Malamulo ndi njira yocholoŵana imene imaloŵetsamo opanga malamulo ambiri . "opanga malamulo, oyendetsa, magulu a ziwongola dzanja, ndi anthu ogwirizana kupanga, kukonza, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Gulu limodzi lalikulu ndi lotchuka m'chilengedwe ndicho magulu a anthu ausilikali. Mabungwe ameneŵa amaimira zolinga zenizeni ndi kugwira ntchito zolimba kukhazikitsa malamulo a kumaloko, boma, ndi magawo a boma. Kumvetsa ntchito ya timagulu ta anthu odziŵa za malamulo nkofunika pomvetsa mmene amalembedwera, kutsutsana, ndipo pomalizira pake kutha kutulukira. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene magulu a anthu otchuka, njira zawo zosonkhezera, ndi ziyambukiro zawo pa ulamuliro wa democracy.

Kodi Magulu a Abusa Nchiyani?

Magulu a anthu otchuka, odziŵikanso monga magulu achifuniro kapena magulu okakamiza, ndi magulu amene amafuna kusonkhezera njira za anthu ndi kupanga zosankha popanda kuthamangira ku ofesi. Iwo amaimira zinthu zambiri zimene zimakhudza, kuyambira pa kutetezeredwa kwa malo ndi ntchito zaumoyo ku kukonzanso ufulu wa anthu, makampani, ndi kuteteza anthu. Magulu a anthu odziŵa kugula zinthu, ndi oyendetsa zinthu. Magulu a anthu opanga ndalama zamanja angapangidwe monga mabungwe osapanga phindu la ndalama, misonkhomakhoma (0(c) kapena 501(c) kapena 501(4) mabungwe a zaumoyo ku United States, makampani, kapena mabungwe a malonda audzu. Cholinga chawo chachikulu ndicho kuyendetsa njira zoyendetsera malamulo ndi malamulo mwa kugwirizanitsa anthu ndi kuyendetsa malamulo ndi kufalitsa maganizo awo.

Mitundu ya Magulu a Abusa

Magulu a akhate angadziŵitsidwe mwachibadwa ndi chowachititsa kapena mwa kuvomereza kumene akuimira:

  • Magulu osangalatsa kwambiri — mabungwe amene amanena kuti amagwira ntchito kaamba ka ubwino wa onse, monga ngati magulu a malo okhala (mt., Sierra Club), ochirikiza ogula (m., Public Citizen), ndi maukwati a ufulu wa anthu (m. g., American Civil Liberies Union).
  • Magulu a ziwongola dzanja — zinthu zimene zimapititsa patsogolo kukondeka kwa chuma kwa mbali ina, kuphatikizapo makampani (Chambera cha Zamalonda cha U.S.), mabungwe aukatswiri (American Medical Association), ndi maukwati a antchito (AFLLOCIO).
  • Magulu amodzi okha [[FL:1] — Mabungwe anasumika pa mbali imodzi yalamulo, monga ngati kuyenera kwa mfuti (National Rifle Association) kapena zoyenera za kuchotsa mimba (NARAL Proprecice America).
  • Magulu ogwirizana [1] — zinthu zoimira gulu la anthu kapena chikhalidwe, monga NAACP (Ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa Afirika), AARP (Akulu ku America), kapena Bungwe la National for Akazi (Ufulu wa Akazi).

Kufunika kwa Magulu a Atsogoleri m’Makonzedwe a Malamulo

Magulu achinyengo amagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri m’dongosolo la malamulo la demokrase.

  • Kumasulira: Magulu a anthu amwambo amakulitsa mawu a anthu ndi anthu amene anganyalanyazidwe m'mabwalo a ndale zadziko. Amatsimikizira kuti anthu osiyanasiyana, kaŵirikaŵiri amamvedwa pomva ndi povota.
  • Active :[[FLT :1] Magulu ambiri auphunzitsi amagwiritsira ntchito ofufuza malamulo, asayansi, maloya, ndi akale opanga malamulo. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chapadera chimawalola kupereka opanga malamulo ndi tsatanetsatane wa zolemba za tsatanetsatane, malipoti a zopangapanga, ndi zofufuzira za malamulo zimene zimadziŵitsa kulemba ndi kukonza.
  • Kusintha: Magulu ali ndi luso la kusonkhezera nzika kuti zilankhule ndi oimira awo, kupezeka m’maholo a tauni, kutengamo mbali m’zitsutso, ndi kuvota. Mantha a udzu ameneŵa amasankha akuluakulu a boma kuti adziimbe mlandu ndipo angasunthe chigamulocho pa lamulo.
  • Kujambula ndi Kulamulira : Magulu a kusaphunzira amalondola ngongole kumbali iliyonse ya dongosolo la malamulo . Kuyambira paunyinji wa komiti kufikira pa mavoti a pansi / ndi lipoti lapoyera la mmene opanga malamulo amasankhira. Kuwoneka kumeneku kumathandiza ovota kupanga zosankha zodziŵidwa ndi kuletsa mabizinesi 76 kanyumba.

