Madongosolo a Mphamvu Zolamulira: Mmene Zinthu Zamakono Zimakhudzira Dziko Lathu

Tsiku lililonse, zigamulo zopangidwa m’malikulu a mabungwe monga Environmental Protection Agency kapena Secureties and Exchange Commission zimakhudza mwachindunji chitetezo chanu, ndalama zanu, ndi mpweya umene mumamva. Mabungwe a boma ameneŵa ndi mabungwe apadera opangidwa ndi malamulo oyang’anira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo m’zigawo za zachuma ndi chitaganya. Kumvetsa mmene mabungwe ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito ndi ukulu wonse wa ulamuliro wawo sikuli chabe maphunziro a zapamwamba; kuli kofunika kwa atsogoleri a zamalonda, amalonda, amalonda, ndi nzika zachuma, ndi nzika zodziŵa bwino za boma.

M’bukuli muli malangizo ofotokoza bwino mmene zinthu zimayendera, kumene zimachokera mphamvu, mmene zimakhudzira mafakitale, ndiponso zimene zidzachitike m’tsogolo m’dziko lovuta kwambirili.

Chiyambi ndi Cholinga cha Kuyang’anira

Mabungwe a boma samakhala opanda kanthu. Mabungwewa amakhazikitsidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti athetse mavuto ena a zamalonda kapena zofuna za anthu amene anthu wamba kapena makhoti amwambo safuna kuyendetsa bwino zinthu.

Chikondwerero cha Anthu Onse

Kulungamitsa kwakukulu kwa bungwe lolamulira ndiko kutetezera anthu.

  • Kulephera kwa Msika: Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kulamulira malo enieni (monga ngati magetsi), kusamalira kuipidwa kwa kunja (monga kuipitsa), ndi kuyang'anira chidziŵitso (kumene mbali imodzi m'malonda imadziŵa zambiri kuposa inayo, monga ngati m'malonda).
  • Kuthandiza kutetezera ndi Thanzi: Makampani onga Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ndi Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) anakhazikitsa miyezo yokakamiza yotetezera kuvulala kwa zinthu ndi malo antchito.
  • Kuyang'anira Mpikisano Waubwino: Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ndi Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo (DOJ) Ntchito yoletsa kuphatikizana ndi mabizinesi omwe angavulaze ogula.
  • Kuteteza Malo Odziŵika: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imatetezera mpweya, madzi, ndi nthaka kuti gulu lonse lipindule.

Zochitika Zapadera M’mbiri ya Kukula kwa Mphamvu ya Utsogoleri

Ku United States, malamulo a dzikolo apangidwa m’mafunde, ndipo chilichonse chachitika chifukwa cha mavuto enaake, makampani a zaumoyo, kapena maluso a zaumisiri.

  • Nyengo ya Kupita patsogolo (ma 1800 - kumayambiriro a ma 1900): [FLT ] Nyengo imeneyi inachitika pamene mabungwe akuluakulu a boma anayamba kupangidwa, kuphatikizapo Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Commission mu 1887 kuyang'anira njanji ndi FDA mu 1906 pambuyo pa kukwiyitsidwa kwa anthu chifukwa cha chakudya ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
  • New Deal (1930s): [[FLT ] Poyankha ku Kutsika kwa Chuma Kwakukulu, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt maulamuliro a boma anafutukula kwambiri boma la boma. Nyengo imeneyi inabala Chitetezo ndi Komiti ya Exchange (SEC) kuyang'anira Wall Street, Federal Commissions (FC) kuyang'anira wailesi ndi wailesi yapambuyo pake, ndi National Labor Relation Board (NLRB) kutetezera zoyenera za antchito kulinganiza.
  • New Social Regculation (1960s-1970s): Kuphulika kwa malamulo a malo ndi ogula kunatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa EPA mu 1970, OSSA mu 1970, ndi Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) mu 1972. Mabungwe ameneŵa anasumika pang'ono pa maindasitale akutiakuti ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhani zachikhalidwe monga kuipitsa ndi ngozi za ntchito.
  • The Modern Era (2000s-Presente): Nkhanza za Ndalama (Entron) ndi mavuto a zachuma a 2008 anatsogolera ku mabungwe atsopano ndi mphamvu zofutukulidwa, monga ngati bungwe la Public Accounting Oversing Overst Board (PAOB) ndi Consumer International Protection Bureaunior (CFPB). Dipatimenti ya makono ikutsendereza mapulogalamu kuti igwirizane ndi machinsinsi, chilungamo, ndi mphamvu ya Big Tech.

