Chifukwa Chake Malamulo a Boma Amafotokozedwa Kwanthaŵi Yochuluka ndi Molongosoka Kuposa Lamulo la U.S.

Malamulo a ku United States ndi achidule kwambiri, okhala ndi mawu pafupifupi 4,500 ndi kukhazikitsa maziko aakulu a boma. Mosiyana ndi, malamulo a boma angakhale zikalata zosasintha. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a Alabama a 2022 (pambuyo pa kugwirizana) adakali limodzi la mawu aatali kwambiri, a m’mbiri yoposa 300,000, pamene kuli kwakuti ngakhale malamulo a boma ochepetsetsa monga Oregon akugwiritsa ntchito mawu 500,000. Utali umenewu umachokera ku chenicheni chakuti malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a malamulo alamulo, malamulo atsatanetsatane amene U.S.

Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amasamalira nkhani monga za kakonzedwe ka zigawo za sukulu zakumaloko, kuchuluka ndi kusakhozedwa kwa misonkho ya katundu, kupangidwa kwa mabungwe a boma, ndipo ngakhale malipiro a akuluakulu a boma.

Chifukwa china cha kutalika kwa malamulo a boma ndi kusavuta kuwakonza. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a U.S. amafuna kuti nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi kuseweretsa ndi magawo atatu anayi a boma, malamulo ambiri a boma amalola ovotera kunyalanyaza malamulo onse kupyolera mwa njira yoyambirira. Zimenezi zachititsa kuwonjezeka kwa kusintha kwa nkhani kuchokera ku kuyenera kwa kusaka ndi kupanga bajeti, kupanga malamulo a boma kukhala atsatanetsatane ndi osagwira ntchito kwenikweni kuposa a boma.

Lamulo Losintha Zinthu: Malamulo Ogwirizana ndi Boma

Opanga malamulo a U.S. anapanga njira ya kukonza ikhale yovuta dala. Mfundo V imalola njira ziŵiri: voti ya tatu m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri za Congress kapena msonkhano wotchedwa ndi ma triat aŵiri a makhonsati a boma. Mulimonse mmene zigawo zitatu. Kusinthaku kumafuna chilolezo kuchokera ku mayiko atatu a zinayi. Chiyambire 1789, kukonzanso 27 zokha kwavomerezedwa .

Komabe, malamulo a boma amasinthidwa kwambiri. Maboma ambiri asintha kambirimbiri. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a California asinthidwa nthaŵi zoposa 500 kuyambira mu 1879. Maboma ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi:

  • Chikalata cha lamulo: Mtengo unkapitidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa nyumba zonse ziŵiri, ndiyeno kuperekedwa kwa ovota kaamba ka chivomerezo.
  • .Actanitive: Nzika zimasonkhanitsa kusaina kuti ziike chisinthiko cholingaliridwa mwachindunji pa pepala lotsekera, kutseka nyumba yoikizira malamulo.
  • Msonkhano wa Constitugation: Msonkhano woitanidwa ndi bungwe lopanga malamulo kapena ndi wovota kuti alembe kapena kukonzanso chikalata chonse, woyenerera kuvotera.

Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa maboma kuyankha mofulumira kubuka nkhani za kuvomereza kusanguluka chamba kapena kuwongolera misonkho popanda kudikira kuti boma lichitepo kanthu. Komabe, kumatanthauzanso kuti malamulo a boma azikhala ndi malamulo ambiri amene angagwiritsiridwe ntchito bwino ndi malamulo wamba. Kusintha kwa lamulo limodzi m'boma limodzi kungaphatikizepo njira za ndalama zoperekera ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za zoyendera, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a U.S. saichepa kwambiri mfundo za m’malamulo a kulekana kwa maulamuliro ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Ufulu Woposa Mlanduwo wa Ufulu

