Mawu Ofala m’Boma: Dikishonale ya Chinenero Chopepuka

Kumvetsa chinenero chogwiritsidwa ntchito m’boma kungakhale kovuta, makamaka kwa nzika zimene zikufuna kuchita ndi akuluakulu awo osankhidwa ndi kukhala ndi mbali m'dongosolo la demokrase. Boma limagwira ntchito ndi mawu awo apadera, njira, ndi nyumba zimene zingaoneke ngati zodabwitsa poyamba. Dikishonale yolunjika imeneyi ya chinenero chomveka bwino imapereka mafotokozedwe omveka bwino, osavuta kumva ponena za mawu amene mukhoza kukumana nawo pamene mukuŵerenga zikalata za boma, kutsatira makambitsirano a boma, kupezeka pamisonkhano yapoyera, kapena kungoyesa kumvetsetsa mmene boma lanu limagwirira ntchito. Kaya muli nzika yodera nkhaŵa, wophunzira wa boma watsopano, kapena munthu wina amene akufuna kudziŵa zambiri za ndale zadziko, chitsogozo chimenechi chidzakuthandizani kuyendetsa dziko la boma lodalirika.

Kumvetsetsa Nthambi Zitatu za Boma

Asanadumphe kukhala ndi mawu padera, kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa kuti maboma amaonetsa malo a boma ndi nthambi zitatu zosiyana, imodzi ndi mathayo ake ndi mphamvu. Kulekanitsa kumeneku kwa mphamvu kumatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri ndi kuti pali mayeso ndi ziyeso m'malo ake kuti itetezere ufulu wa nzika.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo

Nyumba ya malamulo ndi bidameral, kutanthauza kuti ili ndi nthambi ziŵiri, zipinda, kapena nyumba . Mophiphiritsira imatchedwa Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Oimira (Ngakhale kuti maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito maina osiyanasiyana monga Msonkhano kapena Nyumba ya Otumiza). Nthambi ya malamulo iri ndi thayo la kupanga, kutsutsana, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamulira boma. Olamulira amasankhidwa ndi nzika za madera osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku chigawo cha dzikolo kuimira zikondwerero zawo ndi nkhaŵa zawo pamlingo wa boma.

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma ndi imene ili ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo amene boma limapereka. Mkulu wa boma amene wasankhidwa ndi bwanamkubwa, amene amayang’anira nthambi. Nthambi ya nthambi yaikulu imaphatikizanso mabungwe osiyanasiyana a boma, madipatimenti, ndi maofesi amene amachita chilichonse kuyambira pa zoyendera kupita ku maphunziro mpaka ku zaumoyo wa anthu. Oyang’anira mabungwe amenewa amatsogoleredwa ndi akuluakulu oikidwa amene amapita kwa bwanamkubwa.

Nthambi Yoweruza

Nthambi yachiweruzo imamasulira malamulo ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Ili ndi makhoti a boma osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kukhoti lakwawo mpaka khoti lalikulu. Oweruza angasankhidwe kapena kuikidwa mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Nthambi yachiweruzo imatsimikizira kuti malamulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndiponso mosasintha, ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yosankha ngati malamulo operekedwa ndi boma akugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Malamulo Aakulu

Malamulo

Nyumba ya malamulo ndiyo bungwe lopanga malamulo la boma. M'maboma ambiri, ili ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Oimira kapena Msonkhano (nyumba yapamwamba). Nebraska ndi yokha yosiyana, yokhala ndi uncameral (katswiri mmodzi). Nyumba ya malamulo imakumana m'magawo anthaŵi zonse, makamaka chaka ndi chaka, kulingalira za malamulo olingaliridwa, nkhani zokambirana, kuvomereza bajeti ya boma, ndi kuyang'anira nthambi ya mkulu.

Bill

Lamulo la lamulo limayambitsidwa mwalamulo, loikidwa monga H.R. (Nyumba ya Oimira) kapena S. (Senate), kudalira pa Nyumba imene amadziŵitsidwa, ndi kuŵerengedwa mwadongosolo limene amayambitsidwa pa khonsala lililonse. Lamulo ndilo kwenikweni lamulo latsopano kapena kusintha lamulo lomwe lilipo. Malamulo a Bills angalankhule za nkhani iliyonse m'boma, kuchokera ku maphunziro a kukonza malamulo aupandu ku malamulo a malo. Malamulo a Public Bills amagwira ntchito ndi kukhala Malamulo a Onse, kapena Machitidwe, ngati avomerezedwa ndi Msonkhano ndi kusainidwa ndi Pulezidenti, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma, malamulo akukhala pamene akuperekedwa ndi zigawo zonsezo ndi zikalata zosainidwa ndi bwanamku.

Chitanipo Kanthu

Chigamulo chinapangidwa m'lamulo / ndi lamulo lomwe lapereka nyumba zonse ziŵiri za nyumba ya malamulo, lavomerezedwa, lasainidwa ndi kazembeyo kapena kuperekedwa pa ofesi ya bwanamkubwa, ndi kusindikizidwa. Lamulo likakhala chigamulo, limakhala ndi mphamvu ya lamulo ndipo liyenera kutsatiridwa ndi nzika, mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe a boma. Machitidwe amalinganizidwa mwalamulo m'malamulo kapena malamulo.