Kudziimira paokha.

Mbali yolongosola mabungwe ambiri olamulira ndiyo kudziimira kwawo kwa pulezidenti. Pamene Prezidenti akuika utsogoleri wawo, akuluakulu ameneŵa angangochotsedwa kokha "kupangitsa" (m’chitsanzo, kunyalanyaza ntchito kapena kusamvera), osati kokha chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa malamulo. Mabungwe ameneŵa amateteza mabungwe ku zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko zazifupi, kuwalola kupanga zosankha mogwirizana ndi maluso a zasayansi ndi malamulo. Komabe, amadzutsanso mafunso a kuŵerengera mlandu kwa demokrase, pamene mabungwewa akupanga mphamvu zazikulu popanda kusankhidwa mwachindunji.

Madongosolo a Mphamvu Zolamulira: Kulamulira, Kukakamiza, ndi Kuletsa

Mphamvu ya bungwe lolamulira kaŵirikaŵiri imafotokozedwa kukhala kuphatikiza ntchito za nthambi zitatu zonse za boma. Izi n’zoti mabungwe angapange malamulo (amene amapondereza), kuwakakamiza (otsutsa), ndi oweruza oswa malamulo (ausilikali). Kumvetsetsa mphamvu yoyendera imeneyi ndiyo njira yaikulu yodziŵira mphamvu zawo.

Kulamulira: Mphamvu Yopanga Chilamulo Chogwirizanitsa

Mwina imeneyi ndi magwero otchuka kwambiri a mphamvu ya bungwe. Pansi pa Administrative Procedure Act (APA), mabungwe angapereke malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo. Njira yofala kwambiri ndiyo " kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.

  1. Lamulo loikidwiratu: Bungwelo limafalitsa Chidziŵitso cha Kupanga Malamulo Oikidwa (NPRM) mu Register [, kulongosola ulamuliro walamulo ndi kulinganiza kaamba ka lamulo.
  2. [[FLT: 0] Copic Noverset: Bungwelo limatsegula nyengo ya ndemanga yapoyera (mofala masiku 30-60) kumene munthu aliyense kapena gulu lingapereke zigomeko zolembedwa, chidziŵitso, ndi malingaliro. Imeneyi ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri yokopa ndi kukopa anthu onse.
  3. Lamulo lachibadwidwe: [[FLT :1] Bungwe limapenda ndemanga, kupanga masinthidwe, ndi kutulutsa Lamulo Lomaliza. Lamulo limeneli limafalitsidwa mu Code ya Malamulo a Federal ndi kukhala logwirizana mwalamulo.

Kudzera m'njira imeneyi, mabungwe akuchititsa kuti azikhala ndi mfundo zonse za malamulo aakulu amene anaperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo inapereka lamulo la Chrea Air Act, koma EPA imasankha malire enieni a zinthu zoipitsa monga sulfur dioxide kapena ozone.

