Kuyamba Kulemba Malamulo a Apolisi Okhudza Umboni Wawo

Malamulo a boma amalamulira malamulo a boma osiyanasiyana ku United States. Malamulo ameneŵa amalamulira mmene mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amasonkhanitsa, kusungira, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kugawira za nzika — kuyambira pa zolembedwa za kumangidwa ndi kuyang'anira zinthu ndi malo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma monga a Driver’s Ancy Protection Act ndi Act ya 1974 imapereka chitetezo cha maziko a zikole, malamulo ambiri otsalira malamulo amachokera ku makhoti. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kwa chigawo cha boma nkofunika kwa akatswiri a za malamulo, opanga malamulo, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika zimene zikufuna kudziŵa zoyenera zawo.

Kutsutsana pakati pa kuonekera kwa anthu ndi chinsinsi kwa munthu aliyense kwangokula kumene pamene tekinoloji ikuthandiza kusonkhanitsa zinthu zoloŵetsedwamo. Makamera a m'thupi, oŵerenga laiseti ya laisensi yoikidwa ndi galimoto, makompyuta odziŵira nkhope, ndi mapulatifomu a foni a makompyuta amapanga chidziŵitso chakuya. Malamulo a boma ayenera kupanga kulinganiza: kutsimikizira kuti apolisi ali ndi chidziŵitso chimene afunikira pofufuza pamene akutetezera nzika ku ku kuyang'anira, kuba, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa chidziŵitso chaumwini.

Kupenda Kusintha kwa Malamulo a Boma

Maboma aŵiri sasamalira chidziŵitso cha apolisi mofanana kwambiri. Ena, monga California ndi New York, ali ndi malamulo achinsinsi oletsa kulembedwa monga mugshot, kugwiritsira ntchito malipoti a project, ndi bungwe la YHWH camera . Ena, monga Texas ndi Florida, amagogomezera zolembedwa zotseguka ndi kupezeka kwa anthu, popanda ziletso zambiri zofalitsa. Kusintha kumeneku kumachokera ku kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko, malingaliro a anthu, zigamulo za khoti, ndi zofunika za malamulo.

Malamulo a Federal amaika malo apamwamba — mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Health Inshuwalansi Portability and Accounting Act (HIPAA) imateteza chidziŵitso cha zamankhwala ngakhale pamene chichitidwa ndi apolisi, ndi Family Educational Rights and Ancy Act (FERPA) Act (FAM) yoteteza ana a sukulu. Koma magulu ambiri a a apolisi amalephera kulamulidwa ndi boma. Kuwonjezera apo, maboma ayenera kukonza nkhani za kutha pamene malamulo a boma kapena malamulo apolisi a mzinda akutsutsana ndi lamulo la boma.

Mitundu Yofala ya Chidziŵitso cha Apolisi Yoikidwa ndi Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo a boma amafotokoza nkhani zosiyanasiyana zokhudza nkhani zachinsinsi ndiponso mavuto osiyanasiyana amene anthu amakumana nawo.

Chidziŵitso Chodziŵikirapo (PI)

Maboma ambiri amaletsa kutulutsa PII ngati ndi mbali ya mafaketi a apolisi, makamaka kwa anthu amene anazunzidwa, mboni, ndi achinyamata. Malamulo ena amaletsanso maadiresi a anthu ogwira ntchito kunyumba za anthu ndiponso nkhani zapabanja kuti apewe kuvutitsa ndi kuvutitsa anthu.

Mbiri ya Apandu

Mbiri ya upandu — kumangidwa, kuvomerezedwa, ndi kuikidwa m’malo — zimachitidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mayiko ambiri amachepetsa kupezeka kwa ma website osatsatira kugawidwa kapena kusaikidwa m’manja pambuyo pa nyengo. Olemba ntchito ndi eni malo sathanso kuwerenga mabuku olembedwa. Maboma khumi ndi limodzi amaletsa mawebusaiti oletsa kapena kuchotsa zithunzi akamaliza kulembedwa.

Mapazi Oyenda Patali ndi Mavidiyo a Thupi îCamera

Kubuka kwa makamera a bungwe la Thupi kwachititsa kuikidwa kwa lamulo la boma. Maboma ambiri amapanga kusaloledwa kwa malamulo a zolembedwa za anthu kaamba ka mitundu ina ya zokhalamo za anthu: m’nyumba zaumwini, kujambula achichepere, kusonyeza mikhole ya kuukiridwa, kapena kuvumbula chidziŵitso cha zamankhwala. Policis imasiyana pa nthaŵi imene ayenera kumasulidwa pambuyo pa chochitika chovuta ndi amene angaiwone (mamembala a banja, makomiti oyang’anira, anthu). Maboma ena amafuna kuti adziŵitse nkhani pamene alembedwa.