Kusintha

Kukonza ndi chigamulo cha Komiti (m'chipinda chapansi kapena chigawo cha chipinda) kusintha chinenero kapena makonzedwe a lamulo kapena kachitidwe, ndipo kumasankhidwa mofanana ndi lamulo. Masinthidwe angaperekedwe pa masitepe osiyanasiyana a njira ya malamulo kuti asinthe, kuwongolera, kapena kusintha kotheratu zokhala m’mapepala. Zina ndizo kuwongolera kwaukatswiri, pamene zina zingasinthe cholinga kapena chiyambukiro cha chikalata.

Komiti

Komiti ndi kagulu ka opanga malamulo osankhidwa ndi akuluakulu otsogolera kuti achite ntchito zina. Makomiti ndi kumene ntchito zambiri zatsatanetsatane za bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo zimachitikira. Makomiti ambiri aluso akukhala m'makomiti oimapo ndi [1] mamembala a ziwalo zonse ziŵiri amene amatsogolera kuyambitsa ndi kusanthula malamulo, ndi mamembala amene kwenikweni amatumikira pa komiti zochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri kwa zaka zambiri, kuwalola kukhala ndi chidziŵitso chapamwamba m'madera ena. Makomiti wamba amaphatikizapo maphunziro, ndalama, komiti ya za zaumoyo, ndi makomiti a zoyendera.

Kumva

Kumvetsera kuli msonkhano walamulo wa komiti ya bungwe (kapena bungwe laling'ono) kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso kuchokera kwa mboni zogwiritsira ntchito m'ntchito zake, monga ngati kukulitsa malamulo kapena kutsogolera. Mkati mwa kuweruza. Mamembala a komiti, angafunse mafunso a akatswiri, osungitsa, akuluakulu a boma, ndi ziŵalo za anthu kuti amvetse bwino nkhani zokhudza lamulo lolingaliridwa. Akumva amatsegulidwa kwa anthu ndipo amapereka mwaŵi wofunika wa kutengamo mbali.

Sponsor ndi Cosponsor

Woimira kapena Senator yemwe anayambitsa lamulo ndi wochirikiza pepalalo, pamene mamembala ena amene amasaina amatchedwa kuti cosponsors . Woperekayo ndiye wotsogolera wamkulu wa lamulolo ndipo ali ndi thayo la kulitsogolera kupyolera m'dongosolo la malamulo. Cosponsors amasonyeza kuchirikiza lamulolo ndipo angathandize kukulitsa mphamvu ya kudutsa kwake. Chiŵerengero ndi kusiyana kwa ndale zadziko kwa oyendetsa malamulowo kungasonyeze mmene pepalalo lingapambanire.

Kuŵerenga

Mabuku amapyola 3 "kuŵerenga" mkati mwa dongosolo la malamulo. Kuŵerenga koyamba kuli kachitidwe koyamba kochitidwa pa lamulo lothekera, pamene lamulolo liyambitsidwa ndi kuŵerengedwa pansi pa Nyumba ya Origin, pambuyo pake utsogoleriyo akutchula lamulolo ku komiti. Kuŵerenga kwachiŵiri ndiko nthaŵi yachiŵiri pamene lamulolo likuŵerengedwa pansi, pamene chipindacho chikulongosola ubwino wa malamulowo ndipo ziŵalozo zingapereke ku kubwezeretsedwe kwa chikalatacho. Kuŵerenga kwachitatu kumachitika komiti isanavoti yomaliza pa chikalatacho.

M’mwamba

"floor" imalozera ku chipinda chachikulu kumene Nyumba ya Malamulo kapena Nyumba imakumana kuti igwirizane ndi kuvota pa lamulo. Pamene lamulo lifika "munsi," imatanthauza kuti lavomerezedwa ndi komiti ndipo lakonzeka kulingaliridwa ndi ziŵalo zonse za chipinda cha malamulocho. Nkhani za m'malo zikhoza kukhala zosangalatsa ndi zokangana, ndi ziŵalo zikutsutsana ndi lamulo lolingaliridwa kapena zotsutsana ndi zopereka zowongolera.

Komiti ya Msonkhano

Komiti ya msonkhano yokhala ndi ziŵalo za zipinda zonse ziŵiri ingapangidwe kuti igwirizane pamene chipinda chachiŵiri chipereka lamulo lokonzedwanso, ndipo lamulo lomalizira, lofanana liyenera kuperekedwanso ndi zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Makomiti a msonkhano amapangidwa kanthaŵi kuti athetse kusiyana pakati pa Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo. Matembenuzidwe amene amapanga ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi zipinda zonse ziŵiri zisanatumizidwe kwa kazembe.

Anzake

Msanganizo ndi munthu wokhala m'chigawo chosankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. Malamulo amasankhidwa kuimira zofuna ndi nkhaŵa za anthu awo. Nzika zingalankhule ndi opanga malamulo awo kuti apereke malingaliro awo pa malamulo oyembekezera, kupempha thandizo ku mautumiki a boma, kapena kudzutsa nkhaŵa za nkhani zokhudza chitaganya chawo. Kumvetsetsa kuti ndinu woimira boma kumakupatsani inu kuima kuti mulankhulane ndi oimira anu osankhidwa.

