Apolisi amalemba ndi kutsimikizira kuti ndi maziko a miyezo yaukatswiri yosungitsa malamulo ku United States. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti apolisi ali ndi maluso ofunika, chidziŵitso, ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino kutumikira zigawo zawo bwino lomwe ndi popanda ngozi. Pamene kuli kwakuti lingaliro la kulembedwa kwa mapepala nlonse, boma lililonse limakhazikitsa malamulo ake enieni olamulira chikalata choyamba, maphunziro opitirizabe, ndi njira zokonzanso. Kusintha kumeneku kumapanga malo ovuta kwambiri amene amakhudza mbali iliyonse ya ntchito, kuyambira pa ntchito ndi maphunziro a ku kuyang'anira ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Kumvetsa malamulo a boma ameneŵa n’kofunika kwambiri kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito, opanga malamulo, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika, ndi anthu omwe azichita chimodzimodzi.

Maziko a Chikalata cha Apolisi

Chikalata cha apolisi chikutanthauza kuvomerezedwa kwalamulo kuti munthu wafikira maphunziro ndi miyezo yochepera ya kuyenerera kutumikira monga woyang'anira lamulo. M'maiko ambiri, chikalata chimaperekedwa ndi mapulinsipulo a boma a mtendere ndi maphunziro (POST) kapena bungwe lofananalo. Mabungwe ameneŵa amakhazikitsa zofunika za maphunziro, kuyang'anira masukulu, ndi kusunga mapepala a audindo.

Chikalata chotsimikizira chikuyamba ndi kutha kwa programu ya maphunziro a boma. Maprogramu ameneŵa ndi ovuta, kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo nkhani zingapo monga ngati lamulo laupandu, njira zotetezera, zida, machitidwe a galimoto zangozi, malamulo, ndi maunansi a anthu. Maboma ambiri amafunanso oyembekezera kutsata mayeso a boma oyeza, kupima kwakuthupi, kupima maganizo, ndi kufufuza kwachindunji. Pamene zofunika zimenezi zakwaniritsidwa, ofisa amalandira chikalata chimene chimawalola kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za kumanga ndi kunyamula mfuti pamene ali pantchito.

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti chikalata si chochitika cha kamodzi. Asilikali ayenera kusunga chikalata chawo mwa kupitirizabe kutsatira miyezo ya boma, kuphatikizapo kutsimikizira kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kumene kumatsimikizira kuti iwo akugwira bwino ntchito. Kulephera kukwaniritsa miyezo imeneyi kungachotse kapena kuchotsa zikalata zolembedwa, kutha ntchito yosungitsa lamulo.

Kukula kwa Mbiri ndi Mbali ya Ntchito ya Olamulira a POST

Dongosolo lamakono la chikalata la apolisi linatulukira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1500 monga yankho ku nkhaŵa za maphunziro osasintha ndi kusoŵa kwa miyezo yaukatswiri. Pasadakhale m'ma 1960, maofesala ambiri analandira maphunziro ochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri anaphunzira ntchito pansi pa ofisala wa maphunziro a m’munda. Bungwe la Pulezidenti la Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1965) ndi lamulo la boma linalimbikitsa maboma kukhazikitsa maphunziro apakati ndi akuluakulu a boma.

Lerolino, maboma onse 50 ali ndi mtundu wina wa bungwe la POST kapena bungwe lofanana. Mabungwe ameneŵa amasiyana mwa olamulira: ena ali ndi mphamvu zolamulira, pamene ena ali ndi mphamvu zalamulo zokhazikitsa miyezo yovomerezeka ndi maofesala a chilango. Internationalpote Association of Jenersts of Enforcementdment Studies ndi Training (IADLCE) imapatsa dziko la ntchito imeneyi kuti igawale ndi kugwirira ntchito limodzi. IDALCS imasunganso National DecrectInglection (NDI), malo osungiramo zinthu zimene akuluakulu a boma atayako zikalata zawo m'dziko limodzi, kuthandiza kuwaletsa kulowa m'dziko lina.