Zolembedwa za Kulankhulana

Apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhanitsa mafoni a mitengo, mauthenga, ndi mameseji kuchokera kwa onyumwiridwa, mikhole, ndi mboni. Malamulo ogwiritsa ntchito foni a boma amalamulira kutsekeredwa kwa njira za kulankhulana. Maboma ena amafuna chilolezo chonse cha kujambula; ena amalola chivomerezo chimodzi chogaŵiridwa. Kusungitsa lamulo la kusungidwa kwa kulankhulana ndi anthu (monga ngati chidziŵitso cha malo a maselo) amalamulidwa ndi bungwe la boma la Veld Commons Act, koma makhoti akhazikitsa zofunika zofunikira kaamba ka kujambula malo enieni.

Zimene Zimachitika Pamalo

Malamulo a boma amafunika kuonetsetsa kuti apolisi apeze mafoni am’manja, mafoni a m’galimoto, ndi malaisensi a galimoto, ndipo amafunika kuonetsetsa kuti apolisi adziwe malo amene alipo kapena azitha kugwiritsa ntchito malo otayako zinthu. Maboma ambiri amaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m’manja, matelegilamu, ndi kuchotsa munthu wina akachita umbanda kwa kanthawi kochepa ngati palibe amene wachitapo mlandu.

Malamulo Adziko Odziŵika: Zitsanzo Zachisawawa

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo achinsinsi a apolisi ofotokoza zinthu mwachinsinsi kapena atsopano amene amatumikira monga zitsanzo m’mayiko ena.

California

California Public Records Act (CPRA) yasinthidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti ilinganize kuonekera kwa maso ndi malo achinsinsi. Pambuyo pa 2018 “Kuunika ndi Kubisika . Malamulo, California amaletsa kulowa m'thupi la munthu amene amayembekezera kukhala yekha. Boma limaletsanso kutulutsidwa kwa zitseko za malonda ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kachidindo ka makamera a apolisi. California Consumerkhocy Act (CPA) siigwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji kukhazikitsa malamulo, koma mafotokozedwe ake aakulu a “chidziŵitso chaumwini . imaletsa kuyendetsa ntchito zamalonda achinsinsi amene akugwira ntchito ndi apolisi.

New York

Chivolm Rights Law ya New York י50pia inachotsedwa mu 2020, kutha zaka makumi ambiri zachinsinsi kaamba ka zolembedwa za apolisi za chilango. Tsopano, mbiri za kusadziletsa, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, ndi madandaulo zakhala zotseguka. Komabe, New York imaletsanso kutulutsidwa kwa thupi lokhala ndi mapazi omwe akadziŵitsa zikalata zachinsinsi kapena kuvumbula chidziŵitso cha zamankhwala chachinsinsi. “New York Accuracy Act” ya boma (ikuvomerezedwa) ikapatsa nzikazo zoyenera zamphamvu pa makompyuta apolisi, koma sinathebe kutha kutulukira.

Texas

Texas iri ndi mwambo wamphamvu. Act ya Its Public Information Act imafuna kuti zolembedwa za apolisi zidziŵike pokhapokha ngati kutsata koyenera. Zosiyana zimaphatikizapo chidziŵitso chimene chingadodometse kufufuza, kusokoneza munthu payekha, kapena kuika pangozi munthu. Texas imalamulanso kuti thupi la 76 cameragegee litulutsidwe patapita nthaŵi yomveka bwino pambuyo pa chochitika chovuta, chokhudza kubwerera m'mbuyo. Mu 2021, boma linaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa nkhope, kupempha chilolezo cha kuyang'anira kosalekeza.

Illinois

Illinois Bimet Information Act (BIPA) ndi limodzi la malamulo okhwima kwambiri m’dzikolo. Imafuna apolisi (ndi gulu lililonse la munthu) kuti avomereze zikalata asanatunge zidindo za zidindo, kuyang'anizira nkhope, kapena kujambula diso. . . Malamulo akakamiza madipatimenti a apolisi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwa nkhope ndi njira zodziŵira mikono.

Virginia

Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA) imapatsa nzika ufulu wa kulowa, kulondola, ndi kuchotsa chidziŵitso chaumwini chosungidwa ndi mabizinesi — koma chimaletsa kusungidwa kwa lamulo. Komabe, Virginia iri ndi malamulo ogawikana olamulira apolisi: imaletsa chidziŵitso cha pepala la pepala la meta laisensi ku masiku 7 kusiyapo ngati chikugwirizana ndi kufufuza kochitidwa mwachangu, ndipo imafunikira chilolezo cha malo a cellrāse . Mu 2022, Virginia inaletsanso kugwiritsira ntchito kwa kutchuka kwa nkhope m'kamera kusiyapo pansi pa mikhalidwe yopangika.

