulo lotsutsana lomwe likupita.

Wolamulira amatsogozedwa ndi Nduna Yoyamba ndi wachiŵiri kwa Nduna Yaikulu Yoyamba . Tangotchulani mawu a mawu apamwamba a “d ” kusonyeza kulingana kwawo mosasamala kanthu za maina. Malo aŵiri ameneŵa amasankhidwa ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri la bungwe logwirizanitsa anthu ndi gulu lalikulu koposa la utundu. Maulamuliro awo ndi ogwirizana, ndipo sangachite zinthu okha popanda winayo kuvomereza. Wolamulirayo amaphatikizaponso atumiki ochokera ku magulu ena odalira pa mphamvu zawo (kugwiritsira ntchito d’ Hondt), kutsimikizira kuti anthu onse aŵiri ali ndi mawu m’boma.

Msonkhanowu wachitika mobwerezabwereza chifukwa chakuti anthu a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana anasiya kukhulupirirana, makamaka kuyambira mu 2002 mpaka 2007, ndipo wachitikanso mu 2017-2020.

Strand Wachiŵiri: Msonkhano Wautumiki Wakumpoto ndi Kummwera

Strand II anakhazikitsa bungwe lalamulo logwirizana pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland: Msonkhano Wautumiki Wakumpoto ndi Zakum’mwera (NSMC). NSMC imasonkhanitsa atumiki ochokera ku Northern Ireland Identiferation ndi Boma la Ireland kuti alinganizitse malamulo pankhani zokhudzana ndi chidwi. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ulimi, maphunziro, thanzi, malo okhala, zoyendera, ndi maulendo.

Bungweli limachita mogwirizana, mfundo zake zimafunikira kugwirizana ndi mbali zonse ziŵiri. Ngakhale kuti lilibe mphamvu zalamulo, limapereka njira zoyendera limodzi ndipo lingavomereze malamulo a nyumba za malamulo. NSMC imayang'aniranso nyumba zisanu ndi imodzi za North- South South Iplimentation Bodition, monga Waterways Ireland, Food Safety Protection Board , ndi InterTradeireland, zimene zimatumikira pa maziko onse a dziko.

Kansalu kameneka kanapangidwa kuti kathetse chikhumbo cha utundu cha kugwirizana kwambiri ndi Republic popanda kuwononga Northern Ireland ’ malo mu UK. Kamaperekanso njira yotsimikizira kuti kugwirizana koteroko sikunakhale malo a ku Ireland yogwirizana.

Msanganizo Wachitatu: Msonkhano wa Britain ndi Britain ndi Mgwirizano wa Oloŵera ku Boma

Strand Mayanjano atatu ku British Isles , ponse paŵiri Kummaŵa chakumadzulo ndi pakati pa maboma a Britain ndi Ireland. Bungwe la Britain ndi Irish (BIC) limasonkhanitsa pamodzi oimira kuchokera ku boma la UK, boma la Ireland, maulamuliro ochotsedwa pa Scotland, Wales, ndi Northern Ireland, ndi maboma a ku Isle of Man ndi ku zisumbu. Bungwelo limakambirana nkhani za chikondwerero chofanana monga malo okhala, zonyamula, ndi kulimbana ndi malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Limakumana nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi zina m'gulu la NSMC ndipo lili ndi mbali yofufuza kuposa NSC.

Kuwonjezera apo, panganoli linakhazikitsa bungwe la Britain-Irish Intergovernmental Conference (BIIC) kuti lilimbikitse mgwirizano pakati pa maboma a Britain ndi Ireland pa nkhani zimene sizinasokonezedwe ku Northern Ireland, monga ngati chitetezo ndi chilungamo. Bungwe limeneli lili ndi mbali ina yothandiza kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu ndi kuyanjanitsa. Linalowa mmalo mwa bungwe la Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Council ndi bungwe la InterCommunion la United States lokhazikitsidwa mu 1985.

Mabungwe ameneŵa analinganizidwa kulinganiza maunansi ndi kuchirikiza lamulo lakuti maboma aŵiriwo ndiwo ochirikiza panganolo.

