Khoti la Dual Court: Makhoti Oweruza ndi Boma

Malamulo a khoti ku United States amagwira ntchito pa njira ziŵiri zogwirizana: makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a boma. Malamulo aŵiri ameneŵa amachokera ku malamulo a boma, kumene boma la dziko ndi boma limagawana ulamuliro. Makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yokhudzana ndi malamulo a boma, Konsoti, mikangano pakati pa maboma, ndi milandu imene imakhala pakati pa bungwe la United States. Makhoti a boma amayang'anira milandu yambiri, kuphatikizapo nkhani zaupandu, malamulo a boma, banja, ndi kuswa malamulo a pamsewu. Mabungwe onsewo ali ndi akulu a milandu pansi, apakati, ndi bwalo lapamwamba lamilandu lapamwamba pamwamba (bwalo lalikulu lapamwamba kapena lamilandu ya dziko la U. S. Khoti Lapamwamba lamilandu lamilandu la U. Umvano ndilo lofunika chifukwa chakuti likhazikitsa mlandu ndi malamulo ake.

Makhoti Ozenga Milandu: Pamene Milandu Iyambika

Makhoti amilandu ndiwo mlingo woyamba wa dongosolo la chiweruzo. Ndiwo makhoti opeza zenizeni kumene umboni umaperekedwa, mboni, ndi majaji kapena oweruza amapereka zigamulo. M'dongosolo la boma, makhoti ameneŵa amatchedwa Makhoti Achigawo a United States, ndi pafupifupi limodzi m'boma lililonse. M'maboma, amapita ndi mayina onga Superior Court, Court, kapena Court. Makhoti a milandu onse a anthu ndi aupandu poyamba.

Magaŵano Ochititsa Chidwi a M’makhoti Ozenga Milandu

Makhoti a milandu amadalira kwambiri pa njira yoweruzira: mbali iliyonse imapereka umboni ndi mikangano pamaso pa woweruza wopanda tsankho (ndipo nthaŵi zina ajuli). Woweruza amachita monga wosunga chipata wa malamulo, amagamula nkhani za lamulo, ndi kulangiza ajuli pa lamulo. Oweruza, ngati alipo, amasankha mfundo ndi kupereka chigamulo. M’mawindo (opanda komiti yachiweruzo), woweruza amachita mbali zonse ziŵiri. Kuzindikira ntchito yaikulu ya makhoti a mlandu ndilo n’kofunika kwambiri kuti aphunzire za boma.

Makhoti Okalipira: Kupenda Zolakwa

Khoti lamilandu litamaliza kugamula mlandu, chipani cholephera chingakhale ndi ufulu wochita apilo ku khoti loweruza milandu. Makhoti ameneŵa sachita mayeso atsopano kapena kumva umboni watsopano. M’malo mwake, amapenda mbiri ya kuzenga mlandu kuti aone ngati zolakwa za lamulo zinakhudza zimene zinachitika. Khoti loweruzalo likufufuza mwachidule zimene bungwelo linapereka ndipo limamva zonena za pakamwa kuchokera kwa maloya. Mabungwe atatu amene asankhadi kuchonderera. Khoti la khotilo lingavomereze, kubwezera, kapena kusintha chigamulo cha khoti, kapena kutumiza mlanduwo kumbuyo (ndipo) kuti lipitirirenso ndi malingaliro ake.

Makhoti Ozengera Kuzenga

Maboma ambiri ndipo dongosolo la boma liri ndi makhoti apakati (m., Bwalo la Apilo, Makhoti a Chifuniro a Boma la United States). Izi zimachita apilo yaikulu, kupereka mlingo woyamba. Pamwamba pawo pali bwalo lamilandu lalikulu koposa — bwalo lamilandu lalikulu kapena Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States. Makhoti ameneŵa ali ndi ulamuliro walamulo, kutanthauza kuti iwo amasankha milandu imene angaimve, imene imaphatikizapo mafunso alamulo kapena mikangano yaikulu pakati pa makhoti apamwamba.