Gawo

Chigawo cha malamulo ndi nyengo imene bungwe la malamulo limakumana pochita malonda. Pali mitundu iŵiri ya magawo a malamulo: magawo anthaŵi zonse ndi apadera, kapena apadera, ndi magawo okhazikika olamulidwa ndi Malamulo a Boma ndi kuyambira Lolemba Lachiŵiri mu January. Magawo anthaŵi zonse akhazikitsa utali umene umasiyana ndi boma, pamene magawo apadera amaitanidwa ndi kazembe kapena bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo kuti akambirane nkhani zamwamsanga, kaŵirikaŵiri zogwirizana ndi bajeti.

Miyambo ya Nthambi Yotsogolera

Bwanamkubwa

Bwanamkubwa ndi wosankhidwa kukhala mkulu wa boma ndipo amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma. Kazembeyo ali ndi maudindo ambiri ofunika: kukhazikitsa malamulo, kukonzekera ndi kukhazikitsa bajeti, kukhazikitsa akuluakulu a boma ku malo osiyanasiyana, kulamula boma kuti asunge malamulo, ndi kusaina ndalama za boma kapena kuikiza. Kazembe ndi mkulu wa boma amene angapereke malamulo, koma mphamvu yawo yaikulu kwambiri ndi kukana lamulo loperekedwa ndi boma.

Veto

Aveto ndi chitsutso cha kazembeyo cha kuperekedwa ndi bungwe la malamulo, chimene chimatsutsa kupha kachitidweko pokhapokha kachitidwa ndi mavoti aŵiri a nyumba zonse ziŵiri. Mphamvu ya chuto imapatsa kazembe mphamvu zazikulu pa malamulo, ngakhale kuti bwanamkubwa sali chiŵalo cha lamulo. Pamene kazembe abweza lamulo, amabwerera ku nyumba ya malamulo ndi mafotokozedwe a kutsutsa.

Veto Wopangidwa ndi Mzera

Mzera wa chigawo chaveto ndi mphamvu ya Bwanamkubwa kusanthula zinthu pa ntchito ya onse ya kujambula kapena kuulutsa kulikonse kwapadera mu ntchito yaing'ono yokhala ndi kuulutsa. Mphamvu imeneyi, yomwe ilipo m'maiko ambiri koma osati pamlingo wa boma, imalola akazembe kuchotsa zopereka zenizeni pa mapepala a bajeti popanda kulinganiza bajeti.

Veto Sanalowerere

Chochititsa chosiyana ndi chiŵalo cha kazembe ndicho kuchotsapo kutsutsa kwa Bwanamkubwa ku kachitidwe, ndipo kumafuna magawo aŵiri mwa chitatu m'nyumba iliyonse kuvotera kuchotsa chivomezi. Veto amachotsapo kamodzikamodzi chifukwa chakuti amafuna chichirikizo chachikulu cha bipartisan. Pamene zichitika, zimaimira kuvomereza kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa kazembe ndi nyumba ya malamulo pa nkhani zofunika.

Attorney General

Attorney General ndilo loya wamkulu wa boma, ali ndi thayo la kusungitsa lamulo ndi kutetezera boma m’khoti, ndi maboma ambiri amasankha loya wawo wamkulu. Ofesi ya Attorney imasamalira nkhani za lamulo zokhudza boma, imapereka uphungu walamulo kwa mabungwe a boma, imakhazikitsa malamulo otetezera ogula, ndipo ingafufuze ndi kuweruza mitundu ina ya upandu. M'maboma ena, Atterney General amatsutsanso malingaliro alamulo omasulira malamulo a boma.

Gulu Lolamulira

Lamulo la mkulu ndi loperekedwa ndi bwanamkubwa amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo m'nthambi ya akuluakulu. Malamulo a akuluakulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsogolera mabungwe a boma kuti aike malamulo, akhazikitse ntchito, alengeze maulamuliro angozi, kapena azichita ntchito zina zauyang’aniro. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a akuluakulu a boma ali ziwiya zamphamvu, sangatsutse malamulo amene alipo operekedwa ndi boma ndipo angatsutsidwe m’khoti ngati apitirira ulamuliro wa bwanamkubwa.

Mphamvu Yosankha

Mphamvu ya kazembe woika ndi ulamuliro wakusankha anthu kuti akwaniritse maudindo osiyanasiyana m'boma, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a bungwe, mamembala, ndi mamembala a kampani. Mapangano ambiri a boma amafuna kutsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti Lamilandu, kupereka mayeso pa ulamuliro wa kazembe. Mphamvu yoikayo imalola akazembe kupanga malamulo mwa kusankha akuluakulu amene akugwirizana nawo pa kuona kwawo ndi zinthu zofunika.

