Kumvetsetsa Kutha kwa Dziko ndi Kulira: Chitsogozo cha Boma Pachokha

Malo alamulo ochotsera mafashoni a upandu ku United States ndi ntchito yotsatizana ya malamulo a boma, malamulo a khoti, ndi njira zauyang'aniro. Pamene kuli kwakuti mawuwo "kusintha kwa lamulo" amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosinthasinthana, amaimira machiritso alamulo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi ziyambukiro zosiyanasiyana pa mbiri ya munthu. Kwa anthu ofuna kuyambanso pambuyo pa kumangidwa kapena kutsimikiza, kusintha kumeneku nkofunika.

Kuthetsa ndi kutchula: Kumasulira Mawu

Kupumula kwenikweni kumatanthauza kuwonongedwa kapena kuchotsedwa kwa mafaelo a upandu ku khoti ndi ku ndandanda ya malamulo. Akangowachotsa, mbiri imaonedwa ngati kuti siinakhaleko, ndipo mabungwe ambiri a anthu ndi achinsinsi sangathe kuipeza. M'mayiko ambiri, anthu angayankhe mwalamulo "no" akafunsidwa za chitsimikizo chochotsedwa pantchito kapena kufunsira nyumba.

Kupereka lamulo la mbiri ya upandu kumaletsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mbiriyo koma sikumaithetsa kotheratu. Cholembedwacho chidakalipo kwa mabungwe ena a boma, kusungitsa lamulo, ndipo nthaŵi zina ma pulatifomu operekera lamulo. Nthaŵi zambiri chimaphatikizapo lamulo la khoti limene limaletsa kutulutsidwa kwa mbiriyo kusiyapo pansi pa mikhalidwe yotsimikizirika, monga ngati kupima kwa kumbuyo kaamba ka chitetezo kapena kugula mfuti.

Maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito njira yopimira, kumene zolembedwa zimatsekedwa poyamba ndipo kenaka kuwonongedwa kokha pambuyo pa nyengo yodikira. zina zimalola kusindikiza milandu ina pamene zikufunikira kuchotsapo ina yaing’ono. Kumvetsetsa mankhwala amene alipo m’manja mwanu ndiko sitepe loyamba lofunika.

Kusintha Kwakukulu kwa Boma m’Kuchotsedwa ndi Malamulo Osinthana

California – Kutha kwa Chilango Pansi pa Khonsati 1203.4

California amalola anthu kupempha kuti achotse chitsimikizo atamaliza kuyesedwa. Njirayo sizimafafaniza zonse zimene zalembedwazo; m’malo mwake, imatchulanso chitsimikizocho monga “chosatsimikizirika. [1] Komabe, mbiriyo idakali yoonekabe kwa osungitsa lamulo ndipo ikhoza kulingaliridwa m'machitidwe aupandu amtsogolo. Kumangidwa komwe sikunatsogolere ku chigamulo, lamulo la California limapereka njira yosiyana yosindikizira mafaelo a kumanga. Makamaka, California silola kuchotsedwa kwa makampani aakulu, kuphatikizapo milandu yachiwawa ndi milandu ya kugonana yofuna kulembetsa kwa moyo wonse.

New York – Kufalitsa Nkhani za Apandu

Malamulo osindikizira a New York ali pakati pa malamulo opita patsogolo kwambiri. Pansi pa Criminal Procedure Law Part 160.59, anthu oimbidwa mlandu wa olakwa ena ndi mabwinja angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsekera zolembedwa zawo pambuyo pa nyengo ya zaka 10 yoyembekezera kuchokera pa deti la chitsimikizo kapena kumasulidwa kundende. Lamulolo limachotsa milandu yaikulu monga ngati maupandu achiwawa, milandu ya kugonana, ndi kuphwanya malamulo a gulu la A. Kuwonjezerapo, New York imalola kusindikiza mapepala a akaidi amene anatha kuchotsedwa kapena kuchotsedwa. Chikalatacho chikufuna kuyenda m'khoti pamene chigamulo chinachitikira, ndipo woweruzayo amayesa njira zotero monga kuteteza anthu onse ndi kukonza.

