Malamulo a Mawu Aufulu

First Amendment ku United States Constitution imalengeza kuti “Korefera sapanga lamulo lililonse ... loletsa ufulu wa kulankhula. Chigamulo chimodzi chimenechi chakhala maziko a demokrase ya Amereka, kutetezera kuchuluka kwa mawu kuchokera ku kutsutsa kwa ndale zadziko kufikira ku chilengedwe cha akatswiri. Komabe mawuwo sali otsimikizirika monga momwe akuonekera. Pazaka mazana aŵiri zomasulira zachiweruzo zapanga magulu a mawu olongosoka, olongosoka bwino lomwe a mawu amene amagwa [ chinjirizidwa ndi malamulo alamulo. Kumvetsetsa malire ameneŵa nkofunika poyamikira malo enieni a ufulu ndi kulinganiza kwa munthu ndi ubwino wa ufulu ndi zolinga zake.

Nkhaniyi ikupereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa ziletso za lamulo pa ufulu wa kulankhula mu United States, kufufuza kupita patsogolo kwa mbiri yakale, magulu aakulu a kulankhula kosatetezereka, mbali ya makhoti, ndi mavuto aakulu amene amabuka m’nyengo ya makompyuta.

Maziko a Kulankhula Kopanda Malire

Chidziŵitso chamakono cha malire a kulankhula sichinakhazikitsidwa kamodzi. Lamulo lakale la ku America, losonkhezeredwa ndi lamulo la Chingelezi, linalola kumangidwa kwa milandu yopatutsa boma. Sedition Act ya 1798 , mwachitsanzo, kuchitidwa upandu “wonama, wonyansa, ndi wanjiru , mawu otsutsana ndi boma, kutsutsana mwachindunji ndi malemba a First Amendment. Ngakhale kuti Actyo inatha, inakhazikitsa bwalo la mkangano wopitirizabe ponena za mmene chitetezero cha kulankhula chimafikira.

Zochitika Zazikulu Kuchiyambi kwa Zana la Kuma 1900

Khoti Lapamwamba linayamba kuletsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a ufulu wa kulankhula m'nyengo ya Nkhondo Yadziko. [FLT]Scheck v. United States (1919) adakali mlandu wa maziko. Charles Schenck pepala zolimbikitsa kutsutsa kukonza zinthu zopanga zida zankhondo; Khoti linachirikiza kutsimikiza kwake, ndi Jaji Konsorn Holmes Jr. Kuyambitsa [[FLT:]] kuopsa ndi kumene kulipoku'ana. Kuyesa koyenera kwa boma kuletsa kulankhulana kwabwino. Holme analemba kuti kulankhulako kukhoza kuletsedwa pamene kuyambitsa “ku ndi kuwonekeratu kuti kubweretsa chiwopsezo cha kumbuyo kwa nkhondo. Kuletsa kutsutsa kwa bomakusintha kwa kalankhulidwe kukanaletsedwa ndi kutsutsa nkhondo.

Miyezi ingapo pambuyo pa Scheck , khoti linagamula [[FLT :2], Khoti linagamula kuti [[FLT :2]] Ammans v. United States (1919]) [[FLT:], zimene zinaphatikizapo kutchula kuti kuukira U.S. kuloŵerera kwa U.S. ku Russia. Pamene kuli kwakuti ambiri anachirikiza zikhulupiriro, Woweruza Holmes anatsutsidwa ndi chitetezero champhamvu chaulere, akumati “kuyesa choonadi ndiko mphamvu ya kulingalira kulandiridwa mpikisano wa malonda. [FLT] izi zidzakhala za tchuliro chapakati pa . [FLT]

Kusintha kwa Miyezo Yolimbikitsa

The “clear and present danger” test proved difficult to apply consistently. For decades, courts sometimes allowed restrictions on speech that merely advocated for unlawful acts, without requiring an imminent threat. The turning point came with Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). Clarence Brandenburg, a Ku Klux Klan leader, had made a speech at a rally that included racist remarks and vague threats. The Court overturned his conviction, establishing the modern incitement test: speech can be punished only if it is “directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action” and is “likely to incite or produce such action.” This high bar protects virtually all abstract advocacy of violence or illegal conduct, no matter how repugnant, unless it crosses the line into active, immediate provocation.

Mitundu ya Kulankhula Kopanda Chitetezo: Kunyonyotsoka Kotsimikizirika

Khoti Lalikulu lazindikira kuti mitundu ina ya mawu onyoza, onyoza, onyoza, onyoza, olimbikitsa mawu otsutsa nkhondo, ndi oopsa, ndiponso ena ochepa monga ngati mabodza.