Popanda magulu ameneŵa, dongosolo la malamulo likalamuliridwa pafupifupi ndi zikondwerero za makampani ndi oloŵa m’malo a boma. Magulu a akhama amathandiza kulinganiza mbali yoseŵera, ngakhale kuti mlingo wa kulinganiza udakali nkhani yokambitsiridwa.

Mbiri Yakale: Mmene Magulu a Aphunzitsi Anakhalira Nkhokwe Zopanga Malamulo

Gulu lamakono la kuvomereza kulakwa linatulukira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa makumi aŵiri m'Nyengo ya Kupita patsogolo. Muckrakers ndi okonzanso zinthu monga Upton Sinclair, Jane Addams, ndi masuffractive anapanga magulu a akulukulu ogwirira ntchito. Magulu ankhondo a akazi anaumirira kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wa antchito, ufulu wa akazi, ndi malamulo oletsa kugamula. American Civil Liberberies Union, ndi Sierra Club, okhazikitsidwa mu 1892, ali pakati pa magulu akale kwambiri ogwira ntchito. Magulu ankhondo ankhondo apadziko lonse aona kuwonjezeka kwa magulu a zikondwerero, osonkhezeredwa ndi mphamvu za boma m'madera ngati a boma, zosamalira zaumoyo, ndi malo okhala ndi malo okhalako. Mabungwe amadalira kwambiri pa kumvetsera kwa ulamuliro ndi kukhazikitsa kwa United States okha. [FEntells]

Mmene Malamulo Otsatira Zipani za Atsogoleri Amakhudzira

Magulu a anthu odziŵa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zopangira. Chomwe chimaoneka kwambiri ndi kukopa [1] , koma chiyambukiro chimakhala chakuya.

Kupyoza Kolunjika

Kukopa kumaloŵetsamo kulankhulana kwachindunji ndi opanga malamulo, antchito awo, ndi akuluakulu a nthambi. Magulu ambiri amalemba otsata olembetsedwa . Nthaŵi zambiri amene kale anali ziŵalo za Congress kapena zithandizo zapamwamba za anthu. Iwo amagwiritsira ntchito maunansi awo ndi chidziŵitso cha mapulogalamu kuti apeze. Amapanga chilankhulo cha malamulo, amalingalira za kusintha, ndi kupereka mfundo zolankhula. ku United States, kusonkhezera kugula ndalama zoposa $20,000 mu 2022, monga momwe kwasimbidwira ndi .

Kukhoma Kosadziŵika (Mapazi ndi Magwada Oima)

Magulu amasonkhanitsa anthu kuti alankhule ndi oimira awo kudzera m'makampani, mabanki a telefoni, ndi manyuzi. Grassssss kukopa kumaloŵetsamo anthu otchuka monga atsogoleri a malonda, maphunziro, kapena otchuka amene ali ndi kugwirizana ndi opanga malamulo. Mafikishoni onsewa amasonyeza kuchirikiza anthu ambiri (kapena chitsutso) kaamba ka ndalama.

Mkupiti Wochenjeza Anthu

Magulu achinyengo amatsatsa malonda, kupanga mafilimu, ndi manyuzipepala amatulutsa malingaliro a anthu. Mwakuika nkhani m’njira yokakamiza . Mwachitsanzo, kutcha lamulo la msonkho kukhala “mphoko ya olemera” kapena lamulo monga“ wakupha wa nyukiliya" angapange mphamvu zimene zimasonkhezera opanga malamulo kumvetsera.

Nyumba Yomanga Zomangamanga Zomangira

Palibe gulu limodzi limene lingasinthe lamulo lovuta kwambiri lokha. Magulu a anthu achinyengo amapanga zikalata zothandizira kuti agwirizanitse chuma, athe, ndi kuti agwirizane. Mabungwe angaphatikizepo mgwirizano wosayembekezereka . Monga ngati mabungwe achipembedzo ndi magulu a chilengedwe akuchirikiza ntchito ya nyengo. Komiti ya Federal Department, mwachitsanzo, imabweretsa pamodzi zinthu zoyendera limodzi ndi ziwomba zosoŵeka kuti zichirikize malamulo ochirikiza kuwonongeka kwa Kayendedwe ka dziko lapansi.