Kukakamiza: Mphamvu Yofufuza ndi Kulanga

Kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa kufufuza ndi kulanga osatsatira kumachititsa mabungwe kulumidwa mwamsanga. Mphamvu zokakamiza zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kufufuza ndi Mapilo: [[FL:1] OSHSH Oustersers zingaloŵe m'malo a ntchito popanda chidziŵitso. FDA ingathe kuyendera malo opangira zinthu. SEC ingapimire makampani.
  • Subpoenas ndi Civil Investigative Relations (CIDs): Makampani onga FTC ndi SEC angasonkhezere kutulutsidwa kwa zikalata ndi umboni kuchititsa kufufuza.
  • Tsoka la Malamulo: Makampani angabweze ndalama zazikulu za kuswa malamulo. SEC ndi DOJ angalondole kutaya phindu limodzi ndi chilango. Makampani a EPA angayende bwino mamiliyoni a madola tsiku lililonse chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo a malo okhala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutulutsa kwa Zikole: FC ikhoza kuchotsa laisensi youlutsira wailesi. FDA ikhoza kuimitsa laisensi ya kampani yopanga mankhwala. Kwa makampani, imeneyi ingakhale chilango cha imfa ya kampani.

Kuweruza: Mphamvu ya Kuweruza

Pamene bungwelo lipereka mlandu wa kampani kapena munthu aliyense wolakwa, mlanduwo umamvedwa choyamba ndi woweruza wa lamulo (ALJ). Bwalo la mkati limeneli ndilo katswiri wa ntchito ya kayendetsedwe ka malamulo. ALJ amamva umboni ndi kutsutsa zosankha zoyambirira. Pamene kuli kwakuti zosankha zimenezi zingaperekedwe ku khoti la boma, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimapangitsa kulemera kwakukulu chifukwa cha luso lake la zaluso ndi makhoti omvera malamulo awo nthaŵi zina amapatsa matanthauzo a matanthauzo a malamulo awo (chiphunzitso chalamulo chodziŵika monga CHEVron , chimene tsopano chikuyang'aniridwa ndi Supreme Court).

Chithunzi Chochuluka cha Chisonkhezero cha Malonda

Mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu amakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya chuma.

Kukonzanso Zachuma

Makampani ambiri a m’mafakitale amene kale ankawaona kuti ndi achilengedwe okha kapena kuti amafunika kuyendetsa bwino zinthu.

  • FC: imagawa pakati pa state ndi maiko onse kulankhulana pa wailesi, wailesi, wailesi yakanema, waya, satellite, ndi tayala.
  • FERC: Bungwe la Federal Energy Reguration Commission limalamulira kuulutsidwa kwa magetsi, gasi wachilengedwe, ndi mafuta m'chigawo cha dziko.
  • C : [[FLT :1] Makampani a boma amafuna kuti makampani aulule zachuma kuti ateteze chinyengo ndi kutsimikizira kuti kuwonana kwa zinthu.

Kusintha Mayanjano

Malamulo ameneŵa amalinganiza kuti ateteze anthu ku ngozi zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu, mosasamala kanthu za maindasitale.

  • EPA: imachotsa mpweya wa m'mafakitale ndi m'galimoto, imalamula kuyeretsa malo otayidwa owopsa, ndi kuika miyezo ya madzi akumwa.
  • OSHA: Amafuna olemba ntchito kugaŵira malo antchito opanda ngozi zodziŵika ndi kuika miyezo yachisungiko yokha yomangira, yopanga, ndi maindasitale ena.
  • [[FDA:0] FDA: imakhazikitsa chisungiko ndi mphamvu ya mankhwala, zipangizo zamankhwala, ndi chakudya cha dziko.

Chiyambukiro pa malonda nchachikulu. Mabungwe ayenera kupereka chuma chochuluka ku compance [1] [1] [1] Kulemba timu zalamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera, ndi kusintha njira zogwirira ntchito kuti zigwirizane ndi miyezo. Kukwera mtengo kwa kugonjera ndi kuopsa kwa kusagwirizana ndi kuŵerengera kwapadera kwa mabwana alionse.