Mavuto Amene Amakhalapo Pochita Zinthu Mobisa za Apolisi

Kusamala zachinsinsi ndi malamulo kudakali kovuta kwambiri.

Kuona padera.

Malamulo a boma analinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti boma lidziimbidwa mlandu, koma kuvumbula kofala kwa chidziŵitso cha apolisi kungavulaze anthu, makamaka amene sanaikidwe mlandu. Maiko ena ayesa kulumikiza singanoyo mwa kupanga “zifuno zozikidwa pa [1] — kulola zifuno za mtolankhani kapena kufufuza koma kuletsa ntchito zamalonda. Ena amadalira pa kusinthika, koma kupeputsa kwa mabuku kuli kokwera mtengo ndi kolakwika ēprone.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo a Zipangizo

Zipangizo zatsopano monga makompyuta osakhala a anthu, a pulogalamu ya apolisi, ndi kuyang'anira za makompyuta a anthu, nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Malamulo a boma sayembekezera zida zimenezi. Mwachitsanzo, ndi mayiko ochepa amene amalamulira bwino kusonkhanitsa zinthu kuchokera ku ma apps achitatu (m'b., malo amene zinthu zimachokera kwa ofufuza zinthu mwaluso) kapena ku Intaneti ya zipangizo zamakono. Ochirikiza amaitanira kuti pakhale njira zachinsinsi zimene zimalunjikitsa luso la chidziŵitso ndi cholinga cha zinthu, osati chiwitso cha magetsi.

Milandu ya Khoti ndi Mafotokozedwe

Makhoti aakulu a boma amachita mbali yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba la California ku Long Beach Polices Association . City of Long Beach (2014) adaona kuti mafaleshoni a antchito satha kuulula mwangozi; ayenera kulembedwa. Ku Massachusetts, Supreme Judicial Court inagamula kuti apolisi satha kupeza chidziŵitso cha malo okhala popanda chilo, ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma panthaŵiyo silinafune kuti pakhalepo chimodzi. Zigamuzo zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti malamulo atulutse chigamutso cha malamulo oletsa malamulo.

Kugaŵana Zikalata Zotsutsa

Apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amadutsa m'mizere ya boma kupyolera m'madongosolo a chidziŵitso a m'chigawo (monga ngati Law Enigsterment Information Exchange). Boma lokhala ndi malamulo achinsinsi okhwima lingapeze kuti chidziŵitso chake chavumbulidwa m'boma ndi malamulo opotozedwa. Mapangano a Interstate ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mapangano a kuyesa kulongosola zimenezi, koma kusungitsa nkovuta. Programme Calment Justice Service Systems (CJIS) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chisungiko yochepera, koma simanyalanyaza malamulo a boma achinsinsi.

Ziyambukiro pa Kukakamiza Malamulo

Malamulo achinsinsi a boma amaika mtolo wokulira wogwira ntchito m’madipatimenti a apolisi. Makampani ayenera kuikizira madongosolo amene amayendetsa njira zofikira zinthu, kusunganso zolemba, ndi kupanga mitengo yoyendera. Oyang’anira maphunziro a zimene zingalembedwe, kusungidwa, ndi kugawiridwa ndi ena n’ngofunika — koma madipatimenti ambiri aang'ono alibe zipangizo zophunzitsira zinthu zonse.

Kupereka ndalama zowonjezereka kukhoza kukhala. vidiyo ya Body ābbamira imafunikira kusungidwa kodzipereka, ndipo maprogramu osintha zinthu kuti abise nkhope, malaisensi, ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini n’zokwera mtengo. Makampani amene sagwirizana ndi zimenezo angayang'anizane ndi milandu, kulephera kupereka ndalama, kapena kusakhulupirirana kwa anthu. Maboma ena akhazikitsa miyezo ya boma kuti achepetse mtolo umenewu, mwachitsanzo mwa kukonza ndandanda za thupi la merera para fam.

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto ameneŵa, malamulo omveka bwino amathandizanso kusungitsa malamulo. Pamene malamulo ali olondola, apolisi amadziŵa malire a kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chidziŵitso. Malamulo achinsinsi oikidwa bwino angachepetse upandu wa kutsenderezedwa kwa umboni, popeza kuti makhoti sanganyalanyaze chidziŵitso chopezedwa mogwirizana ndi malamulo omveka bwino. Malamulo opanga chidziŵitso amalimbitsanso chidaliro cha anthu, chimene chimatsutsa ntchito yogwira ntchito ya apolisi.