Kufufuza ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Mfundo za Malamulo

Magulu ambiri a amalonda amawononga ndalama zambiri popanga malamulo achidule, mapepala oyera, ndi maphunziro a zachuma. Opanga malamulo, makamaka amene ali ndi antchito ang’onoang’ono, amadalira kufufuza kumeneku kuti amvetse zotsatira za malamulo operekedwa. Lipoti losonkhezeredwa ndi anthu lingakhale maziko a lamulo lonse. “Mandadai ya Leadership” yathandiza anthu kudziwa malamulo ambiri ovomerezeka kuyambira m'nyengo ya Reagan.

Kuneneza ndi Kuweruza

Pamene zipambano za malamulo zikhala zolephera, magulu a andale amatembenukira ku makhoti. Amalemba mawu achidule a aicus curiae, kuchirikiza milandu, ndipo ngakhale kubweretsa milandu mwachindunji (m’chitsanzo, njira ya NaACP ya kusindikiza imene inathera mu Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro ). Mkono walamulo wa ACLU wakhala ukuthandiza kukonza malamulo aulerea Freebspeech ndi achinsinsi.

Kufufuza za Magulu a Atsogoleli

Malamulo a M’gulu la Sierra Club ndi Okhudza Malo Okhala

Sierra Club, yomwe inapangidwa mu 1892, ndi imodzi ya mabungwe akale kwambiri ndi ogwira ntchito kwambiri otetezera malo okhala ku United States. Ndi mamembala oposa 3.5 miliyoni, mwachipambano lasonkhezera lamulo lapadera monga Ceao Air Act ndi Clean Power Plan ya 1990. Gulu lake lolandira alendo, lophatikiza pamodzi ndi mipikisano ya udzu wonga “Beyond Coal,” lathandiza kupuma mazana ambiri a mafakitale a mphamvu ya malasha ound oundana ndi kukakamizanso miyezo ya mphamvu zokhalamo. Gululo limachitanso m'kanikizo , kutseka Keystone XL pap. Kusintha kwa mphamvu ya malo okhala ndi malo okhala ndi malo okhala ndi malo okhalako ozungulira ngakhale mkati mwa kutsutsana ndi otsutsa.

Chiŵeniŵeni cha ku America Chokhala ndi Mfulu (ACLU) ndi Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Wokhazikitsidwa mu 1920, ACLU wakhala wotetezera ufulu walamulo kosalekeza. Ntchito yake imalekeza kutetezera ufulu waufulu wa magulu opikisana kukhazikitsa ufulu wa ukwati (] Obergefell v. Hodges ) ndi kuvota. ACLU’s Legionation auctive advocacy Congress kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa za ufulu wa Voting Rights Act Reuthorection ndi projects ya boma ya kukonzanso chilungamo cha milandu. Mwakuphatikiza maphunziro a anthu ndi kuvomereza maphunziro a anthu onse, ACLU yaumba nkhani zalamulo ndi malo a boma kuchokera ku ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba ku malo achinsinsi.

Anakubala Olimbana ndi Kuyendetsa Moŵa Moŵa Wakumwa (MADD) ndi Chitetezo cha Magalimoto

MADD akupereka chitsanzo champhamvu cha gulu limodzi la anthu odziŵa kulera limene linasintha njira za anthu. Linapangidwa mu 1980, MADD lobbing joude kwambiri woledzera, kukweza malamulo alamulo kufika pa 21, ndi kukakamiza kuti aone malo oonera. Njira zawo zaudzu ziphatikizepo ndi mapulogalamu a maphunziro, ndi mkumbukiro wa mwambo umene unachepetsa imfa za anthu apamsewu kuchokera pa 50% kuyambira kuma 1980. Kupambana kwa MADD kumasonyeza kuti ngakhale kagulu kang'ono, kachigogomezero kanga kanga kangawo kawo kanga kawonetsere ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo.

Mavuto Amene Magulu Olamulira Akukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti magulu andale ali ndi mphamvu, iwo amavutika kwambiri chifukwa amakumana ndi mavuto monga a zachuma, ndiponso andale omwe angawalepheretse kuchita zinthu bwinobwino.