Kuchoka ku Texas Kukafika Kumene Kulibenso Mavuto

Texas imasiyanitsa pakati pa [[FLT: 0] kutsekereza, kuphatikizapo kuchotsedwa, kukhululukidwa, kapena kumene munthu anakhululukidwa. ndi mankhwala aakulu amene angasindikize mafashoni [kutumiza] [kutsegulira]. Mapanganowa alipo makamaka chifukwa cha kumangidwa komwe sikunachititsa kumangidwa, kuphatikizapo kuchotsedwa, kukhululukidwa, kapena kumene munthu anakhululukidwa. Ali mankhwala owonjezera amene angasungire mafale olakwika ndi ena oteretsa pambuyo pa nyengo yodikira. Lamulo la Texas lapanga dongosolo lokhala ndi nthaŵi yoyamba ya machimo otsika pang'ono: olakwa kwa "drolation offoiontion" popanda nthaŵi ina yoyembekezera, pamene kuli kwakuti pa zaka zisanu zoyembekezera kuyembekezera. Depale la Saclation of the Revitionstion of the Resociation Resources.

Illinois – Chitsanzo cha Kutha kwa Chiwopsezo

Lamulo la Illinois (730 ILCS 5/5-52) limapereka kuchotsedwa kwa zolembedwa za kumanga ndi kusindikiza za chigamulo. Zolemba zaukapolo zingachotsedwe kaŵirikaŵiri pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa, kukhululukidwa, kapena ngati lamulo la kulephera kwa zinthu. Kuzengedwa kwa zikhululukiro kumakhalapo kaamba ka zolakwa zambiri ndi mafesi ambiri pambuyo pa nyengo ya kuyembekezera pa zaka zitatu kapena 7 zikudalira pa mlanduwo). Maupandu osakanizidwa amaphatikizapo maupandu achiwawa, milandu ya kugonana, ndi DuIllinois. Illinois amalolanso kuchotsa mwamsanga mafalensi a anthu amene anamangidwa koma sanaidwepo. Kachitidweko kamaphatikizapo kulembetsa chikalata cha khoti la dera ndi bwalo lamilandu ndi kuyang'mbuyo kwa boma la Illinois .

Kubwezeretsedwa Kochepa kwa Florida

Florida silola kuchotsedwa kapena kuikidwa chisindikizo cha zolembedwa za chikhulupiriro kusiyapo kokha pansi pa mikhalidwe yochepa kwambiri. Mmalomwake, boma limapereka "Kuperekedwa Kwake kwa Kupambana" kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Lamulo ya Florida, kutsatiridwa ndi lamulo la khoti kusindikiza kapena kuchotsapo mafaelo. Maupandu opimidwa amaletsedwa kumangidwa popanda kugamulidwa, kapena milandu yochepa pambuyo pa nyengo yoyembekezera. Florida imachotsa poyera mbiri ya upandu kaamba ka mlandu uliwonse wa kulangidwa ndi kuikidwa m’ndende kwa chaka chimodzi. Bomalo limaletsanso kusindikiza chisindikizo choposa cholembedwa chimodzi chaupandu.

Michigan – Ntchito Yoyera

Michigan anadutsa Clean Slate Act mu 2020, kupangitsa kuchotsa kwachibadwa milandu ina yaing'ono, yopanda chiwawa pambuyo pa nyengo yoyembekezera. Manual diclation (pemphona) idakalipobe kwa ena. Lamulolo limabisa zikhulupiriro ziŵiri ndi zolakwika zosalekeza, kuchotsapo kuswa malamulo a pamsewu ndi ziwawa zachiwawa. Kuchotsa kwachibadwa kumachitika pambuyo pa zaka 5 kapena 7 popanda zikhulupiriro zatsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso cha Michigan State Police.

Mayiko Ena Odziŵika

  • Pennsylvania: Imapereka chisindikizo cha zilembo zopakidwa mwa dala kaamba ka zilembo zolakwika pambuyo pa zaka 10 zopanda zitsimikizo zina. Mabuku alipo kaamba ka kusakhala kwa ogwirizana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Shashington:[[FLT :1] Amalola zikhulupiriro zotsutsa zikhoterero za anthu ambiri olakwa ndi mabwinja pambuyo pa nyengo yodikira. Khoti lingapereke chikalata chotulutsa chimene chimasindikiza cholemberacho.
  • Georgia: Malo ochotsera zolembedwa za kumanga pa malo osakhala osonkhanira okha. Zolemba zotsimikizira sizingachotsedwe, koma milandu ina ya nthaŵi yoyamba ingaletsedwe kwa anthu.
  • Colado :[[FLT :1] Chaposachedwapa kufutukulidwa kwa kusindikiza chizindikiro kwa mabwinja ena opanda chiwawa, ndi nyengo yofunikira kuyembekezera kwa zaka zosachepera zisanu pambuyo pa kutsekedwa.