Mmene Nzika Zimakhudzira Ufulu Wawo ndi Zoyembekeza Zawo

Anthu ambiri sadziwa zimene apolisi amaphunzitsa zokhudza anthu amene achita nawo zinthu zowabisira kapena mmene angagwiritsire ntchito ufulu wawo. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wodziwa kuti thupi lawo ndi lopanda mphamvu yochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mayiko ena amalola anthu kupempha kuti adzipereke ngati ndi amene angochitika mwangozi; ena amalola munthu aliyense kuti apemphe kuti ayende, kuti asinthe.

Anthu amene agwidwa ndi upandu angadabwe kuti chidziŵitso chawo chaumwini — monga maadiresi, matenda, kapena tsatanetsatane wa nkhani — chidzadziŵika ngati chikawonekera m’lipoti la apolisi. maboma ambiri ali ndi makonzedwe otetezera mikhole ya PII, koma ochirikiza zimenezi samakakamiza nthaŵi zonse. chiwawa cha m’banja ndi opulumuka kuukiridwa kwa kugonana n’zosavuta kwambiri, ndipo maboma ambiri apereka chitetezo chapadera, monga maprogramu achinsinsi.

Nzika zilinso ndi kukhoza kochepa kwa kuwongolera chidziŵitso cholakwika. Ngati chivomerezo chamwazi chafalitsidwa pa Intaneti koma milanduyo yatha, munthuyo angafunikire kudalira pa malamulo a boma kuti achotse chithunzicho — njira yokwera mtengo ndi yanthaŵi. Mayiko ena tsopano amafuna kuti zichotsedwe m'mapepala a anthu akachotsa mlanduwo, koma kugonjera kwa ophwanya makompyuta n’kosemphana ndi mfundo.

Mikhalidwe Yamtsogolo ndi Malamulo

Malamulo a boma akupitirizabe kukhazikitsa ndi kukonza malamulo a apolisi a zachinsinsi.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Zopanga Maselo

Mayiko ambiri akuona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nkhope n’kothandiza kwambiri.

Luntha Lopanga ndi Kuneneratu za Kutsogolo

Zida za AI zimene zimaneneratu za zipsera za upandu kapena maupandu akupendedwa. Maboma angapo, monga New York ndi California, ayambitsa mapepala ofuna kuonekera ndi kupendedwa kwa maalamu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi apolisi. Malamulo ameneŵa angafune kuti madipatimenti aulule zodziŵira ndi njira zodziŵira zinthu ndi kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya chidziŵitso (m’mphindi, fuko kapena zochita za manyuzi) monga zoloŵetsera.

Kutchula Zinthu Zochepa ndi Kulephera Kuzikumbukira

Mayiko akufufuza mfundo zochepetsera mfundo za “data”. Kusonkhanitsa zinthu zofunika pa cholinga chovomerezeka ndi kuzichotsa mwamsanga. Mwachitsanzo, Colorado imachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimene zimapezeka pa laisensi ya pulogalamu ya munthu masiku 90 pokhapokha ngati filimuyo itakhala yofanana.

Chitsenderezo cha Federal ndi Kugwirizana kwa Dziko

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo achinsinsi a apolisi a boma akulephera kuchitika posachedwa, Dipatimenti ya Justice’s Office of Justice Programs ikupitiriza kukonzanso Criminal Justice Informations Security Policy. Maboma amene akufuna kutengamo mbali m'maprogramu opereka mphatso ayenera kugwirizana. Kuwonjezerapo, National Association of Chief Information Mapolisi akugwira ntchito pa dongosolo lachinsinsi la boma la kusungitsa lamulo, cholinga cha kuchepetsa kugaŵanika.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma onena za chinsinsi cha apolisi ndi chinsinsi ndi osiyana kwambiri. Zikusonyeza mikangano yaikulu yachikhalidwe yokhudza mmene angalinganizire chitetezo cha anthu, kuonekera kwa boma, ndi chinsinsi cha munthu aliyense. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo, kuyendetsa malo ameneŵa kumafuna maphunziro osalekeza, kuyendetsa zaluso, ndi malamulo omveka bwino. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira malamulo ameneŵa ndi sitepe loyamba la kutetezera ufulu wawo ndi kuchititsa apolisi kuŵerengera. Pamene luso la zopanga ndi kudziŵira anthu likukula, nyumba za malamulo za boma zidzapitiriza kukonza malamulo ameneŵa — kupanga mutu wa malamulo ofunika kwambiri m'chilungamo chamakono.

Kuti apitirizebe kudziŵa, oŵerenga angapeze zinthu monga Conference of State Legislatures ndi Tealog Teaner [FLT :1], [[FLT:] , Website ya boma ya ACLU] ya Kamera ya Kamera ndi malamulo ogwirizana ndi chidziŵitso cha apolisi. Zimenezi zimapereka mfundo yoyambira kufufuza kozama m'maseŵera a malamulo, luso la zopangapanga, ndi ufulu wa anthu ku United States.