Table of Contents
Makhoti a boma ndiwo maziko a dongosolo la milandu la ku America, kuyang'anira nkhani zambiri za malamulo zimene zimabuka ku United States. Milandu yambiri imagamulidwa m’makhoti aang'ono, ponse paŵiri a boma ndi a boma. Kumvetsetsa mmene makhoti ameneŵa amalinganizidwira, amene amatumikiramo, ndi ntchito zimene amachita nzofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kuyendetsa malamulo kapena kungozindikira mmene chilungamo chimayendetsera pamlingo wa boma. Mlandu womveka ameneyu amafufuza za malamulo ocholoŵana a boma, ntchito za akuluakulu a khoti osiyanasiyana, ndi udindo uliwonse wa khoti.
Maziko a Makhoti
Makhoti a boma amakhazikitsidwa kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo a boma lililonse. Mosiyana ndi makhoti a boma, amene amapatsidwa ulamuliro ndi Mfundo III ya Malamulo a U.S., makhoti a boma amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo ndi malamulo opangidwa ndi maboma awo. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti pamene madongosolo a khoti a boma ali ndi mbali zambiri zofanana, boma lililonse lapanga kapangidwe kalo kapadera ka chiweruzo kogwirizana ndi zofunika zake ndi miyambo yalamulo.
Boma la boma ndi maboma onse aŵiri ali ndi mabwalo awo amilandu. Dongosolo lamilandu la aŵiri limeneli ndilo mkhalidwe wolongosola wa boma la America, kumene mphamvu zimagawana pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma. Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wokulira. Makhoti a boma kwakukulukulu amasamalira milandu yophatikizapo malamulo a boma, kuphatikizapo nkhani zaupandu, nkhani za boma monga ngati kuvulaza kwa munthu mwini, nkhani za m’khoti la banja, kuchirikiza zifuno ndi malo, ndi nkhani zenizeni za chuma.
Ngakhale kuti dongosolo la makhoti a boma limasiyanasiyana mofala, boma lililonse lili ndi makhoti apamwamba ndi khoti limodzi limene lingapendenso zigamulo za m'makhoti ang'onoang'ono. Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwa maina a misonkhano ndi tsatanetsatane wa gulu, makhoti ambiri a boma amatsatira dongosolo la makhoti apamwamba limene limaphatikizapo masitepe atatu kapena anayi, malinga ndi ngati boma lili ndi makhoti apakati.
Mabungwe Apamwamba: Kumvetsetsa Mabwalo a Makhoti
Khoti la boma limasonyeza kwambiri kapangidwe ka khoti la boma m’njira yakuti kaŵirikaŵiri limakhala ndi milingo itatu yaikulu: makhoti, makhoti a milandu ndi khoti Lapamwamba. Njira imeneyi yotsatizana imapereka umboni wakuti milandu ingamvedwe poyamba pamlingo wa kuzenga mlandu ndiyeno kupendedwa ndi makhoti aakulu ngati kuli kofunika, kupereka mwaŵi wochuluka wa kupenda ndi kulakwitsa kuti akonzekere.
Njira za Kane-Tier vs. Zigawo zitatu za ndege
Pafupifupi theka la maboma ndi dongosolo la boma, pali milongo iŵiri. M'zigawo zimenezi, akuluakulu a khoti la akulu ali ndi milingo inayi: makhoti ozenga milandu kunsi, makhoti apakati pa mlingo wachitatu, ndi bwalo lamilandu lalikulu pa nsonga. M'zigawo zimenezo zimene zili ndi mzera umodzi wokha, mulibe khoti lapakati, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba liri khoti pa mlingo wachitatu wa akulu apamwamba.
Makhoti ameneŵa amasamalira zipilo zambiri, kulola khoti lalikulu kusumika maganizo pa milandu yalamulo kapena imene imaphatikizapo mafunso ofunika a lamulo la boma.
Makhoti Ozenga Milandu: Pamene Chilungamo Chimayambira
Makhoti a milandu amaimira mfundo yokhudza milandu yambiri imene imabuka pa milandu.
Ntchito ya Makhoti Ozenga Milandu
Khoti lozenga mlandu likupanga zonse ziŵiri zopezedwa za chowonadi ndi lamulo kupyolera m'kuweruza kotheratu kolongosola umboni wa mlanduwo. Makhoti achigawo amathetsa mikangano mwa kugamula mfundo zenizeni ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo ku nsongazo. Ntchito yaŵiri imeneyi imasiyanitsa makhoti ozenga milandu ndi makhoti a milandu, amene kwenikweni amapenda kokha mafunso a lamulo mmalo mwa kutsutsanso zotsimikiza zenizeni.
Makhoti a milandu ali ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani za milandu, kuzenga milandu, kuweruza, kutsekeredwa, ndi kuswa lamulo kokulira kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti oweruza a bwalo lozenga mlandu amayang’anira milandu kuchokera ku kugamula kwawo koyambirira kufikira ku kumaliza, kuyang’anira chirichonse kuyambira ku kuzenga mlandu koyambirira ndi kachitidwe ka kayendedwe kufikira ku ziyeso zenizeni ndi kumbuyo kwa milandu.