Pamene kuli kwakuti Bbilo la Ufulu wa United States limatetezera ufulu waukulu wonga ngati kulankhula mwaufulu, ufulu wa chipembedzo, ndi kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida, malamulo a boma ambiri apita patsogolo. Maboma achita m'mbiri monga malaboratori a demokrase, zitetezero zowonjezereka m’njira zimene zimasonyeza mapindu a kumaloko ndi miyezo ya kakhalidwe. Zoyenerera zowonjezereka zopezedwa m’malamulo zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kumanja ku Maphunziro: Malamulo 50 onse a boma ali ndi chinenero chimene chimafunikira boma kukhazikitsa sukulu zaufulu. Zina, monga zija za ku Florida ndi Washington, zimalamula mwachindunji kuti “okwanira” kapena“ ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu.
  • Kulunjika ku Environment Ecreation : Montana, Pennsylvania, ndi maiko ena angapo ali ndi makonzedwe alamulo otsimikizira nzika kuyenera kwa kuyeretsa mpweya ndi madzi, kapena kusungidwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.
  • Vactim’s Rights: maiko oposa 30 atenga “Chilamulo cha Malamulo” kapena zisinthiko zina zotero zimene zimapatsa mikhole ufulu wonga ngati chidziŵitso, kutengamo mbali, ndi kubwezera.
  • Privtacy: Constitution ya U.S. simatchula mwachindunji kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, koma malamulo a boma ambiri amatero, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi zitetezero zazikulu kaamba ka chidziŵitso chaumwini ndi zosankha za kubala.

Ufulu wokulira umenewu umatanthauza kuti malamulo otetezera nzika angasiyane kwambiri malinga ndi boma limene imakhala. Mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba, kumene kunali kotetezeredwa ndi boma ku Roe ndi. Wade mpaka 2022, tsopano kumatsimikiziridwa m'malamulo angapo a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti ena asintha malamulo awo kuti aichepetse. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amamasulira mapangano apadera ameneŵa, nthaŵi zina akumapereka chitetezo chochuluka kuposa cha U.S. khoti Lapamwambalo lidzakhala pansi pa Lamulo la boma.

Boma Linasintha Zinthu Popatukana Maulamuliro

Malamulo a ku United States ndi malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa magawo atatu a boma: malamulo, oyendetsa ntchito, ndi oweruza.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo

Nebraska ali yekha ndi unidameral , osati partisan . Maboma ena onse ali ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya bimameral , koma zipinda zapamwamba ndi zapansi zimasiyana mu ukulu, kukula kwa mawu, ndi mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, New Hampshire House of Declarations iri ndi mamembala 400 .Imodzi ya mabungwe aakulu a malamulo m'dziko la Chingelezi. Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Alaska ili ndi madeti a manambala kapena malire, amene malamulo a U.S. sachita kaamba ka Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Alaska ali ndi maderejini 40.

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Akuluakulu a boma amalamulira m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Mosiyana ndi pulezidenti wa United States, akazembe ambiri amagawana ulamuliro waudindo ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa okha monga bwanamkubwa, loya wamkulu, mlembi wa boma, ndi wosunga ndalama. “Mkulu wa boma wa [1] akufalitsa mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya bwanamkubwa kulamulira nthambi ya mkulu wa boma popanda kugawidwa. Mwachitsanzo, Texas, ali ndi kazembe wamphamvu wofooka kwambiri poyerekezera ndi maulamuliro amphamvu monga New York kapena New Jersey.

Nthambi Yoweruza

Madongosolo achiweruzo a boma ali osiyana kwambiri kuposa dongosolo la boma. Malamulo a malamulo a U.S. ali ndi mphamvu zachiweruzo m'Khoti Lapamwamba ndi makhoti apamwamba opangidwa ndi Congress, limodzi ndi oweruza onse oikidwa ndi prezidenti ndi otsimikizidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Oweruza a Boma, mosiyana, angaikidwe ndi kazembe, wosankhidwa ndi anthu, kapena kusankhidwa kupyolera mwa madongosolo apamwamba oyenerera. Malamulo a ntchito zaudindo amasiyananso: zigamu za boma zina za khoti zimatumikira moyo, pamene ena amayang'ana ndi masankhoti zaka zingapo. Kachiyembe ameneyu amasonyeza chikhulupiriro chakuti oweruza ayenera kukhala ndi mlandu wosankhidwa mwachindunji kwa osankhidwa.