Chikalata Choyambirira: Mbali za Magawo a Makoma

Kuphunzitsa Aphunzitsi

Malamulo a boma amalemba chiŵerengero cha maola ofunikira kaamba ka chikalata chachikulu. Maola ameneŵa amayambira pa maola 400 (m’maiko ena aang'ono) kufika pa maola oposa 1,000 (m’maiko monga New York ndi California). Mwachitsanzo, California Commission on Peace Government Service Office ndi Training (POST) imalamula maola 664 pa selo la Chester Basic, ngakhale kuti maadium ambiri amaposa chiŵerengerochi. New York imafuna pafupifupi maola 720, pamene Texas imalamula 660 kuti ayendere kosi yaikulu ya ukapitawombe wa anthu okhazikitsa mtendere.

Maphunziro ake amagaŵidwa m’mbali zingapo zazikulu:

  • Kuphunzitsa kwa Malamulo: lamulo la malamulo, njira za upandu, umboni, kufunafuna ndi kulanda, kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a mphamvu.
  • Maluso a kutentha: Kuyenerera, njira zodzitetezera, kuyendetsa, chithandizo choyamba / CPR.
  • Luso laumwini: Kuloŵerera kwa Tsoka, kuchotsa, kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe, maunansi a anthu.
  • Ndi umphumphu: Mkhalidwe wa Ulozansi, kuletsa ziphuphu, kuzindikira kotheratu tsankho.

Maboma ambiri amafunanso maphunziro opangidwa mwa zochitika 93 amene amayerekezera zochitika zenizeni za dziko lapansi, limodzinso ndi maola ochepa opita kukawombera mfuti ndi pophunzitsa oyendetsa galimoto.

Kupenda ndi Kupenda Makhalidwe a M’mbuyo

Pambuyo pomaliza maphunziro a sukulu, oyembekezera ayenera kupambana mayeso a boma olembedwa. Kupima kumeneku kumaphatikiza malamulo a chilango cha boma, malamulo a pamsewu, ndi malamulo alamulo. Maboma ena amaika mayeso otsatizana monga PORST Stangen Leaunt Enfossicment Teactive Bettery (Pelce TB) . Kuphatikiza apo, ofunsira angafunikire achita kafukufuku wozama amene amaphatikizapo mbiri ya upandu, kupenda kwa ngongole, kujambula kwa dalaivala, ndi kufunsa kwa olembapo ndi olemba ntchito akale. Kufufuza ndi makompyuta a zamankhwala kulinso koyenera kuchitika.

Kusiyana kwa Malamulo Opereka Zitsimikizo

Zinthu zimenezi zingakhudze mmene msilikali angapezere ntchito mwamsanga, mtengo wa maphunziro, ndiponso kupezeka kwa umboni ngati wapolisi asamukira ku boma lina.

California

Programu ya POST ya California ndi imodzi ya njira yofala koposa m'dzikolo. Njira yoyamba ya kusindikiza imakhala yolimba, ndipo maofesala ayenera kumaliza nyengo ya kuyembekezera kwa miyezi yoposa 18 pambuyo pa kumaliza maphunziro. Panthaŵiyi, amagwira ntchito pansi pa woyang'anira ntchito yophunzitsa ndipo ayenera kuwonjezera kupenda. California alinso ndi zofunika zopitiriza za maphunziro za maola 24 zaka ziŵiri zirizonse, ndi nkhani zofunikira monga ngati kuletsa fuko ndi chiwawa chapanyumba.

Texas

Bungwe la Texas Commission on Law Enircement (TCOLE) limakhazikitsa miyezo ya zikalata. Texas imaimira kufunikira kwake kwa chaka ndi chaka: maofesala ayenera kumaliza maola 40 a maphunziro opitirizabe (amatchedwa “40 039 ° C.) chaka chilichonse. Maphunziro ameneŵa akuphatikizapo nkhani zowawitsa monga kupikisana kwa chikhalidwe, ndi kuzindikira thanzi la anthu. Texas alinso ndi dongosolo la madeksijijini otsa, lolola nduna za mtendere kufikitsa kapena matchulidwe apamwamba mwa maphunziro ndi chidziŵitso chowonjezereka.

Illinois

Illinois amalamulira kuchepa kwa maola 660 a maphunziro ofunika. Kachitidwe ka kulembedwanso kwa boma kamaphatikizapo kubwereramo kwa cholembera cha ofisala. Ngati bwana wakhala mutu wa madandaulo osalekeza kapena machitidwe opereka chilango, boma lingafunikire kuphunzitsidwa kowonjezereka kapena kukana kukonzedwanso. Illinois imafunikiranso kubwereranso kwa maganizo kwa maofesala m'zaka zisanu zirizonse.