M’malamulo ambiri ofala, khoti lamilandu kaŵirikaŵiri limakhala ndi oweruza ndi oweruza mmodzi; m’milandu yoteroyo, oweruza amachita monga opeputsa mfundo. M’nkhani zina, woweruza kapena woweruza amachita monga otsutsa mfundo zonse ziŵiri ndi lamulo, mwa kaya mwambo, kapena chigwirizano cha zipani; ukukutchedwa kuzenga mlandu wa ben ben. Kupezeka kwa milandu ya oweruza kumadalira pa mtundu wa mlandu ndi bwalo lamilandu limene limaimva.
Kuchepetsa Mlandu
Makhoti amagawidwa m’magulu awiri chifukwa cha ulamuliro wawo: makhoti a ulamuliro wa anthu onse ndi makhoti a ulamuliro wochepa.
Ku United States, khoti lozenga mlandu la ulamuliro wa onse laloledwa kumvetsera mtundu wina wa mlandu wa boma kapena waupandu umene superekedwa ku khoti lina. Makhoti ambiri samangonena za nkhani inayake koma angachitire ntchito zonse. Makhoti ozenga milandu oterowo amafotokozedwa kukhala ndi mphamvu yachisawawa kuyambira pamene akwirira madera onse (i.e, osayeneretsedwa) a lamulo.
Makhoti ena, otchedwa kuti ndi ochepetsa ulamuliro ali ndi ulamuliro wongoyesa kuswa malamulo, kuswa malamulo, ndi maupandu aang’ono (olamulira) pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti ena, otchedwa makhoti a ulamuliro wa onse, ali ndi ulamuliro woyesa milandu yaikulu (makhoti) limodzinso ndi milandu ing’onoing’ono. Khoti lozenga lokhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa likhoza kungomva mitundu ya milandu yokhudza nkhani, yofanana ndi nkhani, yogwirizana, yovomereza, kapena nkhani za boma.
Malamulo a M’mayiko Ameneku
Makhoti a boma, omwenso amadziwika kuti makhoti a m’boma, ndi makhoti a ulamuliro wochepa pa milandu yaing’ono ndi milandu yolakwika yochitidwa m’tauni inayake. Makhoti ameneŵa amayang’anira kuswa malamulo, kuswa malamulo akwawo, ndi nkhani zazing’ono za upandu. Malamulo amene amalamulira makhoti a makhoti a m'boma ndi amene amaikidwa ndi malamulo a boma, ndipo chifukwa cha zimenezi, malamulo alamulo amasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku boma ndi boma.
Makhoti Ozenga Milandu Yapadera
Makhoti ameneŵa amasumika maganizo pa milandu ya mtundu wina, kulola oweruza kukulitsa luso m’mbali zina za malamulo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira zoyenererana ndi zofunika zapadera za milandu imeneyo.
Mabwalo amilandu a boma ndi amene amagawa zikalata za zikalata ndi malo (zogawiridwa m’makhoti monga makhoti a probate), chisudzulo, kulera ana, kapena mbali zina za malamulo a banja (banja kapena makhoti aunansi), ndi zochita zozikidwa pa lamulo la ku England la equity (makhoti a milandu a milandu ya zalamulo). Maboma ambiri ali ndi makhoti osiyanasiyana ogaŵidwa pa nkhani za boma.
Makhoti ena apadera angaphatikizepo:
- Khoti la mankhwala osokoneza bongo: Makhoti a mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi makhoti apadera amene amasamalira milandu ya anthu omwerekera ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena moŵa, okhala ndi mavuto a maganizo, kapena amene ali asilikali anthaŵi zonse, ofuna kubwezeretsa olakwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mankhwala, mavuto a zaumoyo ndi nkhani zapadera zimene zikukhudza anthu ozoloŵera.
- Makhoti a Juvenile: makhoti a Juvenile ali ndi mphamvu pa milandu ya kudalirana ndi kupulupudza yokhudza achichepere.
- Makhoti a Zaumoyo: Makhoti olinganizidwa kusamalira milandu yokhudza oimbidwa mlandu ndi nkhani zaumoyo wamaganizo
- Makhoti: Makhoti apadera osamalira zosoŵa zapadera za asilikali ozoloŵera m'dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu
- Makhoti Opereka Umboni: Makhoti anasumika maganizo pa mikangano ya mwini malo ndi kuswa malamulo a nyumba
- Zinenezo Zochepa za Makhoti: Makhoti osamalira mikangano yachiŵeniŵeni yophatikizapo ndalama zochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi njira zosavuta
Anthu Amene Amagwira Ntchito m’Makhoti Ozenga Milandu
Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito maofesala a milandu osiyanasiyana ndi antchito ochirikiza amene amagwira ntchito pamodzi kutsimikizira kuyang’anira koyenera kwa chiweruzo. Oweruza amilanduwo ali woweruza milandu, amene amaweruza milandu, amaweruza milandu ya m’malamulo, amayang’anira khoti, ndi kuweruza milandu ya m’mabenchi, amapanga zonse ziŵiri maumboni ndi lamulo logwira ntchito.
Makhoti ambiri amagwiritsiranso ntchito oweruza a majaji kapena oimira boma amene amasamalira mitundu ina ya nkhani monga ngati kuzenga mlandu koyambirira, kuweruza, kugamula mlandu, ndi milandu ya upandu yaing’ono. Akuluakulu a milandu ameneŵa amathandiza kuyang'anira mlandu wa khoti ndi kutsimikizira kuti milandu ikuyenda bwino m’dongosolo.