Malamulo Aakulu ndi Mphamvu Zawo Zenizeni za Dziko

Kuti timvetse bwino lomwe mphamvu ya mabungwe olamulira, kumathandiza kuyang’ana zitsanzo zenizeni ndi zochita zawo zotsimikizirika.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Ulosi: Malamulo okakamiza onga Chrood Act, Chreater Wact, ndi Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

Mphamvu mu Ntchito: Mphamvu ya EPA yokhazikitsa miyezo ya mpweya ya dziko lonse (NAAQS) ya zoipitsa zakakamiza mafakitale onse kukonzanso ntchito zawo zopanga. Bungwelo lingaperekenso malamulo a boma oyeretsa, kutchula nkhani za DOJ za kuukira kwaupandu, ndi zikole za levy zimene zingayendere mpaka ku madola mamiliyoni ambiri. Zaka zapakati pa ntchito yawo yopanga. , EPA yakhala pakati pa nkhondo zalamulo pa ulamuliro wake kuyang'anira mpweya wotentha pansi pa Derale.

Atsogoleri a Zakudya ndi Mankhwala (FDA)

scope : Imayang'ana kutetezereka kwa chakudya, mankhwala, zipangizo zamankhwala, zodzoladzola, ndi zopangidwa ndi fodya.

Mphamvu mu Action: Palibe mankhwala atsopano amene angagulitsidwe ku United States popanda FDA. Njira imeneyi, kuphatikizapo mbali zingapo za kupima kwa odwala, ingawononge madola mabiliyoni ambiri ndi kutenga zaka khumi. Mphamvu ya bungwelo yovomereza kapena kukana mankhwala ndi chisonkhezero chenicheni ndi chokulira ku makampani a mankhwala. FDA ilinso ndi ulamuliro wonena kuti chakudya chaipitsidwa, kuchotsa chilolezo cha mankhwala opezedwa kukhala chosatetezereka, ndi kuyendera malo alionse opanga zinthu zoyendetsedwa.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Ulosi: imateteza anthu a boma ndi malamulo oletsa kudalirana. Ntchito ya FTC ndi kuteteza ogula ndi kuchirikiza mpikisano.

Mphamvu mu Ntchito: FTC ikhoza kutsutsa kugwirizanitsa kuti imakhulupirira kuti "kuchepetsako kupikisana," mphamvu imene yagwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwapa kutokosa machitidwe a zaumoyo, zaumoyo, ndi magawo ena. Imakakamizanso malamulo oletsa machitidwe osalungama kapena onyenga, ochititsa machitidwe aakulu otsutsana ndi makampani otsatsatsa malonda onyenga, kuswa mabizinesi, ndi kuswa zinthu zachinsinsi. FTC ikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito molimbika kuyesa kuyesa kukambirana, chithandizo cha ndalama, ndi ngakhale kuchotsa zipambanitso zolakwika, monga momwe zimawonedwa mu [FL:] zochitika zazikulu zotsutsana ndi ogulitsa pa Intaneti. [FLT]

Occium Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

scope: imatsimikizira mikhalidwe ya ntchito yotetezereka ndi yaubwino kwa antchito mwa kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo.

Mphamvu mu Ntchito: Maofesala omvera a OSH angayang'ane ntchito popanda chidziŵitso cha poyamba. Pamene kuswa lamulo kwapezedwa, bungwelo lingapereke zigamulo ndi kupereka zilango. Kwa kuswa mwadala kapena mobwerezabwereza kumene kumatsogolera ku imfa ya wantchito, OSHA angavomereze mlandu waupandu ku DOJ. Bungwelo "General Duty Classias" limafuna mabwanala kuti apereke malo antchito kwaulere ku ngozi zodziŵika, lamulo lalikulu limene limalola OSHA kuyankha maupandu osachitidwa ndi miyezo yakutiyakuti.

Malo ndi Ntchito Yosinthana ndi Zachuma (SEC)

pulojekiti: imayang'anira misika ya zandalama, kuphatikizapo kugulitsana masheya, ozembetsa ndalama, olemba malonda, ndi makampani a anthu onse.