Ntchito Zazikulu za Makhoti Okalipira

  • Kuwongolera koyenera: Kutsimikizira kuti makhoti ozenga milandu anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo molondola ndi kutsatira njira yoyenerera.
  • Kusintha kwa Chilamulo: Kuyankha mafotokozedwe alamulo otsutsana pakati pa makhoti ozenga mlandu okhala ndi ulamuliro umodzimodzi. Kusintha kumeneku kumafuna kutsimikizira ndi kulungamitsa.
  • Kusintha kwa Precedent: Zosankha zopereka zimapangitsa zitsanzo zogwirizana zimene zimatsogolera nkhani zamtsogolo. Stare decisis — lamulo lakudalira pa malamulo apitawo — limapatsa lamulo kukhazikika.
  • Kumasulira kwa pepala: Kumasulira tanthauzo la malamulo, malamulo, ndi malamulo. Izi zimaumba mmene malamulo amasungidwira m'dziko lonselo.

Kusintha kofunika: sichigamulo chilichonse choyesa chingapimidwe. Ziweruzo zomaliza kaŵirikaŵiri n’zokopa, koma malamulo ozengedwa pakati pa milandu kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna chilolezo chapadera. Njira ya appellate ndi chitetezero ku zigamulo zopanda nzeru kapena zolakwika. Cornell Legal Information Institute imapereka kufupidwa kwabwino kwa makhoti a a aumellate [1].

Khoti Lalikulu: Womaliza Kuweruza

Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States limakhala pa mfundo yaikulu ya khoti la boma, ndipo boma lililonse lili ndi khoti lake lapamwamba. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu n’zofunika pa makhoti onse ang'onoang'ono omwe ali m’manja mwake. Ntchito yake si kungofuna kuwongolera zolakwa koma kupereka mafotokozedwe otsimikiza a malamulo a boma ndi lamulo la boma. Khoti limapereka milandu kudzera mwa chiwembu cha certiorari, kuvomereza kokha 1% ya mapemphona alionse (pafupifupi 70 7,000 -80 kuchokera ku zifunsiro 7,000+). Milanduko imasankhidwa pamene ipereka funso la boma lokhudzana ndi lokhudza dziko, imachititsa mkangano pakati pa makhoti adera, kapena kuti aloŵetse nkhani za lamulo.

Udindo wa Khoti Lalikulu

  • [[FLT: 0] Kumasulira kwa Chigamulo: Khoti limamasulira tanthauzo la Konsichushoni. Milandu ya zamwambo yonga Morbury v. Madison [kupenda kwa jastical ), Brown v. Board of Education (chitetezero chokwanira), ndi Citizens United United . FFEC (kulankhula kwaufulu) yasintha chitaganya cha Amerekani.
  • Judicial Review: Mphamvu yolengeza malamulo, zochita za mabwana, kapena zigamulo za khoti laling'ono zosakhala zalamulo. Kupenda kumeneku kumatsimikizira nthambi zonse za boma kugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi malire awo.
  • Coverse Federal Disps: Khoti Lalikulu limathetsa mikangano pakati pa maboma, pakati pa boma ndi boma, ndi pakati pa magawo aumwini ophatikizapo lamulo la boma.
  • Kuika Chigamulo cha Dziko: Malamulo ake amakhala lamulo la dziko, kusonkhezera osati kokha zigamulo za m’mabwalo amilandu a mtsogolo komanso malamulo ndi malamulo a anthu.

Makonzedwe a Khoti Lalikulu ndi adala: oweruza asanu ndi anayi (kuphatikizapo Woweruza Wamkulu mmodzi) amatumikira kuikidwa kwa moyo wonse, kolinganizidwira kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Zosankha zawo ziri kwenikweni malingaliro olembedwa amene amafotokoza malingaliro a anthu ambiri, limodzi ndi malingaliro ogwirizana ndi otsutsa. Kuwonekera kumeneku kumathandiza kudziŵa za lamulo ndi kuzindikira kwapoyera.