Kupyola oweruza, makhoti ozenga milandu amadalira akatswiri ena ambiri kuphatikizapo akalaliki amene amasunga mafaelo a milandu ndi kuyang’anira nkhani, osunga ndalama za milandu amene amapereka chisungiko ndi kusunga dongosolo m’khoti, atolankhani a m’khoti amene amapanga zikalata za milandu, ndi nduna zoyang’anira oimbidwa mlanduwo zimene zimayang’anira ndi kukonza malipoti a zikalata zoperekedwa.
Mabwalo Ozenga: Kupenda Chilamulo
Khoti loyambirira la appellate lili ndi mizera yapakati m'makhoti ambiri a boma, likutumikira monga mlingo woyamba wa kupenda zigamulo zopangidwa ndi makhoti ozenga milandu. Khoti loyamba lopereka chilango, lomwe likakhala pa mlingo wachitatu m'mabwalo apamwamba, kaŵirikaŵiri limafotokozedwa kukhala khoti lapakati.
Ntchito Yofuna Kudya
Ntchito ya khoti lamilandu ndi yakuti kaya lamulolo linagwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino m'khoti kapena m'bungwe loyang’anira boma. Makhoti a apilo sapereka milandu yatsopano. Iwo amapenda mbiriyo kuchokera ku khoti lozenga mlandu ndi kuona ngati zolakwa za lamulo zinachitidwa.
Makhoti ambiri alibe ulamuliro womva umboni kapena wopereka umboni, koma amaweruza nkhani za lamulo zokha. Oweruza alembanso nkhani zolembedwa za milandu, kupenda umboni umene unaperekedwa pozenga mlandu, ndi kuonanso zifukwa zolembedwa (mabungwe) zoperekedwa ndi mabungwe.
Ufulu Wokopa
M'zigawo zambiri, chipani cholephera pa kuzenga mlandu chimapatsidwa kuyenera kotheratu kwa mlingo umodzi wa kupenda kochitidwa, ndipo m’dongosolo limene liri ndi khoti lapakati, kuyenera kotheratu kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo kufutukukira kokha ku bwalo lapakati. Izi zimatanthauza kuti magulu osakhutira ndi chigamulo cha khoti la mlandu ali ndi ufulu wa kukhala ndi chifupifupi khoti limodzi lopenda mlanduwo.
Komabe, kuyenera kwa kufunsira kumeneku kuli ndi malire. Ngati khotilo likagamula mlandu wake, woimbidwa mlanduyo angapemphe Khoti Lalikulu kupenda mlandu wake, koma liyenera kutero kokha motsatira kugamula kwake. Kubwereranso kwa khoti lapamwamba kwambiri la boma kuli kodziwitsa osati kodzifunira.
Mmene Khoti Lofuna Kupha Anthu Limachitira
Mosiyana ndi khoti lozenga milandu, limene kaŵirikaŵiri limazunguliridwa ndi mkhalidwe wotanganitsidwa, bwalo lamilandu kaŵirikaŵiri limakhala m’nyumba ya boma kapena malo ake, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi laibulale yalamulo yokwanira, ndipo chida chokhala m’nyumba imene makhoti oweruza milandu amakhoma kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala choyenera ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala ndi zithunzithunzi za oweruza akale zolingaliridwa kukhala zonenera za lamulo.
Makhoti ozenga milandu amagwira ntchito mwa kugwiritsa ntchito magamulo a oweruza mmalo mwa oweruza amodzi. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapenda cholembedwa kuchokera ku khoti lozenga mlandu, amaŵerenga ndi mawu achidule alamulo operekedwa ndi zigamulo zonse, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amamva zigomeko za pakamwa pamene maloya apereka malo awo ndi mayankho a mafunso kwa oweruza. Pambuyo pa kulingalira zolembedwa zonsezi, gululo limalemba lingaliro lolongosola chigamulo chake.
Makalaliki a malamulo, omwe angomaliza kumene maphunziro a za malamulo, amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’kachitidwe ka kukambirana nkhani za malamulo, kupendanso mabodza a milandu, ndi kuthandiza oweruza kupanga zikalata zolembedwa m’malamulo.
Makhoti Ozenga Ululu
Kuwonjezera ku bwalo lalikulu, maboma ambiri alinso ndi khoti limodzi kapena angapo opitirizidwa, limene lingapendenso zigamulo za makhoti ozenga mlandu poyamba. Makhoti ameneŵa amasamalira zikalata zambiri zochonderera m’mawu amene ali nazo, kupendanso milandu zikwizikwi chaka chilichonse ndi kutsimikizira kuti makhoti oweruza agwiritsira ntchito lamulolo molondola.
Makhoti okambirana za makhoti a m'bungwe achita ntchito zingapo zofunika. Zimapereka malo ovomerezeka kuti zipani zitsutso zitsutso zozengedwa, zimathandiza kuyambitsa ndi kufotokoza bwino lamulo la boma kudzera m’malingaliro awo ofalitsidwa, ndi kukonza milandu asanafikire ku khoti lalikulu la boma. Mwa kusamalira zidandaulo zanthaŵi zonse, makhoti anthaŵi zambiri amalola khoti lapamwamba koposa m'bomalo kusumika maganizo pa nkhani za milandu yalamulo kapena nkhani zofunika za boma.