New York

New York imafunikira maola 720 a maphunziro ofunika. Boma liri ndi “chikalata chapadera chapadera” cha apolisi ogwira ntchito m'magulu onga narcatic kapena SWAT. Ku New York chimaphatikizapo kumaliza maola 40 a maphunziro mu gguservice zaka ziŵiri zilizonse, limodzinso ndi mfuti za pachaka. Bomalo lilinso ndi “Kulimba mtima kwa Ophunzira Onse” kofunikira kwa akuluakulu a zachuma a pasukulu.

Florida

Chikalata chotchedwa Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission chikufuna kuti aphunzire kwa maola 770. Ku Florida kumaphatikizapo kumaliza maphunziro 40 zaka zinayi zilizonse, kuphatikizapo nkhani zokakamiza monga kugulitsa ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Florida imafunanso kuti akuluakulu a boma adzipindulitsenso m’maganizo zaka 10 zilizonse.

Maboma ena, monga Ohio, Michigan, ndi Washington, ali ndi magawo awoawo apadera a maola a kuphunzitsa, nyengo zokonzanso, ndi zofunika zapadera.

State Basic Training Hours Recertification Cycle Continuing Education Required Unique Feature
California 664+ Every 2 years 24 hours 18‑month probationary period
Texas 660 Annually 40 hours per year Tiered certification levels
Illinois 660 Every 3 years 40 hours per cycle Disciplinary record review
New York 720 Every 2 years 40 hours Specialized certifications
Florida 770 Every 4 years 40 hours Psych evaluation every 10 years

Note: Maola ndi zofunika zimasintha. Nthaŵi zonse funsani bungwe la boma la POST kaamba ka miyezo yamakono.

Kupezanso Chikalata: Kuyesetsa Kukhalabe

Kulembanso zikalata, kumatchedwanso kuti kukonzanso kapena kukonzanso zikalata, ndi njira imene apolisi amasonyezera kuti akupitiriza kukwaniritsa miyezo yofunikira kuitumikira. Pafupifupi mayiko onse amafuna kuti nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi alembenso chikalatacho, ngakhale kuti nthawi ndi zofunika zake zimasiyanasiyana.

Kupitiriza Maola a Maphunziro

Chiyeneretso chofala kwambiri chotsimikizira chija ndicho kumaliza maphunziro opitirizabe. Maphunziro ameneŵa alinganizidwira kukonzanso maofesala pa malamulo atsopano, kubuka kwa machitachita abwino, ndi zoyembekezeredwa za anthu. Ambiri amalamula kuti mbali ya CE ikhale m'mbali za nkhani zodziŵika monga:

  • Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kuchotsa mphamvu m’thupi
  • Kukondera ndi kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe
  • Kusokonezeka maganizo
  • Kumenyana m’banja ndi kugwiriridwa
  • Makhalidwe ndi umphumphu
  • Kukonza galimoto mwadzidzidzi

Mayiko ena amakhazikitsa malire a gulu lililonse. Mwachitsanzo, California imafunikira maola aŵiri akuphunzira za kukonzanso fuko ndi maola aŵiri a chiwawa cha m’banja pa nyengo iliyonse. Texas imalamula maola 4 a maphunziro a depiascation pachaka.

Magulu a Moto Ngofunika

Maboma onse amafuna kuti ayesedwe ndi mfuti zawo zapantchito nthaŵi zonse, makamaka kamodzi kapena kaŵiri pachaka.

Kupima Kuyenera Kwathupi

Maboma ambiri akuphatikiza miyezo ya kulimbitsa thupi m'zikalata. Pamene kuli kwakuti maulamuliro ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya Cooper kapena malamulo ofanana ndi ameneŵa, kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwake kumasiyana. Mayiko ena amafuna kuti ayesedwe kuti akhale ndi thupi labwino poyambirira, pamene ena amalamula kuti apendenso nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Mwachitsanzo, New Jersey ikufuna kuti akakhale nduna zopimira pachaka poyesa malinga ndi miyezo ya apolisi a boma.

