Kuzindikira malamulo a apolisi ofufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri nkofunika kwambiri kwa onse aŵiri osungitsa malamulo ndi anthu. Malamulo a boma angasiyane kwambiri, kukhudza mmene apolisi angafufuzire ndi kuyang'anira malo a anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Kusintha kwa Kane kwa Malamulo kumathandiza kuti atetezedwe ku kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, maboma amodzi amawonjezera kapena kukonza malamulo awoawo mwa malamulo awo, malamulo, ndi zochitika za khoti. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mbali zazikulu za malamulo a boma ameneŵa, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwakukulu, ndi matanthauzo ake kwa nzika ndi akuluakulu a boma. Mwa kufufuza malo a zamalamulo, oŵerenga angakulitse bwino kwambiri ufulu wawo ndi mathayo awo pa nthaŵi ya kuyang'anizana ndi lamulo.

Maziko a Malamulo: Lamulo lachinayi Lowonjezera ndi Lamulo la Boma

Lamulo lachinayi Lowonjezera limapereka kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wa kukhala osungika mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro zoletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, ndi kuti malamulo angangokhudza kokha chifukwa chothekera chochirikizidwa ndi lumbiro kapena chitsimikizo ndi kulongosola makamaka malo oti afufuzidwe ndi anthu kapena zinthu zoyenera kugwidwa. Komabe, chitetezo chimenechi sichili chotsimikizirika. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lazindikira kuti pali chiyeneretso chofunikira, chimene ambiri mwa iwo chimagwira ntchito mwachindunji pa galimoto ndi malo a anthu onse.

Maboma ali omasuka kumasulira malamulo awo kuti apereke chitetezo chokulirapo kuposa chachinayi Amereka. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena amafuna chilolezo cha kufufuza kumene kukakhala kololedwa ndi lamulo la boma. Ena akhazikitsa malamulo apadera m’malamulo a boma, monga ngati kufuna chivomerezo cha kufufuza kwina kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri kuti apereke mfundo zofunikira. Malamulo ameneŵa amatanthauza kuti khalidwe lofananalo la apolisi lingakhale lovomerezeka m'dziko lina ndi lopanda malamulo m'dziko lina.

Chiphunzitso choloŵetsedwamo, chokhazikitsidwa kupyolera m'nkhani zonga Mapp v. Ohio [1] (1961), imagwiritsira ntchito Demendment Yachinayi ku maboma kudzera ku Demendment ya 144. Koma makhoti a boma adakali omalizira a zitetezero za boma lawo. Chifukwa chake, maloya ndi nzika za boma ayenera kufunsira lamulo la kumaloko kuti amvetsetse malire enieni a olamulira a apolisi ofufuza.

Kufufuza: Galimoto Yoyenda Patali ndi M’mbali

Apolisi amafunikira kufunafuna galimoto, koma "kusintha kwa galimoto" kumalola maofesala kufunafuna popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chochititsa ndipo galimotoyo ili yoyenda. Chosiyanachi, chokhazikitsidwa mu Carroll v. United States [1925] [1925] ndi kuyeretsedwa ndi zosankha zapambuyo pake, kumakhala ndi kuyendayenda kwa galimoto ndi kuyembekezera kochepa kwachinsinsi m'mapositainjini. Komabe, malamulo, angachepetse kulekana kumeneku. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti ena a boma anena kuti kulekana kwa galimoto sikumagwira ntchito ngati galimotoyo ili yomatuka ndi yosatha ntchito pamene iyenera kubuka, kapena ngati apolisi ali ndi nthaŵi yokwanira yopeza chilo.