Makhoti Apamwamba a Boma: Mawu Omalizira
Mlingo wotsatira wa khoti lamilandu ndi khoti lamilandu lomaliza; ndi khoti lapamwamba kwambiri limene mlandu ungatengedwe. Makhoti aakulu kwambiri ameneŵa amatchedwa kuti, "makhoti apamwamba kwambiri. Khoti lalikulu kwambiri limatchedwa khoti lalikulu koposa, ngakhale kuti mayiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito mayina osiyanasiyana.
Kusinthasintha kwa Dzina la Mayina
Mayiko nthaŵi zina ali ndi mayina osiyanasiyana a makhoti osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ku New York, Khoti Lapamwamba siloposa. Khoti Lalikulu ndilo khoti lamilandu, limene lingasokonezeke pamene maboma ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito mawu ameneŵa kutchula khoti lapamwamba kwambiri m’boma. Bwalo la Apilo la New York ndilo bwalo lapamwamba kwambiri la milandu ya boma. Kusiyana kumeneku kungasokoneze anthu osadziwika ndi khoti la boma.
Maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito maina onga "Bungwe la Apilo," "Bungwe lamilandu la Supreme," kapena "Khoti la Apilo" ku bwalo lawo lalikulu koposa. Mosasamala kanthu za dzinalo, makhoti ameneŵa amatumikira ntchito yofunika imodzimodziyo: kupereka kumasulira komaliza kwa lamulo la boma malinga ndi ulamuliro wawo.
Kupenda Mwanzeru ndi Certiorari
Ngati khoti lagamulapo kupendanso mlanduwo, limapereka lamulo lakuti mlanduwo utumizidwe ndi khoti lapakati.
Makhoti aakulu amenewo okhala ndi ulamuliro wogamulapo kaŵirikaŵiri amakana kupereka zifuno zambiri kaamba ka certiorari, kuchepetsa kubwerera kwawo ku milandu yofunika koposa. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kumene akuluakulu a boma ali ndi milingo inayi mmalo mwa itatu, milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni kapena yaupandu siidzapitirira mlingo wachitatu. Kulamulira kumeneku kumalola makhoti aakulu kulamulira madoko awo ndi kusumika maganizo pa milandu imene idzakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kukula kwa lamulo la boma.
Mbali ya Makhoti Apamwamba a Boma
Makhoti aakulu a boma amachitira ntchito zambiri zosuliza m’malamulo awo, amamasulira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo ake, amathetsa mikangano pakati pa makhoti aang’ono, amakhazikitsa chitsanzo chogwirizana pa makhoti onse a m’boma, ndipo amatsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma akugwirizana.
Zigamulo za makhoti aakulu za boma zimasungidwa pa makhoti ang’onoang’ono onse mkati mwa boma ndipo zingangogwetsedwa ndi khoti lenilenilo kapena, m’mikhalidwe yochepa yoloŵetsamo mafunso alamulo a boma, ndi Khoti Lalikulu la United States.
Makhoti aakulu a boma alinso ndi mathayo a ulamuliro a dongosolo lonse la khoti. kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa malamulo a kachitidwe ndi kachitidwe kaukatswiri, kuyang’anira chilango chachiweruzo, ndi kusamalira zofunika za maphunziro zopitirizabe kwa oweruza ndi maloya.
Kusankha
Ngakhale kuti oweruza a boma amasankhidwa ndi pulezidenti, oweruza a boma amasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana: kuikidwa kwa kazembe kapena masankho. Njira yosankha anthu pa milandu imasiyanasiyana kwambiri m’dziko lililonse ndipo imaimira umodzi mwa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi boma.
Maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito masankho a oyembekezera kuweruzidwa kumene amayang'anira paphwando, pamene ena amagwiritsira ntchito masankho osagwirizana ndi chipani kumene sandandandal'. Komabe maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito madongosolo a mapangano, kumene kazembe kapena nyumba yogamula amasankha oweruza, nthaŵi zina kuchokera ku mpambo wa oyembekezera kupendedwa ndi bungwe lolamulira. Maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo lophatikizapo lotchedwa Missouri Plan kapena kusankhidwa, kumene oweruza amaikidwa poyamba koma pambuyo pake ayenera kuyang'ananso masankho kuti akhalebe mu ofesi.
Kumvetsetsa Mlandu: Mavuto Omwe Amapita Kumene
Jurisdition . . ndi ulamuliro wa khoti kuweruza mlandu . Ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomvetsa mmene makhoti amagwirira ntchito. Kuyesa mlandu kapena kupereka chigamulo, khoti liyenera kukhala ndi mitundu yonse itatu ya ulamuliro: ulamuliro wa dziko pa mlanduwo, ulamuliro waumwini pa woimbidwa mlandu, ndi ulamuliro wa munthu aliyense pa mlanduwo.
Mlandu wa Nkhani
Nkhani ya ulamuliro imakhudza ulamuliro wa khoti kumvetsera mtundu wa mlandu kapena nkhani imene ikukambidwa. Udindo umenewu umasankha kuti ndi khoti liti limene lili ndi ufulu womvetsera milandu yamtundu winawake. Mwachitsanzo, khoti la banja lili ndi ulamuliro pa chisudzulo ndi milandu ya kusunga ana, pamene khoti lalamulo lalamulo lili ndi ulamuliro pa malamulo okhudza zigamulo ndi malo.