Mmene Mungagwiritsire Ntchito Ndalama

Bajeti

Pulani yatsatanetsatane yogwiritsira ntchito ndalama yoperekedwa ndi Bwanamkubwa kwa kazembeyo imavomereza zopereka za ndalama za madipatimenti a boma pa chaka chotsatira cha maakaunti. Ndalama za bajeti ndi imodzi ya zikalata zofunika kwambiri zopangidwa ndi boma chifukwa ilo limasankha mmene ndalama zoperekera msonkho zidzagwiritsidwira ntchito pa maphunziro, zosamalira zaumoyo, zoyendetsera zaumoyo, za anthu, ndi mautumiki ena ofunika. Kachitidwe ka bajeti kayamba ndi bajeti yolingaliridwa ya kazembe, imene kenaka ibwerera, kukonzedwa, ndi kuvomerezedwa.

Chaka Chokwera Madzi

Chaka chandalama ndi nyengo yogwiritsira ntchito kulinganiza ndalama ndi kuŵerengera, ndipo mu boma la Florida, iyi ndi nyengo kuyambira pa July 1 wa chaka chimodzi mpaka June 30 chaka cha chaka chotsatira cha kalendala. Mayiko osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito nyengo zosiyanasiyana za chaka, ngakhale kuti ambiri amatsatira kayendedwe ka chaka cha July 1 mpaka June 30. Kumvetsa chaka cha madeti nkofunika chifukwa chakuti madeti a bajeti, malipoti, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zilolezo zonsezo n’zogwirizana ndi nthaŵi imeneyi m’malo mwa chaka cha kalendala.

Kupenda

Kupereka ndalama ndi ndalama zoikidwa ndi bungwe la malamulo pa zowonongedwa zina za boma. Kupereka malamulo kuli chilolezo chalamulo cha mabungwe a boma kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pazifuno zina. Nyumba ya malamulo iyenera kutumiza ndalama zoperekera ndalama kuti ipereke ndalama ku boma, ndipo ndalama zimenezi zimalongosola ndalama zimene bungwe lililonse kapena programu ingawononge. Popanda bungwe lopanga malamulo, mabungwe a boma satha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ngakhale ngati programu yakhala yovomerezedwa ndi lamulo.

Ndalama

Chiwongola dzanja chikutanthauza ndalama zimene boma la boma limalandira kuchokera ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo misonkho, ndalama zolipirira, ndi ndalama zina. Maziko aakulu a ndalama za boma ndi misonkho ya ndalama zimene anthu amapeza, misonkho ya malonda, ndi misonkho ya makampani, ngakhale kuti msanganizo weniweniwo umasiyana kwambiri ndi boma. Kumvetsa magwero a ndalama n’kofunika kwambiri popenda malingaliro a bajeti ndi kuzindikira ntchito za malonda zoloŵetsedwa m'mautumiki a boma a ndalama.

Kulinganiza Ndalama Moyenera

Ndalama zoyenerera ndizo ndalama zimene boma limawononga mofanana ndi ndalama. Maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo oyendetsera ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama, kutanthauza kuti sangawononge ndalama zambiri kuposa zimene angafunikire m’chaka chandalama. Maboma a boma akupanga zosankha zovuta ponena za zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi kuwaletsa kuyendetsa ndalama monga momwe boma lingachitire. Komabe, maboma angakongole ndalama kudzera m'maunyolo a mabizinesi amalikulu monga kumanga masukulu kapena misewu yaikulu.

Onani

Kaundula wa ndalama ndi kupenda kosagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kwa chiyambukiro cha lamulo, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina nyengo ya chiyambukiro imafutukulidwa ku zaka khumi. Fiscal amathandiza opanga malamulo kumvetsetsa zotulukapo za bajeti ya mafaindi olingaliridwa, kuphatikizapo ndalama zimene adzawononga kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kaya adzapanga ndalama. Chidziŵitso chimenechi nchofunika kwambiri popanga zosankha zodziŵitsidwa ponena za malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti boma lingakhoze kugula maprogramu kapena malamulo atsopano.

Fanizo Lophiphiritsira

Ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma ndizo ndalama zoperekedwa kaamba ka chifuno chapadera chimene chimabwera ndi ziletso ponena za mmene ndalamazo ziyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito, ndipo pali mitundu iŵiri ya zopereka zalamulo: ndalama zopereka ndi malamulo operekedwa. Mayiko amalandira chilolezo chochokera ku boma kaamba ka maprogramu akutiakuti monga Medicaid, makwalala, kapena maphunziro. Mapesa ameneŵa amadza ndi zingwe zolumikizidwa, zofunikira maboma kukwaniritsa mikhalidwe ina kapena miyezo ina kuti alandire ndalama.

Tsimikizirani Grant

Malo operekera ndalama za malo ambiri za ntchito zina . "“ Wallofere, wosamalira ana, maphunziro, mautumiki a zachikhalidwe, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi mautumiki a zaumoyo . Mosiyana ndi ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma, zoperekazo zimapatsa malamulo osinthasintha mmene amagwiritsirira ntchito ya boma m'malo aakulu a programu. Kusintha kumeneku kumalola madongosolo kugwirizanitsa maprogramu ndi zofunika zawo zenizeni, ngakhale kuti kumatanthauzanso kuti maiko ali ndi thayo lowonjezereka kaamba ka kulinganiza ndi zotulukapo.