Njira Yopeŵera Maboma Onse

Ngakhale kuti mfundo zimasiyana, maboma ambiri amagaŵana zofunika za kukhala ndi moyo:

  • [[MTL:0] Kumaliza chigamulo: Kuphatikiza kuyesedwa, kubwezeredwa, faindi, ndi kubwezera.
  • Palibe milandu yaupandu yoyembekezera: Muyenera kuchotsedwapo kumangidwa kapena kumangidwa kwatsopano kulikonse.
  • Nyengo yoyembekezera: Chiŵerengero chotchulidwa cha zaka pambuyo pa chitsimikizo, kumasulidwa ku kumangidwa, kapena kumalizidwa.
  • mtundu wa Offense: maupandu achiwawa, milandu ya kugonana, ndi DU IS imachotsedwa pafupifupi padziko lonse.
  • Chiŵerengero cha zikhulupiriro: Maiko ambiri amachepetsa unyinji wa zolembera zimene zingakhomereze kusindikiza kapena kutsekedwa m'moyo wonse.

Mayiko ena, monga California ndi New York, amaganiziranso za mmene munthu angathandizire kuti asinthe moyo wake, monga mbiri ya ntchito, makalata ovomereza ntchito, ndi ntchito za m’dera.

Ma v , kupempha

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa zaka zaposachedwapa ndiko kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kogwiritsa ntchito pochotsa zinthu. Pansi pa madongosolo ongochitika okha, bungwe la boma limadziŵikitsa mafashoni oyenerera popanda kufuna munthu kukonza pepala. Michigan, Pennsylvania, ndi Utah kanachititsa zimenezi. Kuchotsako kumachepetsa zopinga monga kulipira ndalama zoikidwiratu, chithandizo chalamulo, ndi kuonekera kwa khoti. Komabe, madongosolo opanga zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi nyengo zoyembekezera ndi kubisa milandu yaing'ono chabe. Kwa maupandu aakulu koma osaopsa, pempho lamanja limakhalabe lofunika.

Zimene Angachite: Yendani Panjira

Pezani Mbiri Yanu ya Upandu

Pemphani kope lovomerezeka la mbiri yanu ya upandu ku malo apakati a boma (mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ku California, Division of Criminal Justice Services for New York). Cholembedwachi chidzandandalika kumangidwa ndi kuvomerezedwa kulikonse, kuphatikizapo kuja kumene kuyenera kukhala kunachotsedwa kapena kuchotsedwapo kalelo.

2. Kutsimikizira Kuti Mukhoza Kudziteteza

Onani ngati mlandu wanu uli woyenerera, kaya pali nyengo zofunikira zoyembekezera, ndi kaya muli ndi zinthu zilizonse zosayenerera monga kumangidwa kwatsopano kapena kulipiriridwa.

3. Mafaelo ndi Chifuno Kapena Chitsanzo

M'maboma ozikidwa pa pembedzero, muyenera kutumiza pempho lachindunji ndi khoti limene linasamalira mlandu wanu. Pempholo likuphatikizapo tsatanetsatane wa mlanduwo, chikalata cha kuchiritsa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kubwerera ku malipiro ngati muli wopeputsa. Mayiko ena (m., New York) amafuna kuti ayende okha kuti asindikize chisindikizo atachita kuganiziridwa, pamene ena (m’jek., Illinois) akugwiritsira ntchito mtundu umodzi wosindikizira ndi kuchotsa.

4 Muzifufuza kwa Oweruza

M’mayiko ambiri, woimira boma angalembe chikalata chotsutsa mlandu wanu, makamaka ngati muli ndi chizolowezi chobwezera mlandu wanu.

Kuzenga Milandu (Ngati N’kofunika)

Woweruzayo akaweruzidwa, angakufunseni za ntchito imene muli nayo, mmene zinthu zilili m’banja lanu, ndi mmene mungayendere kuti mubwezeretsere. Woweruzayo ali ndi ulamuliro wosankha m’mayiko ena kuti akana pempholo ngakhale ngati mukugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

6. Lamulo la Bwalo la Milandu ndi Chidziŵitso

Ngati khoti livomerezedwa, limapereka lamulo la kuchotsa kapena kusindikiza. Makope ayenera kutumizidwa ku mabungwe onse amene amasunga zolembedwazo, kuphatikizapo kusungitsa malamulo, makhoti, ndi makampani ofufuza malo amodzi.