Ngati khoti silinalamulire nkhani pa mlandu, chiweruzo chilichonse chimene limamasulira nchachaching'ono, mosasamala kanthu kuti kaya zigawengazo zidzutse nkhaniyo kapena ayi.
Chilango Chaumwini
Ulamuliro wa munthuwe uli ndi ulamuliro pa woimbidwa mlandu. Kuti khoti lipereke ulamuliro waumwini, payenera kukhala kugwirizana kokwanira pakati pa woimbidwa mlandu ndi boma kumene khoti limakhala. Kugwirizana kumeneku kungakhazikitsidwe kupyolera mwa nyumba ya woimbidwa mlandu m'boma, khalidwe la woimbidwa mlanduyo m’boma, kapena mayanjano ena amene amachipangitsa kukhala cholungama ndi chomveka kuti boma likhale ndi ulamuliro pa woimbidwa mlandu.
Kuzengedwa Mlandu Kwauchigaŵenga
Jurisciotion imadziŵika kwambiri kuimira malo auyang’aniro wa khotilo. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a Oregon alibe ulamuliro pa milandu ku California. Ulamuliro wa boma umasonyeza malo amene khoti lili ndi ulamuliro wa kumvetsera milandu. Zimenezi zingangoimira dera lina, chigawo chachiweruzo, kapena boma lonse, malinga ndi khoti.
Kuvomereza Kogwirizana ndi Kotheratu
Kulamulira kwa nthaŵi zonse kulipo kumene makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kumvetsera mtundu umodzimodzi wa mlandu. Milandu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana iri chitsanzo chofala. Mkangano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana angaikidwe m’bwalo lamilandu la boma kapena la boma, ndipo chosankhacho chiri chigamulo chapadera.
Malamulo onse alipo a bwalo limodzi lokha limene lingamve milandu ina. Milandu ya Banruptcy, loyam, ndi yotsutsa unduna ya boma ndizo kokha. Chisudzulo, kusunga ana, ndi probate ndizo boma lokha. Kumvetsetsa kuti ndi khoti liti limene lili ndi mphamvu yokha pa milandu ina iliyonse nlofunika kwa maloya ndi a ligigigo kutsimikizira kuti alinganiza milandu yawo m'malomu oyenerera.
Unansi Pakati pa Maboma ndi Makhoti Aunyinji
Pali mitundu iŵiri ya makhoti mu United States — boma ndi boma. Mukhoza kulingalira za iwo monga njira zofanana zimene zingafikire ku Khoti Lalikulu la United States. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma ndi makhoti a boma zimagwira ntchito modziimira, iwo amachitira zinthu zofunika ndipo nthaŵi zina amasamalira milandu yotsagana.
Makhoti a Boma Monga Makhoti a Mlandu Waukulu
Mabwalo amilandu a boma amadziŵika monga mabwalo a malamulo a boma, kutanthauza kuti munthu angakweze chinenezo chirichonse pansi pa lamulo la boma kapena la boma, kusiyapo chija chimene chili pansi pa ulamuliro wokha wa makhoti a boma. ulamuliro wotakata umenewu umatanthauza kuti makhoti a boma amamva ndi kugamula milandu yambiri yokhudza malamulo a boma, kuphatikizapo zinenezo za boma, malamulo a boma, ndi milandu yokhudza nkhani zonse ziŵiri za boma ndi boma.
Makhoti Aunyinji Monga Mabwalo a Milandu Yoikidwiratu
Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, makhoti a boma ndiwo makhoti a ulamuliro wochepa, kutanthauza kuti amangomva nkhani zovomerezedwa ndi Lamulo la United States kapena malamulo a boma.
Pamene Nkhani Zisintha pakati pa Madongosolo a Zinthu
Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti a boma ndi a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatira paokha, milandu nthaŵi zina ikhoza kuchitika pakati pa madongosolo aŵiriwo. Mlandu umene umayamba m’khoti la boma ungachotsedwe ku khoti la boma ngati uphatikizapo mafunso a boma kapena kukwaniritsa zofunika za ulamuliro zosiyanasiyana.
Ndiponso, mlandu wa khoti utatha, kuphatikizapo apilo onse m’dongosolo la boma, chipani chingapemphe khoti Lapamwamba la United States kupenda mlanduwo ngati uphatikizapo nkhani zalamulo la boma kapena za malamulo.
Mmene Milandu Imayendera M’khoti
M’khoti la boma kapena la boma, mlandu umayamba pamlingo wotsika kwambiri: khoti la chigawo cha United States kapena khoti lamilandu la boma, monga momwe wina angatsutse ndi zotsatira zake za mlanduwo, iwo angaupereke ku khoti lapamwamba ndipo potsirizira pake angapemphe kuti apite ku Khoti Lapamwamba la United States.
Khoti Lozenga Milandu
Milandu imayamba pamene munthu woweruza milandu alemba chidandaulo m’khoti (m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni) kapena pamene boma liikamo milandu (m’milandu ya upandu).
Ngati mlanduwo sunathetsedwe mwa kuchotsapo mlandu, umapitiriza kuzenga mlandu. Pamilandu, mbali zonse ziŵiri zimapereka umboni, kupenda mboni, ndi kupanga zigomeko za lamulo. M’milandu ya ajuli, oweruza amasankha mfundo pamene woweruzayo akulamulira milandu ya lamulo ndi kulangiza oweruza milandu pa lamulo logwirizana. M’maweruzi, woweruza amachita machitidwe onse aŵiriwo.