Zilango za Malamulo

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda lamulo ndi mphamvu ya makhoti kupenda malamulo ndi machitidwe a boma kuti atsimikizire ngati iwo akugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Ngati khoti lipeza kuti lamulo likuswa malamulo, lingalengeze lamulo kukhala lopanda pake. Mphamvu imeneyi imapereka mayeso ofunika pa nthambi za malamulo ndi mabwana aakulu ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Makhoti aakulu a boma ndiwo omalizira opereka mafunso a boma, ngakhale kuti nkhani za lamulo la boma lingapitiridwe ku makhoti a boma.

Jurisciction

Jurisicism akutanthauza ulamuliro wa khoti kapena nduna ya boma wa kuweruza milandu kapena kupanga zigamulo m’dera linalake kapena m'mitundu ina ya nkhani. Makhoti osiyanasiyana ali ndi ulamuliro pa milandu yosiyanasiyana ya m'banja. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti amasamalira nkhani za chisudzulo ndi za kusunga ana, pamene makhoti amaweruza milandu chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo laupandu. Kuzindikira kumathandiza nzika kudziŵa khoti kapena bungwe limene lingachite zinthu zina.

Kuomba M’manja

Lamulo ndilo lamulo limodzi lokha lopangidwa ndi nyumba ya malamulo yakumaloko. Malamulo amaperekedwa ndi mabungwe a mizinda, mabungwe a boma, ndi mabungwe ena a boma kuti akambirane nkhani za kumaloko monga kumanga malo, malamulo a phokoso, malamulo oimika, ndi mabizinesi. Maordinance ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo m'malowo koma sangawombane ndi boma kapena lamulo la boma.

Malamulo Oyang’anira

Malamulo auyang'anira ndi malamulo operekedwa ndi nthambi za boma. Pamene nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo ipereka lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri imatumiza ulamuliro ku mabungwe a nthambi akuluakulu kukhazikitsa malamulo atsatanetsatane ogwiritsira ntchito lamulolo. Malamulo auyang’aniro ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo ndi kusintha mmene makampani ndi nzika ziyenera kukhalira mogwirizana ndi malamulo. Kukhazikitsa malamulo kumaphatikizapo mwaŵi wa ndemanga zapoyera.

Mawu a Malamulo ndi Maulamuliro

Lamulo la Boma

Lamulo loikidwiratu ndilo chipangizo cholembedwa chokhala ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino aakulu a boma limene limakhazikitsa ulamuliro ndi ntchito za boma ndi kutsimikizira zoyenera zina kwa anthu. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake amene amatumikira monga lamulo lalikulu la boma limenelo. Malamulo a boma ali aatali kwambiri ndi atsatanetsatane kuposa malamulo a U.S. ndipo amasinthidwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Amakhazikitsa boma, kumasulira mphamvu za nthambi iliyonse, ndi kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kusintha Kochitidwa pa Malamulo

Kukonzanso kogwirizana ndi lamulo ndi chigamulo chimene chimafuna kusintha kapena kukonzanso malamulo a Boma, ndipo pambuyo pa kudutsa komaliza ndi kukambirana ndi Mlembi wa Boma, kukonza kolinganizidwa kwa lamulo kwaperekedwa kwa osankha pa chisankho chanthaŵi zonse chotsatira. Kukonza malamulo a boma kumafuna chilolezo ndi kutchuka kwa lamulo ndi kubwezeredwa ndi ovota. Maboma ena amalolanso nzika kuvomereza malamulo kusintha mwa njira yoyambirira.

Ulamuliro wa Panyumba

Ulamuliro wa panyumba ndi ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa maboma a m’dziko (kaŵirikaŵiri, mizinda) kudzilamulira okha, mmalo mwa kulamulira iwo mwachindunji kapena ndi dzanja lolemera. Malamulo a boma m'malamulo a boma kapena malamulo amapatsa maboma a kumaloko ufulu wowonjezereka kuti athetse nkhani za kumaloko popanda kufuna chilolezo cha boma pa zochita zonse. Ukulu wa ulamuliro wa panyumba umasiyana kwambiri pakati pa mayiko.

Chata

Tragina ndi malamulo a boma, ndipo amakhazikitsa kapangidwe ka boma (m’njira yachib., mzinda) ndi maulamuliro ake ndi njira zake. Malamulo a mzinda ndi a boma amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi malamulo a boma lakumaloko, kukhazikitsa mmene boma la kumaloko lidzalinganizidwira, maulamuliro amene lili nawo, ndi mmene akuluakulu a boma adzasankhidwira. Mizinda ya matcharter imakhala ndi ufulu woposa mizinda ya malamulo imene imagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a boma.

Kuyamba

Kuyamba ndiko kusintha kwa Boma Lolamulira lopangidwa ndi osankha angapo. Njira yoyambirira, yopezeka pafupifupi theka la maboma a United States, imalola nzika kupereka malamulo kapena kukonzanso malamulo mwa kusonkhanitsa ziŵerengero zofunikira za zikalata zopeka. Ngati zikalata zokwanira zasonkhanitsidwa, muyeso wokwanira umawonekera pa chisankho cha ovota kuvomereza kapena kukana. Njira imeneyi imapereka mtundu wa democracy imene imanyalanyaza malamulo a boma.

