Ku United States, malamulo a boma amatumikira monga njira yaikulu yopangira ntchito za apolisi, makamaka poyesa kuwonjezera kuimira kwa maofesala ochepa ndi akazi. Malamulo ndi malamulo ameneŵa anapangidwa kuti afotokoze mbiri yakale yochepa, awonjezere kudalirana kwa anthu, ndi kutsimikizira kuti mabungwe osungitsa malamulo asonyeze kuchuluka kwa anthu amene akutumikira. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma a ufulu wa anthu amakhazikitsa miyezo yosakondera, maboma apanga miyezo yambiri ya zinthu ndi njira zamakono.

Malamulo Osiyanasiyana Osinthasintha M’dziko

Malamulo a boma apanga njira zosiyanasiyana zochirikizira kuchuluka kwa anthu olemba malamulo. Njira zofala kwambiri zimaphatikizapo maprogramu a m'mbali mwa pulogalamu, zisonkhezero za ndalama, kukhazikitsa ndandanda ya anthu, ndi malamulo a ntchito zaudindo. Malamulo ameneŵa amasiyana kwambiri m'zochitika ndi njira zosungitsira lamulo, kusonyeza mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko ndi malo alamulo a boma lililonse.

Setu-Aside ndi Masitepe a Mawu

Maboma angapo agwiritsa ntchito maprogramu apadera amene amasungitsa chigawo cha malipiro atsopano kwa oyembekezera ochepa ndi akazi. Mwachitsanzo, madipatimenti ena apolisi ku Texas ndi Illinois akugwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo kapena malamulo a boma amene amafuna kuti anthu alembedwe kuchokera ku magulu osagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Pamene kuli kwakuti magawo ameneŵa amatsutsidwa m’khoti, amakhalabe chida m'mbali zolembedwa ndi mbiri yakale ya kulembedwa ya ntchito. Komabe, malamulo ambiri amakono amapeŵa zigamu zapadera, mmalo mwake amagwiritsira ntchito “malamulo ndi madesikito ofeŵe, osagwirizana ndi malamulo.

Ndalama ndi Zopereka

Maboma angapo amapereka chithandizo cha ndalama ku madipatimenti amene amayang'anira ntchito zosiyanasiyana kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu otsatizana. Division of Criminal Justice Service imayang'anira mwachindunji kulembedwa kwa akuluakulu ang'onoang'ono ndi akazi. Bungwe la California la Ofesi ya Palamente ya Mtendere ndi Tream (POST) limapereka ndalama zothandizira mabungwe amene ali ndi phande m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana ovomerezedwa ndi boma. Ndalama zimenezi zingaphimbe kusatsa kutsa malonda, zionetsero za ntchito, kulangiza makampani, ndi kukonza masewera a ofunsira anthu ofufuza a m'magulu osagwirizana ndi a m'mbiri.

Kuchitira Umboni Wopangidwa ndi Kuonana Kwake

Ziyeneretso zowona mtima ziri pakati pa njira zovomerezedwa mofala kwambiri. Maboma khumi ndi aŵiri tsopano amafuna mabungwe osungitsa malamulo kutumiza malipoti a chaka ndi chaka ofotokoza za kulembedwa kwa madamu awo a fuko, fuko, fuko, ndi ukazi, makampani atsopano, ndi maofesala amakono. Mwachitsanzo, makampani a California a fuko ndi Disouriling Active Active Active (RIPA) amalamula kuti mabungwe onse osungitsa malamulo asokhazikitse ndi kufalitsa chidziŵitso cha anthu pa kuima, komanso kutumiza ntchito. Momwemo, boma la Washington 20211 lokonza malamulo a kampani a kampani (HB1267) limakakamiza mabungwe a bungwe la boma loyankhulitsa ndi magulu a olemba malamulo kuti apite patsogolo ndi kuzindikira maddhipareshoni amene pansi pa ma dipatimenti a .

Kufika kwa Anthu ndi Kukonza Zopanga

Maboma ambiri ali ndi ziyeneretso zogwirizana kuti apezere anthu ochepa ndi masukulu. Malamulo angapereke lamulo lakuti madipatimenti apange zochitika m'madera a Black kapena Latino, anzawo a makoleji a m'chitaganya okhala ndi mapulayimaleji osiyanasiyana, kapena kupanga njira za makadi kuchokera ku ziyambi zokhala ndi zithunzi zochepera. Lamulo la Maryland Enfossictment Recruitment and Reent Titlect Force lipereke mfundo yakuti (ndipo malamulo ena a kumaloko amafunikira) kuti mabungwe aperekere ndalama zothandizira anthu ongotsatira malamulo ndi chithandizo kwa oweruza milandu. Mapulo a pa maprogramungwe ameneŵa amafunitsitsa kuyankha zopinga ngati kuphunzitsidwa ndi kulephera kuyang'anira ntchito za oweruza.