Kupima Madokotala ndi Maganizo

Mayiko ena amafunika mayeso a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ndi kupima maganizo kuti atsimikizire kuti akuluakulu a boma ali oyenerera ntchito. Florida imalamula kuti pa zaka 10 zilizonse Illinois achotse maganizo. Illinois amafuna kuti apolisi amene akhudzidwa ndi zochitika zowopsya, monga ngati mkulu wa asilikali wowombera mfuti. Kupenda kumeneku kumathandiza kuzindikira nkhani zonga ngati kupsinjika maganizo kochititsa kuti asokoneze maganizo.

Chikalata Chotsimikizira Kuti Uli ndi Udindo

Kubisa ndi kuchotsa chikalata cha ukaidi, chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimachititsidwa ndi kusadziletsa kwakukulu kapena kusayenerera. Malamulo a boma amalongosola maziko a kuchotsedwa kwa chikalata, chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimaphatikizapo:

  • Kukhulupirira kuti pali chigaŵenga kapena zolakwa zina
  • Kusaona mtima, kuphatikizapo kunama kapena kunama
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopambanitsa
  • Chiwerewere
  • Kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena mowa mopitirira muyeso
  • Kulephera kumaliza maphunziro operekedwa

Njira ya kuchotsa chikalata imaphatikizapo kumvetsera pamaso pa bungwe la boma, kumene ofesala angapereke umboni ndi kutsutsa zinenezozozo. Maboma ena ali ndi oweruza alamulo kapena zigamulo zimene zimapanga chosankha chomaliza. National Decrective Relassigment Memocy (NCDD) yosungidwa ndi IADLEST imalola maboma kugawana chidziŵitso chotsimikizira, kuletsa maofesala kupita ku boma lina ndi kupeza chikalata cha nambala yawo ya mbiri ya kulapa.

Mavuto Amene Amakhalapo Pokana Zikalata Zoti Anthu Azilandira

Chitokoso chimodzi chachikulu nchakuti si maboma onse amene ali ndi malamulo okhwima oletsa zikalata. Mayiko ena amangochotsa chikalata cha zigamulo zaupandu, kuwasiya ofesala amene amachita chisembwere chimene sichimatulukapo. Kuwonjezera apo, kusoŵeka kwa kuchuluka kwa dziko m'zolembedwa kumatanthauza kuti mkulu wa asilikali wochotsedwa m’boma limodzi angapezebe chikalata mu boma lina kusiyapo ngati bomalo likufufuza mwachindunji NDI. Monga 2025, pafupifupi maboma 30 amagwiritsira ntchito NDI mobwerezabwereza, pamene kuli kwakuti ena sagwiritsa ntchito.

Kuphana ndi Kubwezera

Maofesala a malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amasamuka pakati pa mayiko, kaya pa zifukwa zaumwini kapena kuti alandire malo atsopano. Komabe, zikalata za boma sizimangosintha. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi njira yotchedwa “kutsimikizira mwa kukonzanso zinthu. ”

Maboma ena amasinthasintha ngati amaliza maphunziro a mkuluyo. Ena amafuna kuti akuluakulu a boma akwaniritse “kosi ya pulogalamu ya projekiti . California sapereka mayeso onse a boma. Maboma ochepa amafuna kuti apolisi ayeseze kapena kumaliza maphunziro a m’munda. Mwachitsanzo, Texas amalola kuti apolisi azichitanso ntchito yawo yapamwamba kuchokera ku makampani ofanana ndi mayeso, koma amafunikira kuti apereke mayeso a jurisprudence . California sapereka mayeso a kukonzanso mayeso a boma lonse; kutuluka mu Nsondoaaaglo ayenera kumaliza njira yokwanira ya POST pokhaposera kuti ayese makompyuta ena.

IDRALS yapanga chitsanzo cha lamulo la National Endorcement Crective limene likapanga chitsimikiziro chonyamulika, choyenerera. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira imeneyi yapeza chigawo chapadera, sinavomerezedwe m’dziko lonse chifukwa cha nkhaŵa za ulamuliro wa boma ndi mtengo wa kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusoŵeka kwa njira yalamulo yapadziko lonse imene kaŵirikaŵiri apolisi odutsa m’mizere ya boma amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu za ulamuliro ndi kuchedwa.