Kusiya Zida za Nkhondo

Imodzi ya nkhani zamphamvu kwambiri m'dongosolo la mtendere inali kuchotsa ndi kuwononga zida zimene magulu a asilikali anali nazo. Chipanganocho chinafuna kuti magulu onse agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zawo kuchotsa ntchito m’zaka ziŵiri. The Independent International Commission on Decomissing (ICD) inakhazikitsidwa kuti iyang'anire ntchitoyi.

Kusiya kusuta kunatsimikizira kukhala kotsutsana ndi kochedwa. IRA sanayambe kuima mpaka mu 2001, ndipo sinathe mpaka 2005. Magulu okhulupirika nawonso anatha, ngakhale kuti anali ndi magawo ambiri. Kachitidwe kameneka kanathandiza kuti anthu asiye kudalirana, ndipo kanasonyeza kuti anadziperekadi kuti azikhala mwamtendere osati mwachangu. Kukana kuletsa, zikanavuta kuti mayiko asiye chiwawa, pamene mayiko a dzikolo ankalimbikitsa kuti asiye kukhazikitsa bomalo.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kulingana

Chikalata cha Malamulo a Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu chili ndi nkhani yaikulu ya ufulu wachibadwidwe. Maboma a Britain ndi Ireland anadzipereka kuphatikiza pangano la European Convention on Human Rights m’chilamulo chawo chapanyumba, limene bungwe la UK linachita kudzera mu Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu 1998. Chikalatachi chinakhazikitsanso bungwe la Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC) kuti lipereke malangizo ndi kuyang’anira ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu.

Njira yaikulu yochitira zinthu mofanana ikupezeka m’Chigawo 75 cha Chigawo cha Northern Ireland Act 1998, chimene chimafuna kuti mabungwe a boma alimbikitse kulingana kwa mwaŵi m’magulu asanu ndi anayi, kuphatikizapo chikhulupiriro cha chipembedzo, malingaliro andale, fuko, msinkhu, ndi kulemala.

Panganolo linafunanso Bill of Rights ya Northern Ireland. Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za kukambirana, bungwe la NIHRC linafuna kuti pakhale Bill wokonza anthu mu 2008, koma silinagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa ndale. Ngakhale kuti zimenezi zachitika, kulingana kwa dongosolo la anthu kwasintha kwambiri pa malamulo a boma, kupanga Northern Ireland kukhala umodzi wa maulamuliro audindo audindo audindo a UK.

Kulemekeza ndi Chilungamo

Royal Ulster Consabulary (RUC), gulu la polisi ku Northern Ireland, linasulizidwa kwambiri ndi atsamunda a dziko kaamba ka ntchito yake mkati mwa Mavuto. Chipangano chinalamula kusintha kokulira kwa ntchito yapolisi, kozikidwa pa zikalata za Patten Report (1999). RUC inaloŵedwa mmalo ndipolisi ya Northern Ireland (PSI), ndi nyumba zatsopano zolinganizidwa kukhala zoimira madera onse aŵiri.

Kusintha kunaphatikizapo kusintha kwa lumbiro la apolisi, zizindikiro, kukopa anthu (50% achikatolika, 50% Aprotestanti), ndi kupangidwa kwa Bungwe la Apolisi lokhala ndi mamembala a ndale zadziko ndi odziimira okha kuti ayang’anire. Mkulu wa apolisi Ombudsman anakhazikitsidwanso kuti afufuze madandaulo. Kusintha kwa ulamuliro kunali njira ya nthaŵi yaitali ndi yotsutsana, koma potsirizira pake kunathandiza kuwonjezera chidaliro cha dziko la chipani cha boma m’magulu, kutsogolera Sinn Fé in kuvomereza PSNI mu 2007.

Maulamuliro a Chiweruzo anasungidwa ndi boma la UK koma anachotsedwa ku Northern Ireland Assembly mu 2010. Mkulu wa Chilungamo amaikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito voti yoyendera mtanda, osati d’ Hondt, kuti atsimikizire kuti akuchirikizeni.