Ntchito ya Oweruza, Ajambuli, ndi Ogwira Ntchito m’Bungwe Lamilandu

Khoti limagwira ntchito pa zinthu zambiri osati oweruza okha. Komabe, milandu ya Apandu imapereka chitsimikizo cha atsamunda ausinkhu wawo; m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, Sevete Amendment imasunga milandu ya ajuli yoposa $20. Ntchito ya oweruza ndi kupeza mfundo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo monga momwe woweruza analangizidwa. Komabe, milandu yambiri siifika ku khoti — amaithetsa mwa kufunsira (chiwembu) kapena malo okhala (chigamu).

Oweruza m’Ndende

  • Oweruza Oweruza Olamulira: [[FLT :1] Kutsogolera ntchito yonse ya kuyesa — kuyambira pa kuyendetsa zinthu zapasadakhale ndi kusankha kwatsoka (kusankha mowopsa) kufikira kuyang'anira umboni, kulamulira pa zitsutso, ndi kupereka chiweruzo kapena chiweruzo. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa kapena kuikidwa kaamba ka malamulo oikika, kudalira pa ulamuliro.
  • [[FLT: 0] Oweruza: Itumikira pa zidutswa zimene zimapenda zolembedwa za mlandu. Samva umboni koma amasumika pa mfundo zalamulo. Malingaliro awo amakhudza kuyambika kwa lamulo. M'dongosolo la boma, Oweruza a chigawo amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo.
  • Zoweruza za Bwalo lamilandu: Pa mlingo wa boma, iwo amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti. Oweruza a boma aakulu angasankhidwe kapena kuikidwa. Ntchito yawo imaphatikizapo kusankha milandu, malingaliro, ndi kuwongolera njira ya lamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Oweruza olembetsa: M'dongosolo la boma, oweruza oweruza amathandiza oweruza achigawo mwa kusamalira nkhani za milandu isanakwane, mikangano yotulukira, ndipo nthaŵi zina kutsogolera milandu yaing’ono. Amaikidwa ndi oweruza achigawo kaamba ka malamulo oikika.

Ogwira Ntchito Ena Ofunika a Bwalo Lamilandu

Makalaliki a khoti amayang'anira milandu, amasunga malo osungira milandu, ndi kulumbira. Atolankhani a khoti amapanga mawu omveka a milandu. Olemba malamulo amaonetsetsa kuti anthu azikhala mwamtendere.

Makhoti Apadera ndi Chigamulo Chosiyana

Makhoti a masiku ano asintha n’kukhalanso ndi makhoti amene amaweruza milandu yosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenerera.

  • Makhoti a Bankruptic: Mbali ya makhoti a boma, iwo amasamalira milandu pansi pa Lamulo la Bankruptic, kulola anthu ndi mabizinesi kuchotsa kapena kulinganizanso ngongole.
  • Makhoti a Chigamulo:[[FULT:1] Khoti la Federal limene limamva mikangano pakati pa osonkha msonkho ndi Utumiki wa Mkati mwa kampani ya Invector.
  • Makhoti a Trade amitundu yonse: Ankaweruza milandu yokhudzana ndi malamulo, malamulo a zamalonda, ndi miyambo.
  • Makhoti apadera: makhoti a boma amene amapatutsa anthu ozoloŵera ndi thanzi lamaganizo kapena kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuikira maprogramu a chithandizo mmalo mwa kumangidwa.

Kuwonjezerapo, njira zina zopangira chigamulo (ADR) monga kugwirizanitsa ndi kukhazikitsa milandu zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito mowonjezereka kuthetsera milandu popanda kuzenga mlandu kwa lamulo. Makhoti ambiri tsopano amafuna kuti anthu ayese ADR asanazengedwe mlandu kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa dokisi. Medition imaphatikizapo mbali yachitatu yosaloŵerera m'dzikolo; kugamula kogwirizana kumapereka chigamulo cholamulira ndi wothandiza wachinsinsi. Malamulo ameneŵa angakhale ofulumira ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa kuweruza. The American Bar Association’s ADR .