Mlanduwo utatha, woweruzayo amaweruza mlandu ndipo woweruzayo amaweruza milandu.
Kutsekeka kwa Malonda
Chipani chosakhutiritsidwa ndi chigamulo cha khoti lamilandu chingapereke apilo ku khoti loyenerera lopereka apilo. Aapulant (amene abweretsa apilo) amapanga mafaelo achidule ofotokoza chifukwa chake chigamulo cha khotilo chinali cholakwika mwalamulo. A apulomenti (gulu lotsutsana) amapanga chigamulo chachidule chotetezera chigamulo cha khoti. Khoti la aupellate limapenda mbiriyo kuchokera ku khoti lozenga mlandu ndi zigamu za anthu, ndipo angamve zigomezo za pakamwa.
Khoti loweruza lipereka chigamulo, chimene chingatsimikizire chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu, kubwezera mlanduwo ku khoti lamilandu. Khoti lamilandu limapereka lingaliro lolembedwa lolongosola malingaliro ake, limene limakhala mbali ya lamulo lotsogolera zigamulo zamtsogolo.
Kubwereza Kowonjezereka
Ngati mlanduwo unagamulidwa ndi bwalo lamilandu lapakati, chipani cholepheracho chingapemphe khoti lalikulu la boma kuti chipendedwe mowonjezereka.
Anthu Amene Amatumikira m’Makhoti a Boma
Kumvetsetsa anthu ameneŵa ndi zimene amachita kumatithandiza kudziŵa mmene makhoti a boma amagwirira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.
Oweruza
Oweruza ndiwo anthu apamwamba m’makhoti, ali ndi udindo woyang’anira milandu, amaweruza milandu, amayang’anira milandu yawo, ndiponso amaonetsetsa kuti milandu yatha bwino ndiponso mogwirizana ndi lamulo. Oweruza milandu ali ndi ntchito zofuna zambiri, popeza kuti ayenera kuyendetsa malo osungiramo katundu wochuluka, amalamulira nkhani zovuta za zamalamulo kaŵirikaŵiri popanda nthaŵi yokwanira yofufuza, ndiponso amasunga dongosolo ndi ulemu m’makhoti awo.
Oweruza oweruza ozenga mlandu amakumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana. Iwo amakhala ndi nthaŵi yochuluka yofufuza ndi kulingalira nkhani za lamulo, koma ayenera kulimbana ndi mafunso ovuta a lamulo ndi kupanga malingaliro olembedwa omwe adzatsogolera milandu yamtsogolo. Oweruza ozenga mlandu ayeneranso kugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi oweruza anzawo a m’khoti, monga momwe zigamulo za kuweruza zimachitidwira ndi mabungwe kapena khoti lonse mmalo mwa oweruza.
Azalugwe ndi Akazembe
Makhoti ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito oweruza, oimira boma, kapena akuluakulu ena achiweruzo ogonjera amene amasamalira mitundu yakutiyakuti ya nkhani. Maofesala achiweruzo ameneŵa angayendetse nkhani zoyambirira m’milandu yaupandu, kusamalira nkhani zazing’ono, kufunsira, kukhazikitsa belo, kapena kuyang’anira nkhani zina za boma. Mwa kusamalira nkhani zimenezi, oweruza ndi akuluakulu a milandu amathandiza oweruza kuyang’anira milandu yolemera ndi kutsimikizira kuti milanduyo iyende bwino m’dongosolo.
Abusa ndi Olamulira a Bwalo Lamilandu
Makalaliki a khoti amasunga zolembedwa za boma za khoti, amayang'anira mafaelo a milandu, amasonkhanitsa ndalama zoyendetsera milandu, amalipira ndi kulipiritsa ndalama, ndi kupereka chidziŵitso kwa anthu. Ofesi ya kalaliki kaŵirikaŵiri ndiyo malo oyamba a kulankhulana ndi anthu a m'khoti. Oyang'anira khoti ayang'anira ntchito za mabizinesi, kuphatikizapo kulinganiza bajeti, kuyang'anira antchito, kuyang'anira ntchito, ndi madongosolo a zaumisiritale.
Othandiza Ogwira Ntchito
Akatswiri ena ambiri amachirikiza ntchito ya makhoti. Olemba nkhani a khoti amapanga zikalata za milandu, zimene n’zofunika kuti apenyerere. Mabailiff amathandiza oweruza kuyang’anira oimbidwa mlandu ndi kukonzekera nkhani zimene zingathandize oweruza kupanga zigamulo za lamulo ndi kuthandiza oweruza kupanga malamulo.
Maattorney
Aloya sagwira ntchito za m'makhoti, ndipo amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’makhoti. Oweruza amaimira boma pa milandu ya apandu, pamene maloya amaimira anthu oimbidwa mlandu. Mlandu wa boma umaimira anthu oweruza milandu ndi oimbidwa mlandu. Oimira boma amapereka zigamulo kwa anthu ozengedwa milandu amene sangathe kulipira maloya achinsinsi. Oweruzawa amaimira anthu awo pamene akutumikiranso monga nduna za khoti lokhala ndi malamulo ochirikiza chilungamo ndi kusunga umphumphu wa dongosolo la malamulo.