Chiyambukiro cha Kuchotsedwa ndi Kuulutsidwa

Ntchito ndi Nyumba

Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti anthu amene ali ndi mbiri ya upandu sangakhale ndi mwayi wopatsidwa ntchito. Kuchotsa kapena kusindikiza kuchotsa manyazi a anthu ndipo kumakulolani kuyankha mwachidaliro “kufunsa za upandu wanu wakale pa maseŵero ambiri a ntchito. M'mayiko amene muli malamulo amphamvu oletsa kuphwanya malamulo, olemba ntchito safuna kufunsa za mapepala otsekedwa kapena ochotsedwa. Akuluakulu a nyumba angagwiritsenso ntchito macheketi a malo akumbuyo; mapepala olembedwa bwino angatsegule nyumba ndi mapulogalamu a pulogalamu a pulogalamu a anthu onse.

Maphunziro ndi Layisensi

Kulemba kapena kuchotsa mbiri kungachotse chopinga cha kupeza laisensi ya ukatswiri. Ndiponso, makoleji ndi mayunivesite kaŵirikaŵiri amafunsa za mbiri ya upandu pa mafomu; cholembedwa cholembedwa cholembedwacho sichifunikira kuulutsidwa.

Ufulu wa Kusuta Zifuko ndi Kusamuka

Kuchotsa sikumabwezeretsa ufulu wa mfuti mwadala m'maboma onse. Malamulo a Federal amaletsa kukhala ndi anthu opezedwa ndi mlandu wa chilango cha chaka chimodzi; kuchotsa lamulo la boma sikungachotse chiletso cha boma. Mofananamo, zotulukapo za kusamuka nzovuta: Kuchotsa chigamulo cha boma sikumathetsa mfundo ya kutsimikiza kwa zifuno za kusamuka. Osakhala a boma ayenera kufunsira loya wa dziko asanafune kuchotsa boma.

Mavuto ndi Zolephera

Zolakwa Zosakhudzidwa

Pafupifupi boma lirilonse limachotsapo zigaŵenga zachiwawa, milandu ya kugonana, ndi kuzembetsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa pa kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito. Maiko ena amachotsanso DUIS (m’chitsanzo, Texas, Florida). Kuwonjezerapo, mambiri a kumangidwa amene sanatsogolere ku chitsimikizo kaŵirikaŵiri amachotsedwa kotheratu, koma kachitidweko kangafunikirebe kachitidwe ka khoti.

Kutaya Mtengo ndi Kupeza Uphungu

Malipiro a ndalama zopitira ku makampani akhoza kukhala madola 50 mpaka 400 pa fomu imodzi. Ena amalipira ndalama zowabera anthu osadziŵa ntchito, koma njirayo ingafunikirebe ndalama zopimira (kaŵirikaŵiri $20-50). Kwa anthu amene sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo okha, kulembetsa loya ndalama zokwana $500-$2,000. Mabungwe a malamulo ongopereka chithandizo nthaŵi zina amapereka zipatala zaulere.

Maboma Apezanso Mwapang’onopang’ono

Ngakhale atatseka kapena kuchotsa, kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo achitika, mabungwe oika anthu malo, ndi maloya angapitirizebe kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, apolisi a FBI ndi a boma angaonebe zolembedwa zosindikizidwa kuti apeze mayankho a milandu ya upandu. Mayeso a kumbuyo a za chitetezo ndi mafomu olemba za mfuti kaŵirikaŵiri amavumbula zosindikizidwa kapena zochotsedwa.

Boma ndi Mabuku Olembedwa ndi Federal

Malamulo opatula boma samagwira ntchito pa zolembedwa za boma za upandu. Ngati muli ndi chigamulo cha boma, muyenera kupempha khoti la boma kumene munapezedwa ndi mlandu. Malamulo a boma ali ndi malire; zolembedwa zambiri za boma sizingachotsedwe, kungosindikizidwa m’mikhalidwe yachilendo.