  • Kudziwitsa : [[FLT :1] Magulu ambiri amadalira pa malungo, zopereka, ndi zopereka, zimene zingachepe m'nthaŵi ya kunyonyotsoka kwa chuma kapena pambuyo pa kusintha kwa mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko. Non propections zimagawidwa kukhala 501(c)(3)) yoletsa kwambiri ntchito zawo zokopa, kukakamiza ena kuchotsa zida zankhondo.
  • Kugaŵikana kwa 'Political:[[FLT :1] Pamene Nyumba za Malamulo ziyamba kugaŵidwa, nkovuta kwa magulu kupeza zitsutso za bipartisan kaamba ka zochititsa zawo. Mauthenga a Advocacy amene adakopa magulu aŵiri onsewo tsopano akukhala pangozi ya kuikidwa monga procession.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuzindikira ndi kusocheretsedwa: Magulu ena auve amaimbidwa mlandu wa kukhala “astroturf” (mizu ya udzu), yochirikizidwa ndi zikondwerero za makampani. Ngakhale magulu ovomerezedwa mwalamulo amawononga nthaŵi ndi ndalama kutsutsa kupotoza ntchito yawo.
  • Kufuna chisamaliro: [[FT:1] ndi magulu zikwi zambiri osonkhezera pankhani mazana ambiri, kungakhale kovuta kuchotsa phokoso. Marojeti a chikhalidwe cha anthu amakulitsanso mawu omveka kwambiri, nthaŵi zina pa kusoŵa kwa mfundo za malamulo zosinthasinthasintha.
  • Zopinga za Malamulo ndi malamulo: Malamulo onga ngati Lobbing Displasure Act amafunikira lipoti lochuluka. Malamulo a boma latsopano akulimbana ndi “kukopa anthu" kapena chisonkhezero chachilendo chingayambitse mavuto otsatizana.

Kulingalira Kwabwino ndi Kutsutsana pa Chisonkhezero

Mphamvu ya magulu a kulera ana imadzutsa mafunso ofunika a makhalidwe. Osuliza amanena za [FLT: 0] ku mayanjano oyenda nawo [1] pamene opanga malamulo akhala otsatsa malonda mwamsanga pambuyo pochoka pa ofesi . Amene amabisa malire pakati pa utumiki wa anthu onse ndi phindu laumwini. Ena akuda nkhaŵa kuti magulu achuma (m.g., makampani a mankhwala) angatulutse mabungwe opanga zinthu zothandizira anthu onse, kuchotsa malamulo oyendera bwino. Poyankha, kuoneka (monga ngati bungwe la Lobing Displa Reving Act ndi kukhazikitsa zikalata) amayesa kutsimikizira kuti anthu amene akuyesa kusonkhezera opanga malamulo. [FLT:] Kafukufukuto kopambana, ngakhale kuti pali njira yofufuzira yothandiza. [FFF: Crensionsiontion: Froditions] Pomwe amalengeza malamulo ovomerezeka nthaŵi zonse, magulu ovomerezeka a boma.

M’tsogolomu Zinthu Zidzasintha

Luso la zopangapanga likusintha mmene magulu a kugwiritsa ntchito. Mabungwe a manambala amalola mabungwe kupanga mpambo waukulu wa mameseji, kukweza zopereka zazing'ono za ma mail, ndi kuyendetsa malonda. Zida zonga zochitapo ndi mafoni opangidwa mwa opangika amapanga kuti zikhale zosavuta kwa mamembala a bungwe la Congress m'active m’mphindi. Zofalitsa za anthu zingasinthe kachipangizo kamodzi kamene kamachititsa kuti anthu athe kuyankha. Masn [1] Kusintha maluso ofanana ndi amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'kampeni zandale tsopano ndi kulephera kwa . Zotsatira za boma: panthawiyi, zomwe zimatheketsa kuti anthu ambiri athe kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuyendetsa malamulo ena. Komabe, ngakhale kuti zopinga za m'zolowezi zina za , zopesewera za madera owonjezera a madera ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana kwambiri.

Kumaliza

Magulu audindo ndi ofunika kwambiri pa ntchito ya malamulo. Amapereka mafanizo a zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana, amapereka ukatswiri wa zakuya, amasonkhanitsa mphamvu, ndi kuchititsa opanga malamulo kukhala ndi mlandu. Njira zawo . Zopanga, makampani apoyera, maumboni, kufufuza, ndi matanthauzo ake n’zofunika kwambiri. Mwa kumvetsa ntchito yawo, aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira angamvetsetse bwino kuchuluka kwa malamulo, kuyambira pa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kufunika kwa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto onga ngati ndalama zopinga, kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi nkhaŵa za makhalidwe abwino, ziyambukiro zonse za magulu a anthu andale, ziyambukiro za magulu onse a za democracy pa ulamuliro wa democracy , zidzakhalabe zamphamvu kwambiri. Zipangizo zamakono zimasintha zonse ziŵiri za kukambirana kwa anthu, magulu a mtima awo a boma, ndipo akusonyeza bwino lomwe, ndi kuvomereza kwa anthu.