Kuipa

Kudzivulaza kuli imodzi ya mbali za mkangano waukulu za lamulo laulere. Kuyesa kwamakono kumachokera ku . [FLT .1] Miller v. California (1973] [1], kumene kunakhazikitsa muyezo wa 3

  1. Kaya munthu wamba, wotsatira miyezo ya m’chitaganya chamakono, angapeze kuti ntchitoyo, yotengedwa monga yokha, imalimbikitsa chidwi chapamwamba (ndiko kuti, kukhumbira kugonana kochititsa manyazi kapena koipa).
  2. Kaya ntchitoyo imasonyeza kapena imafotokoza, mwanjira yonyansa kwambiri, khalidwe la kugonana lolongosoledwa mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma logwira ntchito.
  3. Kaya bukulo likhale lonse, lilibe phindu la kulemba, luso, ndale, kapena sayansi ([FLT: 0] SLAPS mayeso).

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, prong yachitatu imagwiritsira ntchito muyezo wololera mmalo mwa miyezo ya chitaganya, kutsimikizira kuti kugwira ntchito ndi phindu lenileni kumatetezeredwa ngakhale ngati akhumudwitsa malingaliro a kumaloko. Zinthu zimene zimalephera mapulosi atatu onsewo zingaletsedwe. Komabe, Khoti lakhala likuteteza nthaŵi zonse kukhala ndi zinthu zonyansa m’nyumba ( SSley v. Georgia, 1969]), pamene likulola ziletso zomangira kugaŵira ndi kuonetsera poyera.

Kulakwa: Kusinjirira ndi Kumasula

Chilakolako . [[FLT:] Nthano zonama zimene zimavulaza munthu wina,(1964]) sizinatetezedwe. Koma Kusintha Koyamba kumaika malire aakulu pa lamulo loipitsa anthu kuti apeŵe kutsutsana kwa anthu koopsa. [New York Times Co. v[FLT].[FLT] [[FLT:]] [194]] (1964]] [194])] [194] [zidziŵitso] [zi] kuti chinali chonama kapena chosasamala choonadi. Kulamuliraku kunachititsa kuti akuluakulu a boma asapezenso choipitsa [FLT]: FFFF: FOLT [5] [5]. Otchuka ndi otchuka kwambiri: [osathandiza]

Mawu Olimbikitsa ndi Olimbana Nawo

Monga momwe kwatchulira, kusonkhezera kumafuna kuitanira kwa [[FL:0] kachitidwe kosakhala ka lamulo kamene kadzachitika. Uku ndiko kulekana kochepa. Khoti lakhala likutetezera nthaŵi zonse mawu amene amachirikiza chiwawa m’mawu osawoneka, kuphatikizapo kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko ndi kusinjirira. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT] [[FLT]] [3] [[FLT] v. United States [[69] [199] [199], [FLT], 18-ikulu la zaka zonenedwa pa msonkhano wotsutsa nkhondo, “Ngati ayesa kundinyamula mfuti, munthu woyamba amene ndifuna kunyamula m’zimene ndikuona ndizo. [LB] Khoti imeneyi inali yosatsimikizirika, ndipo si yoona.

[[FLT: 0] Mawu olimbikitsa ndi aja amene “mwa mawu awo enieniwo avulaza kapena kusonkhezera kuswedwa kwa mtendere. [1] Chiphunzitso chimenechi chinakhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT]] Chapplinsky v. New Hampshire [1] [[FLT] [1942] [1942] [[FLT] [5], kumene Mboni ya Yehova imatchedwa kuti “mzinda wobindikiritsidwa" ndi“ wogwetsedwa. Bwalo linachirikiza chitsimikizo chake, malingaliro akuti anthu alibe phindu la chikhalidwe. Komabe, kulimbanako kwakhala kochepa kwambiri. Kulimbanako kumangogwira ntchito yongoyang’anizana ndi kukwiya, ndipo sikungagwirizanitsiridwe ndi kutsutsa kwake kwachiwawa, kapena kukanagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha kutsutsa.