Kufufuza Kofala Kofuna Kupeza

  • Chochititsa chotsimikizirika pamene kuima kwa magalimoto kololedwa : Ngati apolisi awona umboni wa upandu mosabisa kapena apeza chochititsa chothekera kuchokera ku nsonga zina, iwo angafufuze galimoto lonse, kuphatikizapo zotengera zotseka, popanda chilolezo m'maiko ambiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malonsi kuchokera kwa mwini galimoto kapena dalaivala .: Kuvomereza kuyenera kukhala kwaufulu ndipo kungapatulidwe panthaŵi iriyonse. Maboma ena amafuna apolisi kudziŵitsa dalaivala za kuyenera kwawo kukana chivomerezo, ngakhale kuti Bwalo Lapamwamba silinalamulire ichi kukhala chiyeneretso cha lamulo.
  • Chochitika chofufuza kumanga : Khoti Lalikulu linaika kulekana kumeneku mu Arizona v. Gant (2009), poona kuti galimoto ingafufuzidwe kuti igwire kokha ngati wogwidwayo satha kusungidwa ndipo akuyandikira pafupi ndi chipinda choperekera anthu panthaŵi yofunafuna, kapena ngati kuli kwanzeru kukhulupirira kuti galimotoyo ili ndi umboni wa kumangidwa. Mayiko ambiri atsatira muyezo; malamulo ake ochepa amasulira kusanthula kochitidwa ndi kumangidwa.
  • Mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika [1]: Ngozi ku moyo, kulondola kofulumira kwa wokayikira wothaŵa, kapena chiwonongeko chaumboni choyandikira chilungamitse kufunafuna galimoto kosafunikira. Makhoti a boma amasiyana pa chimene chili chotsimikizirika, ndi umboni wowonekera bwino wa ngozi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kufufuza ]: Pamene galimoto yatsekedwa mololedwa, apolisi angapange kufufuza kope kuti atetezere katundu wa mwiniwake ndi kutetezera kusungidwa kwa lamulo ku zonena za kuba. Komabe, maboma ena amaletsa kusanthula kusanthula njira zoikidwira ndi kuletsa kusanthula malemba asanakhale.

Malamulo Ofufuza Asinthasintha

Maboma angapo ali ndi malamulo aakulu kwambiri kuposa chigawo cha boma. California, mwachitsanzo, kwa nthaŵi yaitali, adakhulupirira kuti kulekana kwa galimoto sikumagwira ntchito ngati galimotoyo ili yoima ndipo apolisi anali ndi nthaŵi yopeza chilolezo (onani anthu v. Garay, 2008). Ku New York, malamulo a boma amafuna kuti kusanthula kopanda lamulo kukhale kozikidwa pa "chochititsa chokhoza kuwonjezera," kutanthauza kuti chochititsa chothekera sichingakwanire ngati galimotoyo si yosasinthika. Texas, padzanja lina, kutsata pafupi kwambiri galimoto, kulola kufufuza kopanda lamulo pa chinthu chimodzi chokha.

Kusinthasintha kwina ndi kumene kumachitika pofufuza galimoto. Mayiko ena amachepetsa kusanthula malo osungira anthu pokhapokha ngati pali chifukwa chenicheni chokhulupirira kuti pali umboni wopezeka m’boti. Ena amalola kuti galimoto ifufuze bwinobwino, kuphatikizapo thumba ndi zotengera, zomwe mwina zimayambika. Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kukhoza kuchititsa kuti anthu asamamve bwino.

Kufufuza M’mauthenga a Anthu: Kusuntha Koyenera ndi Terry Stop

M'malo a anthu onse, apolisi ali ndi ufulu waukulu wofunsira anthu, koma "umboni" umachitika pamene munthu wolingalira sangakhale womasuka kuchoka. Pansi pa Terry v. Ohio [1] (1968), maapolansi angaimitse ntchito yachidule ngati ali ndi chikaikiro chakuti upandu uli woyenda. Ngati apolisiwo akhulupirira kuti munthuyo ali ndi zida ndi ngozi, pepala lochepa lofuna zida latha kulowa pansi. Komabe, kufufuza kulikonse koposa frak kumafuna kuchititsa kapena kuvomereza.

Miyezo ya Malamulo Kuzungulira Dziko

  • Nkhokwe zokayikitsa. Zochititsa zotheka " : Maiko ena amafuna muyezo wapamwamba wa kuima kwa ofufuza kuposa "umboni zotsimikizirika" za boma. Mwachitsanzo, Massachusetts ndi Alaska adakhulupirira kuti malamulo a boma amafuna kuti achititse kuima kulikonse, osati kukayikira koyenera.
  • Wolamulira wa Frisk [1]: Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma limalola frask ngati woyang'anirayo ali ndi chikaikiro chabwino cha munthuyo, maboma angapo amaletsa ma frisk ku mikhalidwe imene pali kukayikira koonekera kwa ngozi. Ena amalola frisisk yokha panthaŵi ya kuima kwa lamulo Terry, mosasamala kanthu za kukayikira kwa munthu aliyense.
  • [[FLT: 0] Conice sechaunt mu anthu : Apolisi angapemphe chivomerezo kusanthula munthu kapena katundu poyera, koma kunyada kwa chivomerezo kumafufuzidwa mosamalitsa. Maboma ena amafuna nduna za kuyenera kwawo kwa kukana asanafufuze; kulephera kuchita tero kungakhale chochititsa kugamula magetsi.