Malamulo Aakulu a Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ambiri ali ndi mtundu wa malamulo ochirikiza kulembedwa kwa anthu, oŵerengeka ali odziŵika kaamba ka ukulu ndi kusintha kwa malamulo awo.

California

California ndilo lamulo lamphamvu kwambiri popanga apolisi osiyanasiyana. Bungwe la boma la POST limafuna kuti madipatimenti onse alembe mapulani olembedwa amene amaphatikizapo njira zokopa akazi ndi anthu ochepa. Pansi pa 960 2020, mabungwe ayenera kulemba ntchito zawo ndi zotsatirapo, ndi kulephera kulolera kutaya ndalama za boma. Kuwonjezerapo, California amaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito fuko monga njira yokha yopezera ndalama, koma amalola “kukopa ndi kuyambitsa mfundo zapadera za anthu.

New York

New York yakhala ikuchirikiza kale kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi malamulo. Pakadakhala malamulo a boma a 2020 panali makonzedwe a “Mality and Women - Women Business Enppeare program ya kutsata lamulo, ndipo ofesi ya kazembeyo imayang'anira dziŵe lopatulira kaamba ka zoyesayesa za kulembetsa. New York City, pansi pa chitsenderezo cha boma, inatenga “Priversity Hiring Idshiption" imene imaika oyembekezera kulowa m'madera okhala ndi ziŵerengero zokulira za upandu ndi kudalirika kwa apolisi. Mosasamala kanthu ndi zoyesayesa zimenezi, 2023 kuchokera ku boma anapeza kuti kulembedwa kwa anthu ochepa m'madenti zambiri zapamwamba zapamwamba za boma kumakhala kochitidwa, kugogomezera chitokosoko cha kutembenuza lamulo.

Texas

Malamulo a Texas amavomereza poyera ntchito za anthu, kuphatikizapo kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo akutsatiridwa, m’mikhalidwe ina. Bungwe la Texas la Law Enforcement (TCOLE) limafuna kuti madipatimenti onse asunge “malamulo a ntchito zaganyu” ndipo angalingalire kusoŵeka kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa antchito a bungwelo monga chifukwa choperekera chilolezo champhamvu. M'mizinda ina, monga Houston ndi Dallas, yakhala ndi “kuimira kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la boma” mapepala amene amaikapo ogwirira ntchito za anthu ochepa odalira pa kuŵerengera anthu. Komabe, kutsutsa kwa Texas kwamphamvu kwa ndale kuti “kufufuza ndi kulephera.

Illinois

Illinois adapereka lamulo la Safety, Accounting , Fairness ndi Equity - Today (SAFE-T) mu 2021, limene linaphatikizapo chofunika kwa mabungwe onse osungitsa lamulo kutengera “kulinganiza ndi makonzedwe ophatikizidwa” amene akutsatiridwa ku Chilamulo cha Illinois cha Kuphunzitsa ndi Kutsatira Malamulo. Makonzedwewo ayenera kutchula njira zakutiakuti akazi ndi anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Lamulolo limalamulanso kuti akuluakulu onse ndi antchito a ntchito za ntchito zaganyu azikhala ogwirizana.

Maryland

Maryland’s Police Accountability Act ya 2021 inapanga “Kukonza ndi Kusunga Chuma” mwapadera kuikidwa kaamba ka kuwonjezereka kwa mitundu. Mafonts alipo kaamba ka mabungwe amene akugwirizana ndi makoleji ndi mayunivesite a m'Nyake (HBCUS) ndi mabungwe a chitaganya. Kachitidweko kanakhazikitsanso cholinga cha kutsimikizira kuti kupangidwa kwa magulu atsopano a maphunziro kwa anthu kwasonyeza chiŵerengero cha anthu a dzikolo mkati mwa zaka zisanu. Pamene kuli kwakuti osagwirizana, cholingacho chachititsa madipatimentiwo kutsata chuma chenicheni cha anthu ndi zochitika zotsatsa malonda ndi zokopa.

Mavuto a Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a fuko ndi amuna osadziŵa bwino za amuna ndi akazi kuli ndi zopinga zazikulu za lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States limayang'ana zigamulo za m' ku Lichmond . J.A. Croson Co. (1998) ndi [FLT:] [FLT] [[FLT]] [Adaranderacter, Inc. v. Peña[FLT]] [95] [95]) inakhazikitsa kuti programu iliyonse ya boma yovomereza iyenera kupulumuka kuyang'anikiza kosalekeza ndi kuitenga bwino. Chifukwa cha apolisi, kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti chikondwererocho chiri kuchotsa kapena kutsimikizira kukwaniritsa kupyola mbali zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, makhoti otsika akhazikitsa maprogramungwe a kachitidwe osachirikiridwa ndi osachitidwa ndi kusankhidwa kwapadera.