Mphamvu mu Action: [[FLT :1] SEC imalamula kuvumbulidwa kwakukulu kwa zachuma (10-Ks, 10-Qs) kumene makampani a boma ayenera kukonza, kutsimikizira kuwonekera kwa oikitsa. Mabungwe ake osungitsa amafufuza ndi kuweruza mkati mwa malonda, kunyenga kwa maakaunti, ndi kugulitsa. SEC ingakakamize kupereka chilango cha anthu, kubweza ndalama kuvulaza oikizira, ndi mabawa kuchokera ku kutumikira monga nduna za kampani kapena maofesala. Malamulo ake aposachedwapa opanga malamulo a za nyengo ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zapansi kwa kampani ndi a pakompyuta akusonyeza kuwonjezereka kwake.

Ntchito Yolankhulana ndi Federal (FCC)

Upo: imasintha pakati pa state ndi maiko onse kulankhulana pa wailesi, wailesi, wailesi yakanema, waya, satellite, ndi tayala.

Mphamvu mu Ntchito: FC imalamulira kuchuluka ndi kugawidwa kwa matransmist a wailesi, chiŵiya chapoyera cha mlingo wa . Izi zimaipatsa mphamvu yaikulu pa oulutsa, onyamula mafoni, ndi ogwiritsira ntchito masetilaiti. Ikhoza kuchotsa laisensi, kukhazikitsa zokometsera za kubisa kapena kuswa malamulo a mwini, ndi kuika malamulo onga a ukonde, zimene zimalamulira mmene antchito a pa Intaneti ayenera kugwirira ntchito youlutsa chidziŵitso cha makompyuta.

Kukonza Malo Okongola: Kuthandizana, Mavuto, ndi Khalidwe Labwino

Makampani amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolowera kukaona malo ozungulira.

Kumanga Chikhalidwe cha Kugwirizana

Kutsatira lamulo lachiphamaso kumafuna ndalama zambiri kuposa kudzitetezera. Programu yamphamvu ya kumvera imaphatikizapo:

  • Chipangano cha Leadership : "Kuchokera pamwamba" n’kovuta. Dongosolo liyenera kusonyeza kutsimikiza mtima ku makhalidwe abwino ndi kutsatira lamulo.
  • [1] Kuzindikira ndi kuona nthaŵi zonse maupandu oloŵetsedwa m'maindasitale ndi ntchito.
  • ['Zikalata zomveka, zopezeka zofotokoza makhalidwe ndi zochita.
  • [[MTL:0] Kuphunzitsa ndi Kulankhulana: Maphunziro osakhazikika kwa antchito pamiyeso yonse ya udindo wawo.
  • Kufufuza ndi Kupenda: Madongosolo a kuwona kuswedwa kusanakhale nkhani zazikulu.
  • Kulengeza ndi Kuyankha: Machayina kwa antchito kuti anene nkhaŵa (mapulogalamu otentha a m'mapiko) ndi mapulani omveka bwino ofufuzira ndi kukonza nkhani.

Zotsatirapo za Kusalankhulana

Mavuto amene munthu angakumane nawo akalephera kutsatira malamulo ndi aakulu kwambiri, ndipo ena mwa mavutowa ndi awa:

  • Mapilo a zachuma: Mabwino angayambike kuchokera pa zikwi kufikira mabiliyoni a madola.
  • Kusokonezeka kwa maopaleshoni: [[FL:1] Kugwiritsa ntchito maopaleshoni, kukumbukira zinthu zopangidwa, kapena kutaikiridwa laisensi yogwiritsira ntchito.
  • Kuwonongeka kwa Malamulo: Kachitidwe ka kusungitsa kwapoyera kumafooketsa chidaliro cha wogula ndi chidaliro cha woikizira.
  • Isokha Libacy : Maofesala ndi madailekitala angayang'anizane ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni kapena ngakhale yaupandu chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo mosadziŵa.