Kuona ndi Kutsegula Minda Yosabisa

M'malo a anthu, chiphunzitso chomveka chimalola apolisi kupeza umboni ngati alipo mololedwa ndi mkhalidwe woweruza wa chinthucho kuwonekera mwamsanga. Makhoti a boma nthaŵi zina achepetsa chiphunzitso chimenechi ngati ofisala agwiritsira ntchito malo apamwamba achilendo kapena malingaliro owonjezereka. Momwemo, "minda yotsegulira" chiphunzitso (kuchokera ku Oliver v. United States [FLD:1], 1984) amatsutsa kuti apolisi angafufuze madera kunja kwa nyumba popanda chilo. Komabe, oŵerengeka amakana chiphunzitso chimenechi pansi pa malamulo awo, akupempha chilolezo cha kufunafuna kulikonse kwa minda yotsegulidwa ngati mwiniyo ali ndi chiyembekezo chachinsinsi.

Zipangizo Zamakono

Kufufuza kwamakono kumaphatikizapo mafoni am’manja, malayphop, ndi zipangizo zina. Mariy v. California [1] (2014, Khoti Lalikulu linanena kuti apolisi amafunikira chilolezo chofufuza foni ya m’manja imene yatsekedwa kuti igwire, chifukwa chakuti mafoni ali ndi zinthu zambiri zaumwini. Maboma ambiri aika lamulo limeneli m’lamulo la boma, ndipo ena apita patsogolo mwa kupempha chilolezo chilichonse cha chipangizo chamagetsi ngakhale ngati chivomerezo kapena china chapadera chingafunikire. Mwachitsanzo, California's Leacy Tecrition Act (C. Commone. Com 1524.4) kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna chikalata chodziŵira chidziŵitso cha zinthu cha boma pokhapokha, kapena kuimbidwa mwadzidzidzi.

Zipangizo zina monga GPS zoyendera, drones, ndi laisensi ya laisensi yodzifunira, zimakweza nkhaŵa zachinsinsi. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala mu United States v. Jones [1] (20: 2) (20) amene amalumikiza woyendera GPS ku galimoto amapanga kufufuza pansi pa Demetrition ya Fourth Reconstment. Kuyambira pamenepo, maboma angapo apereka malamulo ofuna chilolezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito GPS pofufuza njira kapena drone. Nzika ziyenera kuzindikira kuti chitetezo chimenechi sichingakhaleko m’boma lililonse, ndipo malamulo a m'maganizi a kuyang'anira mlengalenga adakalipobe.

Mabuku Othandiza Othandiza Okhudza Nzika ndi Kukakamiza Anthu Kutsatira Chilamulo

Ufulu ndi Udindo wa Nzika

Kuzindikira pamene kufufuzako kwaloledwa kungathandize anthu kutetezera ufulu wawo. Pa nthawi yoima, madalaivala ali ndi ufulu wokana kufunafuna galimotoyo pokhapo ngati mkulu wa asilikali ali ndi chifukwa chomveka kapena chilolezo. Komabe, kukana kungawonjezere mkhalidwewo kapena kuyambitsa nkhani zina za lamulo, monga ngati kukayikira kowonjezereka kochititsa kununkhiza mankhwala (kumene kaŵirikaŵiri sikumapanga kufufuza m'madera ambiri). Nzika ziyenera kukhala zodekha ndi ulemu, kufunsa ngati zili zaufulu kuchoka, ndi kupeŵa kukana ngakhale ngati akhulupirira kuti kufunafunako kuli koletsedwa ndi lamulo, mavuto amasamaliridwa bwino m’khoti pambuyo pake.

M'malo a anthu ambiri, anthu angakane kuyankha mafunso ndipo angakane kufufuza kwa munthu kapena katundu wawo. Komabe, ngati woyang’anirayo akukayikira kuti aletsa zimenezi, angawaike kwa kanthaŵi. Kudziwa kusiyana pakati pa kukumana kwa anthu ndi kugwidwa ndi njiru nkofunika: pempho la mkulu wa asilikali kuti awadziŵitse kapena kuti achedwe pansi lingasonyeze kugwidwa, ndipo yankho la munthuyo liyenera kuzikidwa pa kuzindikira kwawo lamulo.

Ntchito ya Lamulo

Apolisi ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ovuta a boma ndi a boma. Kuphunzitsa koyenera pa zigamulo za khoti ndi malamulo a boma otsimikizirika nkofunika kupeŵa kutsendereza umboni ndi kuyang'anizana ndi mlandu wa anthu. Madipatimenti kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatira malamulo oletsa kwambiri kuposa lamulo lochepetsa ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, mabungwe ena amafuna chivomerezo cha kufufuza kulikonse kwa galimoto ngakhale pamene chochititsa chikhaleko, kapena kulamula kuti apange chilolezo asanafufuze foni ya m’manja ngakhale ngati mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika ingalungamitse kufufuza kopanda lamulo.