Posachedwapa, chigamulo cha 2023 cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Zotsatira za Fair Adgicts . Harvard [1] (imene inagonjetsa kulowa m'makoleji a fuko popanda kuzindikira) yachititsa mavuto onse a boma lozikidwa pa mafuko. Makhoti angapo aikidwa motsutsana ndi kuyambitsa kwa apolisi, kuphatikizapo Texas ndi Colorado. Monga chotulukapo chake, maloya ambiri a boma tsopano amalangiza magulu a anthu kuti ayesetse zoyesayesa za mafuko osiyanasiyana “momwe muli kupambana kwa fuko. M’malo mwa kufunsira kwa fuko. Mwachitsanzo, malangizo a California akuti kuyambitsa maprogramungwe a kuyenera kukhala otsegulidwa ndi osagwiritsira ntchito a mafuko onse.

Zokonda za Gender zimayang'anizana ndi muyezo wosalimba kwambiri . inde kufufuza kwa akazi . Koma imafunikirabe umboni wakuti akazi amatengedwa chifukwa cha tsankho lakale. Maboma ambiri achirikiza mwachipambano maprogramu amene akazi olembedwa ntchito za akazi mwa kutchula za kuchotsedwa kwa akazi m'mbiri kuchoka ku ntchito yapolisi ndi kufufuza kumene kukusonyeza kuti maofesala akazi sagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yopambanitsa ndipo amadaliridwa kwambiri ndi akazi m'midzi. Komabe, malo ovomerezeka akukhalabe madzi, ndipo mabungwe ayenera kulemba mosamala nzeru zawo.

Zimene Zikusonyeza

Kuyesa chiyambukiro chenicheni cha malamulo a boma pa kusiyanasiyana kwa apolisi nkovuta. Lipoti la National Institute of Justice linapeza kuti ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu olembedwa ndi anthu ocheperapo 12% m’zaka zisanu, poyerekezera ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 3% m’maiko popanda malamulo amenewo. Komabe, lipoti limodzimodzilo linanena kuti akazi oimira apolisi asintha pang’ono chabe m'dzikolo kuyambira 12% mpaka 13% pa zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa mayeso a boma kungawonjeze kuoneka bwino, sikutsimikizira kusintha kwakukulu.

Papyline ndi maprogramu otsatsa malonda akuwoneka kukhala otsimikizirika kwambiri. Maboma amene amapereka ndalama zothandizira ku maphunziro ndi chithandizo cha anthu (m'chitsanzo, Maryland ndi New York) aona ziŵerengero zapamwamba za oyembekezera ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, “Trooper Cadet Program" ya “Traet Program" ya magulu opangidwirapo chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa 40% mwa anthu ochepa ofunsira ndi chithandizo m'zaka zitatu zoyambirira. Komabe, kusekedwa kumakhala vuto: apolisi ochepa ndi akazi kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi malo antchito otsutsa kwambiri, kutsogolera ku kubwereranso kwapamwamba. Malamulo a boma amene ali ndi maprogramungwe otsutsa ndi malamulo otsutsa lamulo oyenera kukhala oyenerera kulowa m'gulu la anthu.

Otsutsa amanenanso kuti malamulo a boma angabweretse zotsatira zosayembekezereka. Madipatimenti ena, odera nkhaŵa za kuikidwa kwa lamulo, angachepetse ziyeneretso za kukwaniritsa anthu omwe akupezekapo, zokhoza kusokoneza chisungiko cha anthu. Ena angatsutse mwa kuchitapo kanthu pang’ono popereka malipoti ang’onoang'ono koma osasintha kwenikweni. Kufufuza kwa Urban Institute kunapeza kuti mabungwe a m'mayiko amene amalengeza kwambiri zofunika kaŵirikaŵiri anali kuyang’anizana ndi zikwangwani zatsopano koma analephera kupititsa patsogolo anthu ochepa m’malo a utsogoleri, akumasiya antchito apamwamba oyera ndi amuna.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Kuphatikiza pa mafunso angapo okhudzana ndi malamulo, mavuto ambiri akupitirizabe. Choyamba, mabungwe ambiri a apolisi amatsutsa malamulo osiyanasiyana, akutsutsa kuti amachepetsa njira zokulira ndi zoyenerera. M’mayiko ena, mapangano ogwirizana achepetsa kulembedwa kwa malamulo. Chachiwiri, gulu la anthu ofunsira lamulo layamba kuchepa, kuchititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kukopa anthu oyenerera ofunsira, osawagwiritsa ntchito m’magulu oukira.