Kutengeka ndi Zochita: Malamulo Oyera Okonzedwa Mwachangu

Chiŵerengero chomakula cha maboma chikudutsa Malamulo Oyeretsa amene amasunga kapena kuchotsa maofesi oyenerera popanda kufuna pempho. Michigan, Pennsylvania, California (pa milandu ina ya chamba yaing'ono), ndi Utah atsogolera gululi. Cholinga nchakuti achepetse mtolo wa oyang'anira makhoti ndi kupanga chithandizo choyenera. Komabe, madongosolo ongopanga zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri amatenga zaka zambiri kuti agwiritse ntchito, ndipo anthu angafunikirebe kupempha mwachiphamaso kaamba ka zolembera zakale. Msonkhano wa Malamulo a Stateslatures [1] Zochitika zimenezi.

Zopeka Zofala Ponena za Kuwonongedwa

Nthanthi: Kutaya zolembedwa zonse kumachotsapo.

M’mayiko ambiri, mashelufu a malamulo adakalipobe. Olemba ntchito amene amagwiritsa ntchito makampani oyendera macheke achinsinsi angawaonebe ngati sanasinthe, ngakhale kuti n’kulakwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mfundozo.

Nthanthi: Mungachotse cholembedwa chirichonse pambuyo pa nyengo yoyembekezera.

Mwachitsanzo, ku Texas, simungathe kubisa zoti munthu walakwa pa nkhani ya kugonana.

Nthanthi: Kuchotsa kuli kulinganiza kwa ukulu umodzi.

Boma lililonse lili ndi mapangidwe ake, nyengo zake za kudikira, ndi milandu yoyenerera . Njira imene imagwira ntchito ku California ingakhale yopanda chiyambukiro mu Florida. Nkofunika kwambiri kufunafuna ziŵiya za boma , zonga ngati LAwHelp. org / kaamba ka chidziŵitso chalamulo chaulere.

Njira Zothandiza Kuti Tipite Patsogolo

  1. Yamba ndi chitsogozo cha boma lanu. Mawebusaiti ambiri a khoti kapena maofesi a boma aumboni afalitsa kufupidwa kwa malamulo ochotsera zinthu.
  2. Kuphatikiza lipoti lanu lonse la mbiri ya upandu. Izi zilipo kuchokera kwa apolisi a boma kapena FBI (kujambula mikono). Zitsimikiziridwa kuti muli ndi chithunzi chonse cha zimene zifunikira kuchotsedwa.
  3. Check ya kulephera kwa kudzipangira chinthu choyamba. Ngati boma lanu lili ndi lamulo la kapepala kabwino, simungafunikire kujambula chilichonse. Yang'anirani ndi khoti kapena bungwe.
  4. Khonsani chipatala chalamulo chothandizira kapena loya. Ndalama zolipidwa ndi kufunsira kwa munthu kaŵirikaŵiri n’zotsika, ndipo malangizo angapeŵe zolakwa zokwera mtengo. Mabungwe ambiri a ma metal apereka mautumiki aulere aulere.
  5. Mapepala ofunika. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo makhoti, zolembedwa zopimira, umboni wa malipiro, ndi zilozero za mpambo.
  6. Fikani pembedzero mosamalitsa. Tsatirani mafomuwo bwino lomwe; chidziŵitso chosoŵa chingatulukepo kukana kapena kuchedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali.
  7. Tsatirani. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa lamulo la khoti, tsimikizirani kuti mulandire kope la chilolezo ndi kuti mabungwe onse adziŵitsidwa. Mungafunikirenso kufunsa makampani ofufuza zinthu achinsinsi kuti mukonzetse mbiri yanu.

Zinthu Zothandiza Kupeza Malangizo Ena

Kaamba ka chinenero cha boma chachindunji, chezerani [[FLT: 0] Komiti ya Chidziŵitso pa Cornell Law School kapena webusaiti ya boma. Ngati muli ndi zikhululukiro zambiri kumaiko osiyanasiyana, muyenera kuyang'ana ku malamulo a paleti yoyera [[FLT:] Community Alternations ku ntchito ya ndende [.

Kuchotsa mbiri ya upandu kuli njira yalamulo yopezeranso moyo wopanda mthunzi wa zolakwa zakale. Pamene kuli kwakuti njirayo imasiyanasiyana mokulirapo ndi boma ndi mlandu, chikhoterero chomakula cha kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa magetsi ndi kufalikira kwa lamulo la anthu chimene chimazindikira kufunika kwa mayeso achiŵiri. Kaya kupyolera mwa fomu wamba kapena programu ya boma yodzifunira, kumvetsetsa kutsenderezedwa ndi kutsekedwa kwa malamulo a boma lanu kuli sitepe loyamba la kubwezeretsa mtsogolo mwanu.