Makhoti Ofotokoza Mavuto
M’zaka makumi aposachedwapa, makhoti ambiri apanga makhoti apadera okonza njira zothetsera milandu inayake kapena anthu oimbidwa mlandu.
Makhoti a Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo
Makhoti a mankhwala osokoneza bongo amaimira limodzi la makhoti ofala kwambiri. Makhoti ameneŵa amaweruza milandu yokhudza oimbidwa mlandu ndi nkhani za kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kupereka chithandizo ndi kuyang’anira kokulira monga njira ina yokhalira ya kumangidwa mwamwambo. Otengamo mbali m’maprogramu a khoti la anamgoneka amapimidwa nthaŵi zonse, amafika pa magawo a chithandizo, ndipo amaonekera kaŵirikaŵiri pamaso pa woweruzayo kuti akapereke lipoti za kupita patsogolo kwawo.
Makhoti a Zaumoyo wa Maganizo
Makhotiwa amagwirizanitsa anthu oimbidwa mlanduwo ndi chithandizo cha matenda a maganizo ndiponso chithandizo cha anthu, pozindikira kuti chiweruzo chamwambo chikhoza kukhala chosathandiza kapena cholepheretsa anthu odwala matenda a maganizo.
Makhoti a M’matumba
Makhoti amatumikira asilikali akale amene aloŵa m’dongosolo la milandu. Makhoti ameneŵa amazindikira mavuto apadera amene anthu ovutika maganizo amayang’anizana nawo, kuphatikizapo kupsinjika maganizo kwa pambuyo pa kusokonezeka kwa ubongo, ndi mavuto osinthira ku moyo wa anthu wamba. Makhoti a Veteran amagwirizanitsa otengamo mbali ndi mautumiki a VaA ndi chuma china pamene akuwasunga iwo kaamba ka zochita zawo.
Khoti Lopereka Chithandizo cha Banja
Makhoti ameneŵa amafuna kuthandiza makolo kuthetsa vutoli ndi kukonzera ana awo nyumba zotetezeka, ndipo mwina angapeŵe kuchotsa ana onse pa udindo wa makolo awo wowalera.
Makhoti a Chiwawa Apanyumba
Makhoti ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito oweruza ndi antchito ophunzitsidwa mwapadera, kugwirizanitsa ndi mautumiki a anthu ovutitsidwa, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoyang’anira ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kutetezera mikhole ndi kuchititsa olakwawo kulangidwa.
Milandu ya Makhoti
Makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri chaka chilichonse, kuchuluka kwambiri kwa milandu ya makhoti a boma, milandu yonse ya milandu, kuyambira pa kuswa malamulo pang’ono kwa pamsewu kufikira pa milandu yowopsa, kuyambira pa milandu yaing’ono kufikira pa milandu yovuta yachiŵeniŵeni, ndi kuyambira pa nkhani zosonkhezera kutsutsana kwa nthaŵi zonse mpaka pa mikangano yotsutsa kusunga ana.
Milandu ya Apandu
Makhoti a boma amaweruza milandu yambiri ya upandu ku United States. Makhoti ameneŵa amasiyana ndi zikhoterero zazing’ono monga kuswa malamulo a pamsewu ndi kuba zinthu zazing’ono, ndi milandu yaikulu monga kupha, kugwirira chigololo, kulanda, ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Makhoti aupandu a boma amaweruza milandu mamiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse, kuphatikizapo kuweruza milandu, kukambirana, kuzenga milandu, ndi kuzenga mlandu.
Milandu ya Chiŵeniŵeni
Makhoti a boma amaweruzanso milandu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu, kuphatikizapo milandu ya munthu, kuphwanya malamulo, kutsutsana kwa katundu, milandu ya ntchito, ndi kuweruza milandu ya zamalonda.
Milandu ya Malamulo a Banja
Makhoti a m’banja amasamalira nkhani za chisudzulo, kusamalira ana ndiponso kuthandiza ana, kulera ana, kulera ana, ndi kuteteza ana opeza, ndiponso kuzunza ana.
Kusamalira Malo ndi Nkhani za Malo
Makhoti a boma amayang’anira ntchito yoyang’anira malo munthu wina akamwalira, kuphatikizapo malamulo ovomerezeka, kuika oimira boma kapena oyang’anira, ndi kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa oloŵa nyumba.
Milandu Yaikulu
Makhoti a Juvenile amasamalira milandu ya kupulupudza (pamene achichepere amaimbidwa mlandu wa maupandu), milandu ya kudalirana (kumene ana amanenedwa kukhala ochitiridwa nkhanza kapena kunyalanyazidwa), ndi milandu ya malo (mayendedwe oloŵetsedwamo amene sangakhale aupandu ngati achitidwa ndi wachikulire, monga ngati kuumirira kapena kuthaŵa panyumba).
Mavuto Amene Makhoti Akukumana Nawo
Kumvetsa nkhani zimenezi kumathandiza kuti makhoti akhazikikebe ndiponso kuti ayambe kutsutsana za tsogolo la makhoti.
Kupimidwa kwa Zinthu
Makhoti ambiri a boma ali ndi ndalama zochepa, amayang'ana kuchepetsa ndalama, kutsekera malo oziziritsira, ndi malo okalamba. Mabungwewa angapereke zifukwa zobwezera mlandu, kuchedwa poweruza milandu, ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito chilungamo kwa anthu oweruza. Makhoti ayenera kulinganiza kufunika kwa kukonza nkhani bwinobwino ndi kuonetsetsa kuti mlandu uliwonse ukhale woyenera kuchitika bwino.