Zowopsa Zenizeni

A chiwopsezo chenicheni ndi mawu akuti munthu wolingalira angafotokoze ngati kutsimikiza kwakukulu kwa kuchita chiwawa chosaloleka kwa munthu wina kapena gulu. Khoti Lalikulu lasiyanitsa zowopsa zenizeni ndi zokopa zotetezeredwa kapena zowopsa. [FLT] Vriginia v. Black [[[FLT:] [2003] [2003] , Khoti lidali ndi lamulo limene linaletsa mtanda kuyaka ndi cholinga choopseza, pamene likuwopsya kakonzedwe kamene kanali koyerekezera mtanda uliwonse kowopsa. Mlankhuliyo ndi cholinga chake ndi mawu ake.

Ntchito ya Makhoti: Kulinganiza Mayeso ndi Kupenda Kolimba

Pamene boma lifuna kuletsa kulankhula kumene sikumaloŵa m'gulu losatetezereka, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kwa chigawo . Muyezo wofuna kupenda. Boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti chiletsocho chimapereka chikondwerero chokakamiza cha boma ndipo nchokonzeka kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Ziletso zochokera ku mbali zonsezo n’zofunika ku chipinga chapamwambachi, pamene kuli kwakuti zokhalamo ndi ziletso (monga nthaŵi, malo, ndi malamulo) zimayang'aniridwa pang'ono. Khotilo lakulitsanso lopanda pake [FLT]] ndi [FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT:]] [FOLD] [5]] ziphunzitso zopanda pake [malamulo zopangitsa]

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu Imene Inasonkhezera Chiphunzitso cha Ufulu wa Kulankhula

Kupyola Sullivan [[FLT :1] ndi Brandenburg [1], malamulo ena angapo ngofunika kuti timvetsetse malire amakono a kulankhula.

  • . .Des Moiconpendent School District (1 969] [1] [1] - Ophunzira anavala mikono yakuda kutsutsa Nkhondo ya Vietnam. Khoti linanena kuti kulankhula kophiphiritsira kumatetezedwa malinga ngati sikusokoneza kwambiri ntchito zasukulu. Nkhaniyi inatsimikizira kuti ophunzira “sachotsa ufulu wawo walamulo wa ufulu wa kulankhula kapena mawu pa chipata cha sukulu.
  • Miller v. California[FLT :2] (1973] [1] [FLT: 3] – takambirana kale, nkhaniyi imakhazikitsa muyezo wamakono wa zonyansa.
  • R.A.V. Mzinda wa St. Paul .[FLT :2] (1992 [1] – Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo lachidani limene linaletsa zizindikiro (monga mitanda yoyaka) zimene“ mkwiyo, kulira, kapena kuipidwa kwamwayi” zozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena chisembwere. Lamulo linali lopanda maziko chifukwa linazikidwa pa zolembedwa ndi malingaliro, ngakhale kuti linayang'anizana ndi gulu lamwambo losatetezereka (mawu otsutsana). Chigamulo chimenechi chimatetezera mawu oipitsidwa kwambiri kuchokera ku ku kusanthula kwa boma.
  • Citamies United v. Federal Infaction Commission [FL:2] (2010) [1] – adalamulira kuti ndalama za kampani za kuulutsa kwa ndale zadziko zodziimira sizingachepetsedwe pansi pa Kukonzanso Koyamba. Chosankha chotsutsanachi chinapereka chitetezo chaufulu kwa makampani, chikumagogomezera kuti kulankhula kwa ndale kuli kwa demokrase mosasamala kanthu za chizindikiritso cha wolankhula.
  • United States v. Alvarez . (20: 2) [1] [1] – Khoti linakantha Stolen Valor Act , imene inatsutsa mabodza akulandira mendulo zankhondo. Khotilo linanena kuti mawu onama okha si otetezeka pokhapokha ngati achititsa chivulazo chenicheni (monga kuipitsa kapena chinyengo).

Milandu imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti Khoti silikufuna kuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya mawu osatetezeka, ndipo limafuna kukakamiza anthu kuti asalankhule motsatira mfundo za m’mbiri.

Nkhani za M’tsogolo ndi Kusagwirizana Kosathetsedwa

Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limalamulidwa ndi First Amendment, mapulatifomu aumwini monga Facebook, Twitter, ndi YouTube, saali otero.