Kutsatira Malamulo a Boma pa Lamulo

Mapindu a Miyezo Yolimba

Mayiko okhala ndi zikalata zambiri zolembedwa ndi kulembedwanso kolembedwa bwino amachititsa maphunziro abwinopo, maofesala odziŵa bwino. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti maphunziro ofunikira kupitiriza m'nkhani zonga ngati degradescation ndi kukondera koonekeratu kumachepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa zochitika za project ndi madandaulo a nzika.

Mavuto a Kutha kwa Banja

Kumbali ya kulephera, kusiyana kwakukulu m'malamulo a boma kungayambitse mavuto. Dipatimenti ya sheriff m'boma lotsika ingapereke maofesala osaphunzitsidwa bwino, kuchititsa mathayo owonjezereka ndi mayanjano a anthu ofooka. Kusoŵa kwa mafomu a usilikali a chipani chimodzi kumatanthauza kuti woyang'anira ntchito wochotsedwa m'boma wina angapeze ntchito mosavuta. Vutoli lalembedwa ndi atolankhani ofufuza ndipo latsogolera kupempha miyezo ya boma kapena kugwirizana kwamphamvu kwa boma.

Mtengo ndi Mtolo Wolemera

Kwa mabungwe, kusunga malamulo a kusintha kwa boma kuli ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Mabungwe aang'ono okhala ndi antchito a HR opereŵera angavutike kutsimikizira kuti zikalata, mafaelo ophunzitsa, ndi kukonzanso masiku adakalipo. Mabungwe ambiri tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito njira zoyendetsera zinthu za pa magetsi, monga zija zoperekedwa ndi mphamvu kapena mapulatifomu ofanana, ku kutsata ndandanda ya oyendetsa galimoto. Komabe, madongosolowa amafunikira kusungitsa ndi kuphunzitsidwa.

Zotsatirapo Zamtsogolo za Zikalata Zolembedwa ndi Kulembedwanso

Zotsatirapo zingapo zikuumba mtsogolo mwa malamulo a apolisi. Chimodzi ndicho kugogomezera kowonjezereka pa thanzi la maganizo ndi ubwino. Kuyankha kukwera kwa zochitika za apolisi odzipha ndi kupsinjika maganizo zochitika, monga Colorado ndi Washington tsopano zimafuna macheke a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi a maganizo monga mbali ya kulembedwanso. Chizoloŵezi china ndicho kuwonjezeka kwa maphunziro okakamiza m'madera onga ngati kuzindikira, kugulitsa anthu, ndi kukonza chilungamo.

Zipangizo zamakono zimachitanso mbali. Zomwe zikuchitikadi (VR) zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mayiko ena kuwonjezera maphunziro a mwambo. VR imalola maofesala kuyeseza njira zothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito maluso obwerezabwereza popanda mavuto a moyo a kuseŵera . Oyang'anira a POST akufufuza ngati kugwiritsa ntchito VR kukhoza kuwonjezera maphunziro.

Pomalizira, kukakamiza miyezo ya dziko kukupitirizabe. Internationaloperation Association of Highs of Police (IACP) [1] ndi mabungwe ena achirikiza maziko a zifuno zachiweruzo zimene maboma onse angazilandire. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma akhazikitsidwa m'Congress, sanapititse patsogolo kuposa komiti. Zoyesayesa za boma, zonga kupangidwa kwa mabungwe a chigawo kaamba ka kukonzanso, zingakhale zenizeni kwambiri m'nthaŵi yapafupi.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma olamulira zikalata za apolisi ndi zikalata n’zofunika kutsimikizira kuti apolisi ali oyenerera, oyenerera, ndi oŵerengera. Pamene kuli kwakuti mbali zazikuluzo ndizo , kufufuza, ndi maphunziro opitirizabe . Nzofala m’dziko lonselo, zofunika zodziŵika bwino zikusiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku boma limodzi mpaka lina. Kusiyana kumeneku kumasintha zinthu kuyambira pa mtundu wa apolisi mpaka kukhoza kwa nduna kupita pakati pa maulamuliro. Pamene zoyembekezeredwa za lamulo zikupitirizabe kusinthika, maboma adzafunikira kulinganiza kusinthika ndi mapindu a kugwirizanitsa ndi kubwezera mlandu. Tsopano, kukhalabe odziŵitsidwa ponena za makampani ndi malamulo a boma lililonse kumakhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri kwa makampani, apolisi, ndi anthu amene amagwira ntchito.