Kumasulidwa kwa Akaidi

Makonzedwe otsutsana kwambiri a Good Lachisanu Agreement anali kumasulidwa koyamba kwa akaidi opezedwa ndi milandu ya asilikali. Chikalatacho chinanena kuti akaidi onse oyeneretsedwa ndi magulu osunga kulekeka kwa moto adzamasulidwa mkati mwa zaka ziŵiri. Akaidi oposa 400 anamasulidwa, kuphatikizapo ena oimbidwa mlandu wakupha. Chiwembucho chinachitidwa pang’onopang’ono, akaidi atamasulidwa pambuyo pochita zinthu zochepa ndi kuyang’anizana ndi mikhalidwe.

Kakonzedwe kameneka kanatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi mikhole yambiri’ mabanja ndi ogwirizana, omwe analingalira kuti kanafupa uchigaŵenga. Komabe, kunaonedwa kukhala kofunika kusonkhezera magulu ankhondo kugonjera ku mtendere. Kagulu ka akaidiko kanagawiridwa ndi nduna yodziimira paokha. Kadali mbali yopweteka kwambiri ya panganolo kwa ambiri, komanso kanalola atsogoleri a magulu onga IRA kuloŵa m’moyo wa ndale zadziko.

Kutsatira Zochita, Mavuto, ndi Zotsatirapo

Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Good Lachisanu sichinayambitse mkhalidwe wokhazikika wandale. Zaka zoyambirira zinakumana ndi mavuto obwerezabwereza chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito, kukonzedwanso kwa apolisi, ndi kudalirana. Msonkhanowo unasiyidwa kangapo, ndipo unatenga kufikira 2007 kuti boma lokhala ndi mphamvu zolamulira likhazikike pansi pa utsogoleri wa Ian Paisley (DuP) ndi Martin McGuinnes (Sin Fueacute;in). St Andrews Active of 2006 anapanga masinthidwe, monga ngati kusintha malamulo a kusavomereza nduna yoyamba ndi mtumiki Woyamba, ndi kukonza njira yochitira ntchito yonse.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mabungwewa akhala akugwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zowonongeka, monga 2017-2020 zotsekereza mphamvu chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa mphamvu yamagetsi, zayesa kulimba kwa maziko a nyumba. Komabe, pangano lakuti ’ ndilo njira ( makamaka zofunika kuti munthu apeze chithandizo cha mtanda.)

Panganolo linasinthanso kuti lithetse mavuto atsopano. Kuchoka kwa UK ’ ku Ulaya kunabweretsa vuto lapadera, popeza panganolo linakhazikitsidwa pambali zonse ziŵiri UK ndi Ireland kukhala mamembala a EU. Pangano lakumpoto la Ireland (pambuyo pake la Windsor Frame ) linalinganizidwa kutetezera Good Lachisanu Ague Aguement mwa kupeŵa malire olimba pa chisumbu cha Ireland pamene anali kuyang'anira malonda pakati pa Great Britain ndi Northern Ireland. Zimenezi zachititsa mikangano ya ndale, koma zimasonyeza kuti pangano la 1998 linali lokhalitsa.

Lerolino, Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu Chikuchitikabe m'dziko la Northern Ireland. Chili maziko a mtendere ku Northern Ireland. Otsutsa ena amatsutsa kuti mgwirizanowo wafooketsa, pamene kuli kwakuti anthu ena autundu amakhulupirira kuti sunachite mokwanira kuthetsa kusalungama kwa m'mbiri. Komabe chalola mbadwo kukula popanda chiwawa cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Makonzedwe ake a mphamvu, mgwirizano wodutsa malire, ndipo ufulu wa anthu ukupitirizabe kuumba mkhalidwe wandale, ndipo malamulo a kuvomereza ndi ulemu akhalabe maziko okha odalirika kaamba ka mtsogolo mwamtendere.

Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka

Kwa awo ofuna kufufuza chigwirizanocho mwatsatanetsatane, mawu okwanira alipo kuchokera ku UK boma ’s sungale. Mukhozanso kupeza kufufuza ndi nkhani za m'mbiri kuchokera ku magwero onga Encyclopaedia Britannica , [BBC History of the Trouble , ndi [[FLT:]] TCHAIN . Ziŵiro zimenezi zimapereka movomerezeka ndi chidziŵitso chakumbuyo ndi chakumbuyo kwa kupitiriza kwa chigwirizano.