Danani ndi Kulankhula ndi Mkangano wa Kulankhula

Mosiyana ndi mademokrase ena, United States alibe lamulo lachisawawa la kulankhulana. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likutsutsa mobwerezabwereza kuti kunyoza, udani, kapena kunyada, zimatetezedwa pokhapokha lilowa m'gulu losatetezeka monga kusonkhezera, ziwopsezo zenizeni, kapena kuvutitsa. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti la Paul linagonjetsa mapwando a St. [Paul:0].A. V. mzinda wa St. Paul .[FLT] ndipo pambuyo pake limachirikiza kuyenera kwa Westboro Baptist kuchotsa maliro ankhondo ndi mawu otsutsa otsutsa chidani (] . . . . . . . . .[FFLP. [F.]] [FLT]])

Kuvutitsidwa pa Intaneti ndi Kulankhulana ndi Anthu Ovuta

Mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti osadziŵa angayambitse kuopsa kwenikweni ndi kuvutitsidwa. Malamulo a boma amatchula malamulo (18 U.S.C. 7661) amaphwanya malamulo olankhula ndi makompyuta kuti avutitsidwe kapena kuopseza anthu, koma makhoti ayenera kusiyanitsa pakati pa ziwopsezo zenizeni ndi mawu otetezedwa. Mabungwe a zaumoyo alinso ndi malamulo awoawo amene angawachititse kutsatiritsa. Mwachitsanzo, ena aletsa masamu onga Donan Trump kusonkhezera chipwirikiti pambuyo pa kuukira kwa January 6 Capitol, pamene ena asulizidwa chifukwa cha kutsutsa nkhani zandale. Chigamulo choyamba sichimaletsa zosankha zachinsinsi zimenezi zaumwini, koma chigamu chachigamu chachisi chachikulu.

Nkhani Zonama ndi Maloto

Kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso chonyenga . Boma silingaletse mawu onama mwachisawawa , akatemera, kapena thanzi la anthu onse. Komabe, First Amendment imateteza mawu ambiri onama, monga Alvarez [1] kupangidwa. Boma lingaletse kulankhula konama mwachisawawa kusiyapo ngati lichititsa, kuvulaza kodziŵika. Maboma ena apereka malamulo oletsa kuchotsa chisankho, koma makhoti aswa malamulo amene ali osamveka bwino kwambiri kapena opitirirapo. Mmalomwake, njira yosankhidwa imatsutsa: aphunzitsi, atolankhani, ndi mfundo za choonadi zingawongotsutsa popanda kupatsa boma mphamvu yokhudza choonadi.

Kupimidwa kwa Malamulo a Alimoliti ndi Kusintha Malamulo

Chigawo 230 cha Chikalata cha Kulankhulana Chimapereka chitetezo pa mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti olembedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, pamenenso akuwalola kukhala okhutira ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino. Otsutsa amanena kuti mapulatifomu saoneka bwino kwambiri ponena za mmene maalamu amafalitsira mawu ovulaza, ndipo ena akupereka masinthidwe kuti awonjezere kuŵerengera. Komabe, lamulo lililonse liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu woyambirira wa olankhula ndi eni mapulatifomu omwe. Khoti Lapamwamba mu . Packingham v. North Carolina [1] (20:3])

Kulinganiza Kopitirizabe Pakati pa Ufulu ndi Chisungiko

Ngakhale ochirikiza kwambiri ufulu wa kulankhula saali okhoza kuwona. Ngakhale ochirikiza Oyamba Amendment amavomereza kuti boma lingaletse kulankhula komvekera bwino, kwa nthaŵi yomweyo, ndi kowopsa. Chitokoso chiri m’kulongosola ngoziyo popanda kutsendereza. M’zaka makumi ambiri, Bwalo Lapamwamba layamba kutetezera kwambiri mawu, kuvomereza ziletso za magulu olongosoka. Chikalata chimenechi chimasonyeza kudalira kwakukulu ku lingaliro lakuti, m’demokrase, mankhwala a kulankhulidwe koipa ndi mawu olankhula bwino kwambiri.

Komabe, tekinoloji yatsopano ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu adzapitirizabe kuyesa malire a malamulo a boma. Kuchokera ku mabomba a pansi pa nthaka kufika ku dongosolo la mawu, zipangizo zolankhulira zikusintha mofulumira kuposa lamulo. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo omwe alipo(magulu osatetezeka, miyezo ya kubwereramo, ndi nkhani za m'mbiri . Kumayambitsa maziko osinthira mikangano ya m’tsogolo.

Kaamba ka kuŵerengedwa kowonjezereka pa maziko alamulo a ufulu wa kulankhula, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information’s First Amendment , Project kaamba ka mlandu wa Khoti Lalikulu kufotokoza mwachidule, ndi kusanthula kuchokera ku [[FLT:]] ALU’S Free Speach [=]. Ziŵiro zimenezi zimapereka mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane a ziphunzitso ofotokozedwa pano.