Kufikira ku Chiweruzo Cholungama
Anthu ambiri sangathe kugula maloya, komabe amayang'anizana ndi nkhani zovuta m'makhoti. Kufikira pa khoti lachilungamo kumatanthauza kuti ambiri oweruza ayenera kudutsa m'khoti popanda kuimira lamulo, kukhoza kutsogolera ku zotsatira zosayenera. Makhoti ayankha mwa kupanga zipangizo zothandizira, njira zofeŵera, ndi kuwonjezera kupezeka kwa kuchepa kwa zizindikiro, koma mavuto aakulu akupitirizabe.
Luso la Zamakono
Makhoti a boma akukonza njira zamakono zoyendetsera ntchito yawo pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono monga makompyuta, mavidiyo ofufuzira milandu, ndi makompyuta ogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti.
Kudalirana kwa Anthu Onse
Kusunga chidaliro cha anthu onse ndi chidaliro m’chiweruzo nkofunika m’lamulo. Makhoti ayenera kutsimikizira kuti amaonedwa kukhala abwino, opanda tsankho, ndi ofikirika. Zimenezi sizimafuna kokha kugamula milandu molondola komanso kulankhulana mogwira mtima ndi anthu, kusungirira miyezo yapamwamba ya makhalidwe abwino, ndi kusamalira nkhaŵa za tsankho kapena kusalungama m’dongosolo lachilungamo.
Kufunika kwa Makhoti a Boma m’Demokrase ya ku America
Makhoti a boma amathandiza kwambiri kuti dziko la America likhale ndi ulamuliro wa demokalase komanso malamulo.
Zigamulo za makhoti a boma zimakhudza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri tsiku lililonse, kugamulapo zotulukapo m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, kuthetsa mikangano yachiŵeniŵeni, kutetezera ana ndi achikulire osavuta kuyambukiridwa, ndi kumasulira malamulo amene amalamulira miyoyo yathu yatsiku ndi tsiku.
Kuzindikira kakonzedwe ka makhoti a boma .N.oyo amatumikira mwa iwo, zimene amachita, ndi mmene amagwirira ntchito, nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mmene chilungamo chimachitidwira ku America. Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo a khoti a boma amasiyana m’tsatanetsatane wawo, iwo ali ndi chigwirizano cha chigamulo chimodzi cha kupereka chilungamo choyenera, chofikirika, ndi chogwira mtima pansi pa lamulo.
Zofunika Kuti Tiphunzire Zambiri
Kwa awo ofuna kudziŵa zambiri ponena za madongosolo a khoti, zinthu zambiri zilipo. National Center for State Courts imapereka chidziŵitso chokwanira ponena za gulu la khoti la boma, ziŵerengero, ndi machitachita abwino koposa. Mawebusaiti a khoti lililonse akupereka chidziŵitso chonena za madongosolo a khoti, kuphatikizapo malamulo a khoti, kupanga, ndi kudzithandiza.
Kuzindikira makhoti a boma si kwa maloya okha ndi oweruza. Nzika zimene zimatumikira pa milandu, oweruza amene amabweretsa kapena kutetezera mlandu wawo, mboni zimene zimachitira umboni, ndi aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mmene dongosolo lathu la chiweruzo lingagwirire ntchito mwa kuzindikira kayendetsedwe ka makhoti. Makhoti ameneŵa ndi kumene anthu ambiri a ku America adzayang’anizana ndi dongosolo la milandu, ndipo amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri posunga malamulo ndi kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.
Kumaliza
Makhoti a boma ndiwo maziko a dongosolo la milandu la ku America, akumasamalira milandu yambiri ndi mikangano imene imabuka m’chitaganya chathu.
Malamulo a makhoti a boma . Moyenerera kuphatikizapo makhoti ozenga milandu, makhoti apakati, ndi khoti lalikulu la boma . Amatsimikizira kuti milandu imalandira kulingaliridwa koyenera koyamba ndi kuti zolakwa za lamulo zingawongoledwe mwa kupenda. Makhoti apadera amakambirana mitundu ina ya milandu kapena anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti okambirana mavuto amapereka njira zatsopano zothetsera nkhani zimene zimaloŵetsa anthu m’dongosolo la chiweruzo.
Anthu amene amagwira ntchito m’makhoti a boma .Oweruza, oweruza, alembi, maloya, ndi antchito ochirikiza amadzitsimikiza okha kutsimikizira kuti chilungamo chikuperekedwa bwino ndi mwachipambano. Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto aakulu kuphatikizapo kuletsa anthu kupeza zinthu ndi kuloŵerera pa nkhani zachilungamo, makhoti a boma akupitirizabe kukwaniritsa ntchito yawo yofunika ya kuthetsa mikangano, kutetezera ufulu, ndi kuchirikiza lamulo.
Mwa kuzindikira dongosolo la makhoti a boma, amene amatumikira m’mabwalo amilanduwo, ndi zimene amachita, timazindikira mmene chilungamo chimachitidwira pamlingo wa boma ndi mmene mabungwe ameneŵa amatsatirira mapindu aakulu a chilungamo, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi malamulo amene amachirikiza dongosolo lathu lademokrase.