Kugwirizana ndi Ntchitoyo

Mabizinesi sachita zinthu popanda kuuzidwa malamulo, ali ndi njira zambiri zochitira pangano, kuphatikizapo kupereka ndemanga pa malamulo operekedwa, kupempha mabungwe kuti apereke malamulo atsopano kapena oletsa malonda, ndiponso kuchita nawo ntchito zamalonda zimene zimaimira ntchito za makampani pamaso pa oyendetsa makampani.

Kusuliza ndi Kutsutsana pa Mphamvu ya Chilamulo

Anthu ambiri amatsutsana pa nkhani zandale komanso zamaphunziro.

  • Kufikira kwa lamulo: Nthanthi yakuti makampani, mkupita kwa nthaŵi, angabwere kudzatumikira zikondwerero za maindasitale enieniwo amene amalingaliridwa kuyang'anira, mmalo mwa chikondwerero cha anthu.
  • Mtolo wa zachuma: Osuliza amanena kuti mtengo wowonjezereka wa malamulo umalepheretsa kukula kwa chuma, kuchepetsa kuyambika kwa zinthu zatsopano, ndi kupangitsa mabizinesi aang'ono kukhala ovuta kwambiri kupikisana.
  • Kuposa ndi Kutsatira: Nkhaŵa zakuti mabungwe amapitirira malamulo awo aungwe (nkhani yaikulu m'kusanthula kwa Khoti Lalikulu Funso Lomwe) ndi kuti njira zawo za kulonjeza zamkati sizikutetezera khoti lamwambo.

Tsogolo la Kukonzanso

Zinthu zingapo zamphamvu zimene zikuchitika zikusintha zinthu zina n’kukhalapo.

  • Mabungwe a Digital Frontinenti: Amathamanga kuti apeze masinthidwe a luso la zopangapanga. Nkhani zonga ngati chinsinsi cha madata (ndi maulamuliro onga California ndi Yuropu's GDPR amakhazikitsa zitsanzo), luntha lopanga, misika yobisika, ndi malamulo a mapulogalamu a za makampani oulutsira zinthu za anthu ali patsogolo. FTC, SEC, SEC, ndi bungwe latsopano la zachinsinsi la boma lakuyendetsa zinthu zachinsinsi lakunja likuloŵetsedwa kwambiri.
  • Mapangano ndi ESG: Malamulo a malo okhala, Social, ndi Governance (EG) akuchokera ku zoyesayesa zaufulu kupita ku zofunika zofunikirika. Lamulo la SEC la kuvumbula za nyengo ndi chitsanzo chosiyana, kukakamiza makampani a boma kuŵerengera ndi kupereka lipoti la maupandu a nyengo yawo.
  • Kusintha ndi kuyendetsa Cross-Border: Mavuto ambiri auyang'ang'ang'ono ngolengedwa. Zipani zowonjezereka zimagwirizanika kudutsa malire kuti zithetse nkhani monga kugulitsa ndalama, kutumiza chidziŵitso, ndi kusungitsa kwa mayiko. Kampani imene ikuyendetsa dziko lonse iyenera kuyendetsa mbali ya maboma otsutsana kaŵirikaŵiri.

Kumaliza

Mabungwe a boma ndi mbali yachikhalire ndi yamphamvu ya malo olamulira amakono. Iwo amapeza ulamuliro wawo kuchokera ku ntchito zofunika za anthu zimene amachita . "Kulephera kukonza zamalonda, kutetezera thanzi ndi chisungiko, ndi kutsimikizira mpikisano wamphamvu zawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti ukulu ndi njira zawo zifunikira kutsutsana kwambiri, ntchito yawo monga chiŵiya chachikulu chogwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la anthu m’dziko locholoŵana ikhoza kukula, osati kuchepa.

Kwa anthu a mabizinesi ndi anthu omwe, kulemekeza ulamuliro wa mabungwe ameneŵa, kumvetsa bwino ntchito yawo yokhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyendereni bwino, ndiponso kukhala ndi phande m’dongosolo la malamulo ndizo maluso ofunika kwambiri kuti zinthu ziyende bwino m’zaka za zana la 21.