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti apolisi alembe nkhani zovomereza kapena kufotokoza ulamuliro wawo walamulo pofufuza. Njira zimenezi zingathandize kuteteza nzika ndi kupereka umboni m’khoti.

Zitsanzo Zazikulu za Chilamulo cha Boma: Kupenda Mosamalitsa

Kuti tisonyeze kusiyanasiyana kwa maboma, talingalirani maiko atatu okhala ndi anthu ambiri:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kalifornia: Bukhu la malamulo la boma (Lingaliro I, Chigawo 13) limapereka chitetezo champhamvu kuposa Demendment Yachinayi. Anthu v. Diaz (2011], Supreme Court California Seart yopereŵera kufunafuna chochitika cha foni kumangidwa pamaso pa U.S. Khoti Lapamwamba linatero. Vehicle seart ikufuna kuchotsa kapena kuvomereza ngati kuwonjezera kulekana kwa galimoto ndi galimotoyo kulidi koyenda. California imaletsanso kununkhiza galu mkati mwa magalimoto oima ku mikhalidwe ya pamsewundo kumene kuli kukayikira koyenera kwa ntchito ya mankhwala ogodomalitsa.
  • [[FLT: 0] New York: Khoti la New York la Apilo lamasulira mobwerezabwereza malamulo a boma kuti afune chilolezo chofufuza chimene chimasokoneza chiyembekezo choyenera cha chinsinsi, ngakhale ngati kuchotsa kwa galimoto kwa boma kungagwire ntchito. Anthu amasiyana ndi. Belton (madede [asanafufuze] boma kugamula]), New York anakana lamulo lamakono loletsa kufufuza malo othandizira anthu., mowonjezera, New York ikufuna kuti afufuze onse aŵiriwo mwaufulu ndi anzeru, ndi mtolo wotsimikizira kuti munthu aone kuti alephere.
  • [[FLT: 0] . . . . Texas kaŵirikaŵiri imatsatira lamulo la boma la Fourth Amendment . Galeon yosasinthika imachirikizidwa nthaŵi zonse. Bwalo la Tchale of Criminal Appeals losungidwa mu Statel v. Granville (2018) imene boma silifuna chilolezo ngakhale cha kufufuza chidziŵitso pa foni ya foni ya foni, koma malamulo apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna chilolezo. Texas alinso ndi "longosolera" chiphunzitso cholola kugwidwa ndi chigawa mkati mkati mwa mbanda ngati mkulu wa asilikali azindikira kuti itero.

Maphunziro ndi Chuma

Kukhalabe wodziŵa za malamulo a kufunkha ndi kulanda kuli kofunika kwa onse aŵiri nzika ndi kusungitsa lamulo. [[FLT: 0] Project imapereka chidule chofikirika cha zigamulo zazikulu za Khoti Lalikulu. ALLU Adziŵa Ufulu Wanu [[FLT: 3] tsamba lothandiza pa zochitika za apolisi. Malamulo a boma, mawebusaiti a MPUNDO [[FLT:]] Amapereka ufulu waulezi waufulu wa malamulo ndi mlandu. Anthu a ku Stockhoversior angathandize ma maofesi a anthu kapena mabungwe a boma kaamba ka malangizo oyenda.

Oyang'anira osungitsa malamulo angapindule ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa operekedwa ndi International Association of Kings of Police ndi mapulinsipulo a boma a akazembe a mtendere ndi maphunziro (POST). Nthaŵi zonse maphunziro a ntchito pa nkhani zaposachedwapa ngofunika kutsimikizira kuti kufufuza kukuchitidwa movomerezeka ndi mogwira mtima.

Kumaliza

Apolisi oyang’anira zauchigaŵenga ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri m’magalimoto ndi m'malo a anthu onse ndi mbali yaikulu imene imalinganiza zoyenera zaumwini ndi zosoŵa za lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Mpambo wachinayi wa Amereka umapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka, malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo. Onse aŵiri nzika ndi apolisi ayenera kuzindikira malamulo otsimikizirika omwe ali m’manja mwawo kuti apeŵe kufufuza kosemphana ndi lamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti kufufuza kololedwa kuchitidwa bwino. Mwa kukhala odziŵa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito bwino ufulu wawo, anthu angathandize kusunga kulinganiza kukhazikika pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu wa anthu onse.