Kukayikira anthu kumathandizanso. M'madera amene apolisi amazunza anthu, anthu ochepa okhala m’madera ena sangagwire ntchito ku dipatimenti yomwe ili ndi mbiri yoipa. Mayiko ena achitapo kanthu pokhazikitsa uyang’aniro wa chitaganya, monga kulola kuti anthu wamba aonenso makampani a ntchito zawo. Pomaliza, kusintha kwa ndale kungasinthe: kusintha kwa boma kapena kazembe angatsogolere ku ntchito za mapulogalamu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga momwe zaonekera ku Arizona ndi Tennessee m’zaka zaposachedwapa.

Malamulo ndi Kusintha Zinthu M’tsogolo

Popita patsogolo, opanga malamulo a boma akulingalira za kukonzanso zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti athandize kukhazikitsa malamulo olembedwa koma akukhalabe m’kati mwa malamulo.

Kulimbikitsa Kudziŵa Zinthu Ndiponso Kudziŵerengera Mlandu

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti si kungokhala ndi kusimba chabe komanso zizindikiro zogwira ntchito zimene zili ndi zotsatirapo za kusagwirizana. California akulingalira za lamulo limene likagwirizanitsa ndalama za boma kukumana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana, mofanana ndi mmene bungwe la Thit IX limagwirira ntchito ku masukulu a maphunziro. Maboma ena akufufuza za kugwiritsira ntchito “mabodi amodzi a " amene amapanga chidziŵitso chapamwamba cha bungwe chikhalepo panthaŵi yeniyeni, kulola magulu a anthu kukhala ndi mlandu.

Kufutukula Maprogramu a Mpira

Malamulo a boma akuchirikiza mowonjezereka maprogramu a maphunziro a sukulu za sekondale ndi za koleji a maphunziro apamwamba ndi a misinkhu yochepera. Mwachitsanzo, I-940 ya Washington (yoposa mu 2018) inapereka $5 miliyoni kaamba ka “Phunziro la Polishi Cadet". programu yomayang'anira achichepere m'midzi yokhala ndi ziŵerengero zambiri za upandu. Zotsatira zoyambirira zikusonyeza kuti maprogramu otero amawonjezera ziŵerengero zofunsira ndi kuwongolera malingaliro a kukhala ndi moyo usanalembedwe ntchito.

Kuphunzitsa Bias ndi Kusintha Zinthu Mwamseri

Maboma angapo akukhazikitsa maphunziro a kukondera kwa anthu onse oloŵetsedwa m'kulembetsa ndi kulembetsa. Cholinga ndicho kuchepetsa tsankho losadziŵa m'mabungwe ofunsira mafunso, mayeso a kulimbitsa thupi, ndi kuyang'ana za kumbuyo. Kusintha kwa ntchito kwa Virginia 2020 kumafuna kuti chiŵalo chimodzi cha gulu la olemba ntchito chikhale chochokera ku gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi chiŵerengero chochepa m'dipatimenti. Kuwonjezera apo, maboma ena ali a kulimba kwa thupi ndi kupenda kwa maganizo kumene akazi ofunsira ntchito, kutembenukira ku mayeso apadera a ntchito m’malo mwa mayeso aunyiri a asilikali.

Kuteteza Mwalamulo Anthu Osiyanasiyana

Poyankha pa mlandu wopitirizabe, maboma akukonza malamulo amene amavomereza mwachindunji “kuloŵa ndi kulembedwa kwa anthu a fuko kapena akazi popanda kugwiritsira ntchito mtundu kapena kuti ndi chinthu chopangira zosankha. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo lachitsanzo lopangidwa ndi National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) limalimbikitsa mabungwe kutumiza chidziŵitso cha anthu ndi kuika zolinga koma limaletsa kupatsidwa ulemu pomalizira polandira munthu. Njira imeneyi ikufuna kuyang'anira mozama pamene ikulimbikitsabe kusiyana kwa anthu.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma olamulira kulembedwa kwa apolisi ochepa ndi akazi amaimira njira yaikulu yoperekera malamulo oimira. Kuchokera ku California, zimene zimafunika kugwirizanitsa HBCU ndi maprogramu a ku New York, malamulo ndi osiyanasiyana ndi kuzungulira. Pamene kuli kwakuti zitokoso za malamulo ndi zopinga zogwira ntchito zikupitirizabe, umboni umasonyeza kuti malamulo a boma opangidwa bwino lomwe / makamaka amene amaphatikiza kuonekera, ndalama, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa mapaipi . Masinthidwe a mtsogolo mwachiwonekere adzasumika maganizo pa kuyankha mlandu, kuyang'aniranso, ndi kulondola kwalamulo. Pamene anthu akupitirizabe kufuna kuyendetsa ntchito zimene zimawasonyeza ndi kuwalemekeza, boma limakhalabe pa kuyesayesa kovuta ndi kofunika kumeneku.