Referendem

Alosendim ndi voti yosankhidwa ndi osankhidwa pa mfundo inayake, kaŵirikaŵiri kukonzanso kochitidwa ndi lamulo kapena lamulo loperekedwa ndi bungwe lolamulira. Malonsinsinsi ena amafunikira ndi malamulo (monga ngati masinthidwe a malamulo kapena nkhani za mgwirizano), pamene kuli kwakuti ena angaikidwe pa chisankho ndi nyumba yovomerezera kapena mwa pempho la nzika. Maperendendim amapatsa ovoti malamulo olunjika mwachindunji pa zosankha zofunika za malamulo.

Zimene Boma Lakumene Tikukhala Limanena

Dera

Maboma ndi akale kwambiri ku United States, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amazungulira dera lalikulu, ndipo afika pochuluka kumbali zambiri za malamulo (m’chitsanzo, chitetezo cha anthu, thanzi la anthu, misewu), ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zonse si misewu yamphamvu. Maboma amatumikira monga zigawenga za boma ndi kupereka mautumiki monga ngati kusungitsa malamulo, makhoti, mashepi a katundu, masankho, ndi mautumiki a makampani. Mabungwe ndi maulamuliro a boma amasiyana kwambiri m’mayiko ena.

Msonkhano wa Mzinda

Bungwe la mzinda ndilo bungwe la malamulo la mzinda. Mabungwe a mzinda ndiwo osankhidwa oimira amene amayendetsa malamulo a kumaloko, amavomereza kulinganiza ndalama za mzinda, ndi kupanga zosankha za kampasi ya boma. Mamembala a bungwe la Council angasankhidwe pa ukulu waukulu (mwa osankha onse m’tauni) kapena kuchokera ku madera ena mkati mwa mzinda. Mabungwe a mabungwe a mzinda amasiyana malinga ndi ukulu ndi malamulo a mzindawo.

Mayor

Meya wamkulu wa meya ali nduna yosankhidwa ya mzinda. Mphamvu za meya ndi mathayo zimasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa boma la mzinda. Mu "moyameya wamphamvu", meya ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa madipatimenti ndi kukhazikitsa machitidwe a bungwe. Mu "meya wofooka" kapena dongosolo la bungwe, malo a meya angakhale a mwambo, ndi mabwana a tsiku ndi tsiku a kampani wa mzinda waukatswiri.

Maneja wa Mzinda

Mkulu wa mzinda ndi mkulu wa ntchito, wolembedwa ndi bungwe la mzinda kuti ayang'anire ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za mzinda. M'malamulo a boma, bungwe losankhidwa limakhazikitsa malamulo pamene woyang'anira mzinda woikidwayo ayang'anira ndi kukwaniritsa. Dongosolo limeneli lalinganizidwira kubweretsa ukatswiri wa uyang'aniro waukatswiri ku boma lakumaloko pamene akusunga ulamuliro wotheratu kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa.

Sheriff

Mkulu wa boma ndi amene amasankhidwa kukhala mkulu wa boma ndipo amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma m’chigawo. Oyang’anira ndende amathandiza ndende ya m’chigawocho, kupereka chitetezo m’khoti, kuyang’anira zikalata zalamulo, ndi kuyang’anira madera amene sakugwira ntchito. M’mayiko ambiri, akuluakulu a boma amasankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndipo amawasankha mwachindunji kuti asankhe m’malo moikidwa ndi akuluakulu ena a boma.

Chigawo cha Attorney

Loya wachigawo ndilo loya wa kumaloko, kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa. Maloya achigawo (otchedwanso maloya a boma, maloya a boma, kapena maloya a milandu m'maiko osiyanasiyana) ali ndi thayo la kuweruza milandu ya upandu m'malo mwa boma. Iwo ali ndi kugamulapo kwakukulu m'kugamula milandu imene ingaperekedwe ndi milandu imene iyenera kuikidwamo, kuwapanga kukhala anthu amphamvu m'dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu.

Njira ya Lamulo: Mmene Mkonzi Akhalira Lamulo

Kumvetsa mmene malamulo amayendera kudzera m’boma n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kusonkhezera malamulo kapena kungomvetsa mmene malamulo amapangidwira.

Chiyambi ndi Kuŵerenga Koyamba

Malamulo onse amayamba monga lingaliro limene lingachokere kwa aliyense, ndipo kachitidweko kamayamba pamene munthu kapena gulu likopa Mmodzi wa Malamulo kulemba lamulo, pambuyo pake Mmodziyo amatumiza lingaliro ndi chinenero cha lamulo ku Office ya Legislative Counse (Uphungu wa Malamulo), kumene amalembetsedwa ku lamulo lenileni. Kalatayo imayambitsidwa mwalamulo m'nyumba kapena m'Banga, malinga ndi chipinda chimene wothandizirayo amagwirira ntchitomo. Lamulolo limalandira nambala ndipo limaŵerengedwa kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, kumene kumangoŵerenga mutu wankhaniwo mokweza.