Boma Lakumene Amalamulira Ndiponso Ulamuliro wa Panyumba

Malamulo a U.S. salankhula konse pankhani ya boma lakumaloko. Ilo limagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma, kusiya mizinda, mabwinja, ndi matauni monga zolengedwa za boma. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira zimenezi m'nkhani ya 1907 [[FL:0] . City of Pittsburgh [1], posunga maulamulirowo ali ndi ulamuliro wonse pa makampani awo.

Komabe, malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa ufulu waukulu kwa maboma akumalo kupyolera mwa malamulo a nyumba. Ulamuliro wapanyumba umapatsa mzinda kapena gawo ulamuliro kukhazikitsa malamulo ake, kuyang'anira nkhani za kumalo, ndi kukweza ndalama, ngati machitidwewo satsutsana ndi lamulo la boma. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo a Alaska amapereka ulamuliro waukulu wa nyumba ku boma lililonse limene limavomereza malamulo a nyumba, pamene malamulo a California amapatsa mizinda malamulo a boma pafupi ndi malire a makampani. Kusintha kumeneku kumalola mapangano ku mapangano awo apadera monga kukhazikitsa malipiro a ndalama zochepa, kuyang'anzaniko anthaŵi yochepa, kapena kuletsa zikwama zapulasitiki popanda chilo cha boma.

Nkhani za Kakhalidwe ndi Lamulo: Malamulo a Boma Monga Malamulo Othandiza Kulamulira

Chifukwa chakuti malamulo a boma ngosavuta kusintha ndi atsatanetsatane kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala malo a nkhondo kaamba ka mikangano yaikulu ya kakhalidwe ka anthu ndi ya malamulo. Lamulo la U.S. lili ndi zochepera kunena ponena za nkhani zambiri zamakono, kusiya maboma kudzaza mpatawo (ndipo malamulo awo kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza kufalikira kwa mphepo zandale zadziko za boma lirilonse.

Zitsanzo za malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu okhazikika m’malamulo a boma zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Kuvomerezedwa kwa Marijuana: Malamulo a boma oposa 20 tsopano ali ndi chinenero cholola mankhwala kapena chosangalatsa cha chamba, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa njira za nzika. Mwachitsanzo, Colorado’s Amendment 64 (202) ya kusanguluka kololedwa ndi lamulo la katswiri ndi kupanga dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu.
  • Gun Control:[[FLT :1] Pamene Kusintha kwachiŵiri kumatetezera munthu kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, malamulo a boma angapereke ziletso zowonjezereka kapena kutsimikizira molunjika kuti makhoti a boma amamasulira mowonjezereka. Mu 2018, muyeso wokweza nyengo yogulira mfuti ku Florida inaikidwa monga kusintha kwa malamulo, koma maboma angapo alingalira malamulo a lamulo omwe akathetsa malamulo a mfuti a kumaloko.
  • Uloza: Mu 2010, ovota ku Massachusetts anavomereza kukonzanso kovomerezeka kwa malamulo a boma, pambuyo pake kuvomerezedwa monga maziko a lamulo la boma lokonzanso zaumoyo, limene linafuna pafupifupi nzika zonse kukhala ndi inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo. Posachedwapa, malingana ndi Colorado ndi Maine ayambitsa njira zopangira inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo wa anthu.

Makonzedwe alamulo ameneŵa angakhazikitse lamulo kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kuwapangitsa kukhala ovuta kusinthira ku malamulo wamba.

Mbiri Yake: Kuchokera ku Matchati a Ufumu wa Atsamunda Kukafika ku Kufufuza kwa Masiku Ano

Malamulo a boma loyamba anaikidwa mkati mwa Chipanduko cha America, kaŵirikaŵiri monga kukana mwachindunji ulamuliro wachifumu. Mwachitsanzo, Massachusetts, adatsatira malamulo ake mu 1780 pambuyo pa njira imene inaphatikizapo tauni ndi mzinda ndi mbanda ya anthu .I chitsanzo chimene chinasonkhezera Constitution ya boma. Malamulo ambiri akale anabwereka mokulira ku malamulo a boma, kusungitsa zoyenera zonga zozengedwa ndi oweruza ndi ufulu wachipembedzo.

Zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20 zinabweretsa masinthidwe a lamulo lokonzedwanso. Nthaŵi ya Jacksonian inaona kuti maboma atenga makonzedwe ochepetsa ziyeneretso za katundu zosankha ndi kupanga oweruza osankhidwa mmalo mwa kuikidwa. Era Procetical Era Repurence zitsutso za njira za democracy zolunjika monga kuyambika ndi kuyang'anira, limodzinso ndi chitetezo cha antchito ndi njira zoletsa ziphuphu. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiweniweni, maboma a ku Southernernern asintha malamulo awo a kugwirizanitsa fuko ndi kuchotsako mfundo za demokrase . Cholowa cha m'malamulo cha boma ndi malamulo a Supreme Court .

Masiku ano, malamulo a boma akupitirizabe kukhala zolembedwa za moyo zimene zimasonyeza kuti mbiri yakale ndi malo ake n’zofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko a Kumadzulo nthaŵi zambiri amaphatikizapo zinthu zoyenerera za madzi chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa madzi m’madera ouma, pamene kuli kwakuti mayiko a ku gombe la Kummaŵa ali ndi malamulo akale amene asinthidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Kumasulira Kwachiweruzo: Malo Oimira Boma

Limodzi la makhoti ofunika kwambiri ndilo mmene khoti lapamwamba la United States limamasulira malamulowo. Khoti lalikulu la United States ndilo lomaliza kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, ndipo malamulo ake pa mafunso a boma amamanga makhoti onse. Komabe, makhoti ali ndi mawu omaliza pa tanthauzo la malamulo awoawo, malinga ngati zigamulozo sizikuswa lamulo la boma kapena Lamulo la U.S.

Lamulo la lamulo limeneli la lokwanira ndi lodziimira paokha limalola makhoti a boma kupereka chitetezo chokulirapo cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha kuposa mmene akanachitira makhoti a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Washington State Supreme Court yamasulira mawu ake achinsinsi a boma kupereka chitetezo chachikulu choletsa kufufuza kosaloleka kuposa chimene chilolezo cha Ofestmer . Mofananamo, Bwalo la New York la Appendulo lavomereza kuyenera kwa maphunziro ogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma amene amadutsa panthambi ya boma lokhazikitsidwa ndi U.S.

Oweruza a boma amatumikiranso pansi pa njira zosiyanasiyana zosankhira ndi kuweruza kwa boma, zimene zingasonkhezere njira zawo zomasulira. Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza a boma amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo, oweruza ambiri a boma amayang’anizana ndi masankho a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kapena mavoti a m’malo, kuwapangitsa iwo kulabadira kwambiri ku lingaliro la anthu. Zimenezi zingatsogolere kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo amene amasintha kwambiri ndi miyezo ya wosankhidwayo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Malamulo a Boma

Kwa ophunzira a boma la America, malamulo a boma omvetsetsa malamulo safunikira kumvetsetsa mmene United States imagwirira ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a U.S. amapereka dongosolo lopambanitsa, malamulo a boma amasankha malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku amene amalamulira sukulu, misonkho, mphamvu zapolisi, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kuphatikizana kwa miyalo iŵiri ya lamulo la lamulo kumatanthauza kuti kuyenera kotchuka m’boma lina sikungapezeke m'dziko lina. Kumatanthauzanso kuti maboma angapitirize kutumikira monga malaboratori kaamba ka kuyambitsidwa kwa malamulo, kuyesa njira zatsopano za maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, chiweruzo chaupandu, ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala. Mwakuyerekezera malamulo a boma ndi Lamulo la U.S., timapeza chiyamikiro chachikulu kaamba ka dongosolo locholoŵana, loyenerera limene limalongosola ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute imasunga zolembedwa zazikulu za malamulo a boma ndi zisinthiko. National Conference of State Legistratures imapereka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane pa kuyesayesa ndi njira zoyendera zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchotsa malamulo a boma. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale angafufuze chiyambi cha zolembera zimenezi kupyolera mwa [[FLT: 4.] Thries za National Relication of the controbess of the processss .