Mmene Matenda Amayendera M’dongosolo la Zinthu

Kuzindikira ulendo wa mlandu kumaunikira kuweruza kwa khoti. Mlandu umayamba pamene mafaelo a mlandu ayamba. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayankha. Kufufuzaku: kusinthana umboni, kutsimikizira, ndi kufunsa. Kusintha kwa milandu yapasadakhale kungathetse nkhaniyo mwamsanga (m’mphindi, kuweruza kwachidule). Ngati mlandu upitirira kuzengedwa mlandu. Woimbayo angaike mlandu mlanduwo pa mlanduwo. Kutsatira mlanduwo kungayambitse kutsutsana ndi zotsatira kutsekereza. Ngati kuperekedwa ku khoti lapakati, ndipo mwina ku khoti lalikulu. Mlangololo likhoza kubweretsa milandu pambuyo pa kumangidwa ndi kuweruza kwakukulu. Woimbidwayo ndi woweruzayo angaloŵetsedwe, ndi kuchonderera. Ngati sanaperekedwe mlandu.

Pa ulendo wonsewu, dongosolo la khoti limatsimikizira miyalo yambiri ya kubwereramo: khoti lozenga mlandu (kupeza lamulo), khoti lamilandu (kuyang’anira lamulo), ndi khoti lapamwamba kwambiri (mawu). Dongosolo la maulamuliro lalinganizika kulinganizika kwa chipambano ndi chilungamo, kulola zolakwa kugwidwa ndi kukonzedwa. National Center for State Courts limapereka maphunziro a mmene milandu ya boma imachitira.

Malingaliro Oyerekezera: Boma ndi Boma la Federal Court Tragial

Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti ena amatsutsa makhoti atatu a m’bwalo lamilandu (pambuyo pa mlandu → Kuweruza) n’kofala, makhoti a boma amasiyana kwambiri. Mayiko ena (m’njira, New York) amatchula makhoti awo ozenga mlandu “Makhoti Aakulu,” amene amayambitsa chisokonezo. Makhoti ena ali ndi khoti limodzi logamulapo lokhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa. Dongo la boma ndi lofanana: Makhoti a Mabwalo a Magawo (Tchalipilo), Khoti la M’chigawo cha chigawo cha United States (Tchalikulu) ndilo la milandu ya ufulu wa dziko lonse, ndipo khoti lililonse silingamvere mlandu wa boma.

Kusiyana kwina: oweruza m’makhoti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa (kapena kuikidwa ndi masankho a m’malamulo), pamene oweruza a boma amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo. Kusiyana kumeneku kumasonkhezera mkhalidwe wachiweruzo ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Maboma aŵiri amalola kukhala malabolatole a demokrase, kuyesa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana za chilungamo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a khotilo — kuchokera ku makhoti ozenga milandu kumene apeza mfundo, kumakhoti amene amatsimikizira kulungamitsa kwa lamulo, kumakhoti aakulu amene amathetsa mafunso aakulu — ndi njira yolinganizika bwino yoperekera chiweruzo. Mlingo uliwonse umagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana: makhoti ozenga milandu amathetsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, makhoti aakulu amapereka kumaliza ndi kuyang'anira koikidwiratu. Mwakumvetsetsa mabwalo a akulu ameneŵa, nzika zingayamikire bwino ufulu ndi chitetezo zoperekedwa pansi pa lamulo la lamulo. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira mofanana, kumvetsetsa ntchito za makhoti osiyanasiyana si kungophunzira chabe; ndi maziko a lamulo lachidziŵitso ndi pangano. Exlo limapereka uyang'aniro wa lamulo. Maweruzi a U.