Ntchito ya Komiti ndi Kubwereramo

Pambuyo pa mawu oyamba, chikalatacho chimagaŵiridwa ku makomiti imodzi kapena angapo ozikidwa pa nkhani yake. Lamulolo limagaŵiridwa ku komiti kaamba ka phunziro, ndipo ngati litulutsidwa ndi komiti, lamulolo limaikidwa pakalenda yovomerezeka, yotsutsana kapena kusinthidwa. Makomiti amakhala ndi mayeso pamene akatswiri, osungitsa mitengo, ndi nzika zingapereke umboni wa ndalamazo. Komitiyo ingathetse ndalamazo, kuvomereza, kapena kupha mwa kukana kuzipititsa patsogolo.

Kutsutsana ndi Kulankhulana kwa Pansi

Bills amene amapatula komiti imasamukira pansi pa nyumba yathunthu kukakambitsirana. Pamene lamulo liŵerengedwa nthaŵi yachitatu pamene wolembayo alilongosola, akukambitsirana ndi Mamembala ndi kuvota ndi voti ndi mavoti a pepala, ndi mapepala amene afuna kuti apereke chilolezo kapena amene akugwira ntchito mwamsanga angafune mavoti 27 m'Bata ndi mavoti 54 mu Msonkhanowo kuperekedwa, pamene kuli kwakuti ndalama zina zimafuna mavoti 21 mu Khoti ndi mavoti 41 mu Msonkhano. Mamembala angapereke mavoti a kubwezedwa mkati mwa mkangano wa pansi, ndipo makambitsirano aakulu angachitike chivoti chomalizira.

Nyumba Yachiŵiri

Ngati ndalamazo zipita, zimatumizidwa kuchipinda china, kumene ziyenera kubwereza ntchito yonse: gawo la komiti, ntchito ya komiti, ndi voti. Chipinda chachiŵiri chingapititse ndalamazo monga momwe zinalandiridwa, kuzibweza, kapena kukana kotheratu.

Ntchito ya Bwanamkubwa

Pambuyo pa kuperekedwa kwa zipinda zonse ziŵiri mumpangidwe wofanana, lamulo limatumizidwa kwa kazembe, amene ali ndi zosankha zingapo: kusaina (chikalatacho chikhala lamulo), chigamulo (chikalatacho chimakanidwa ndi kutumizidwa ku nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo), kapena kusachita kanthu (m'zigawo zambiri, ngati kazembe sachita kanthu kwa nyengo yakutiyakuti, lamulolo limakhala lamulo lokha). Chiweruzo cha kazembe chimasonyeza sitepi lomalizira m'kachitidwe ka malamulo, pokhapokha ngati wokhazikitsa malamulo wasankha kuyesa kuyendetsa malamulo.

Nzika Ichita Nawo Ntchito M’boma

Kumvetsa mawu a boma ndi chinthu choyamba chimene chingathandize kuti anthu agwirizane ndi boma.

Kulankhulana ndi Oimira Anu

Imodzi ya njira zachindunji kwambiri ya kutengamo mbali ndiyo kukambitsirana ndi opanga malamulo a boma. Mukhoza kuitana, kutumiza intayi, kapena kulemba makalata kuti mulongosole malingaliro anu pa nkhani zoyembekezera lamulo kapena nkhani zodetsa nkhaŵa. Malamulo amasamalira kulankhulana ndi ena, makamaka pamene anthu ambiri alankhula nawo pankhani imodzimodziyo. Pamene akulankhulana ndi opanga malamulo, fotokozani momveka bwino ponena za kaimidwe kanu, fotokozani mmene nkhaniyo ikukhudzirani inu kapena mudzi wanu, ndipo khalani aulemu ngakhale pamene simukugwirizana nawo.

Kutsimikizira pa Miyoyo

Makomiti ambiri amvetsera anthu ndipo amapereka mpata kwa nzika kuti zipereke umboni. Popereka umboni kwa komitiyo, choyamba tchulani dzina lanu ndi gulu limene mumaimira kapena kusonyeza kuti ndinu nzika yodera nkhaŵa ndi boma kumene mukukhala, ndipo Mamembala a komitiwo adzachita chidwi kumva zimene mukunena ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri samapereka umboni wochuluka wa nzika zimene zimachitira umboni m’njira yomwe imachita oumirira, motero sunga umboni wanu ndi ku nsonga. Kuyesa kukulolezani kugaŵana ndi akatswiri anu, chidziŵitso chanu, kapena malingaliro anu mwachindunji ndi opanga zosankha.

Kupezeka pa Misonkhano ya Onse

Misonkhano ya boma ndi ya boma imakhala yovomerezeka kwa anthu onse pa misonkhano yapakhomo. Kupezeka pa misonkhano ya malamulo, kumvetsera makomiti, misonkhano ya m’mizinda, kapena kuweruzidwa kwa anthu kungakuthandizeni kuona boma likuyendetsa ntchito ndi kukhalabe odziŵitsidwa za nkhani zimene zikukhudza chitaganya chanu. Maboma ambiri tsopano amakhala m’mphepete mwa nyanja kapena misonkhano ya pamanja, kukuchititsa kukhala kosavuta kutengamo mbali.

Kusankha

Kulankhula ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yochitira nawo mbali m’boma. Boma ndi masankho a kumaloko amasankha amene adzakuimirani mu bungwe la okhazikitsa malamulo, amene adzatumikira monga bwanamkubwa, ndi kuti ndi masitepe ati amene adzakhala lamulo. Kukhalabe ouzidwa za oyembekezera kulowa ndi nkhani, kulembetsa kuvota, ndi kuponya chisankho chanu m'masankho alionse kumatsimikizira kuti mawu anu amvedwe m’dongosolo la democracy.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zolembedwa za Anthu

Malamulo a malekodi a boma amapereka ufulu wolemba mapepala a boma, mapepala a ndalama, makomiti, mapepala a bajeti, mafaelo, ndi zinthu zina kuti akuluakulu a boma amvetsetse zochita zawo ndi kuti adziimbe mlandu.

Zinthu Zina Zofunika

Kaucus

Caucus ingakhale ndi ziŵalo za chipani cha ndale zadziko, ziŵalo za chigawo cha malo, kapena ziŵalo zogwirizana kaamba ka chifuno china chakanthaŵi, ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi atsogoleri osankhidwa ndi kuikidwa m'zigawo za ndale zadziko ku caucus, ndi kaimidwe ka chipani pa lamulo loyembekezera lokambidwa kaŵirikaŵiri pa misonkhano ya caucus. Kaucus amalola opanga malamulo ndi zikondwerero zofanana kapena zigwirizano kulinganiza ndi kumanga maziko awo.

Chivomezi

Officerum ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha ziŵalo zimene ziyenera kukhalapo kuti bungwe la malamulo liziyendetsa malonda a boma. Popanda pulogalamu, bungwe la malamulo silingavote pa ngongole kapena kuchita zinthu zina. Zifuno za Quorum zimaletsa anthu ochepa kupanga zosankha pamene mamembala ambiri saalipo. Ziyeneretso za chivomezi zimasiyana malinga ndi boma koma kwenikweni ndi mbali ya mamembala ambiri.

Mtengo Wokokoloka

Mawu a mawu akusonyeza lamulo limene lagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza chikalata chimodzi kapena zambiri. Ngati lamulo lasinthidwa pa nthawi ya ntchito ya malamulo, Baibulo lotengeka kwambiri lakonzedwa kuti likhale logwirizana ndi kukonzanso zonse zovomerezedwa m'kalata imodzi. Zimenezi zikutsimikizira kuti aliyense akugwiritsa ntchito mtundu womwewo wa pepalalo ndipo zikuteteza kusokonezeka maganizo pa chinenero chimene chikulingaliridwa.

Kutsegulidwa

Lamulo la lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lomaliza limene ladutsa m'zipinda zonse ziwiri za bungwe lolamulira m’njira zofanana ndipo lakonzeka kutumizidwa kwa bwanamkubwa. Lamuloli limasindikizidwa papepala lapadera ndipo limakhala lovomerezeka monga Baibulo lovomerezeka ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo. Bwanamkubwa akangosaina chikalata cholembetsa, limakhala lamulo.

Deti Logwira Mtima

Deti logwira mtima ndilo pamene lamulo latsopano liyamba kugwira ntchito ndipo liyenera kutsatiridwa. Malamulo ena amagwira ntchito mwamsanga pa sigineji ya bwanamkubwa, pamene ena achedwa madeti ogwira ntchito kupatsa anthu nthaŵi yakukonzekera kaamba ka kugonjera. Maboma ambiri ali ndi deti logwira mtima la malamulo operekedwa mkati mwa programu, monga ngati masiku 90 pambuyo pa mapeto a programu kapena chiyambi cha chaka chotsatira.

Makonzedwe a Kuloŵa kwa Dzuŵa

Makonzedwe a kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa ali mawu a lamulo limene limaipangitsa kutha mwangozi pambuyo pa deti linalake pokhapokha ngati bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo litenga chochita kuti lifutukule. Makonzedwe a dzuŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizidwa m'maprogramu atsopano kapena oyesa kutsimikizira kuti nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo ionetsenso kuti ikugwira ntchito yake isanaipange kukhala yachikhalire. Angagwiritsiridwenso ntchito kukakamiza mabungwe kapena malamulo a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi.

Claus Wadzidzidzi

Chiganizo chamwadzidzidzi ndi makonzedwe a lamulo limene limachilola kugwira ntchito mwamsanga pa sigineji ya bwanamkubwa mmalo mwa kuyembekezera deti logwira mtima. Malamulo angozi amagwiritsiridwa ntchito pamene kuli kofunika mwamsanga kutetezera thanzi la anthu, chisungiko, kapena ubwino. Mabuku okhala ndi ziganizo zamwadzidzidzi amafuna malo ovotera okulirapo, monga ngati unyinji wa matatu aŵiri mmalo mwa unyinji wochepa.

Pocket Veto

Thoko la thumba limachitika pamene kazembeyo atulutsa lamulo mwaluso mwa kusachitapo kanthu ndipo chigawo cha malamulo chileka nthaŵi yosaina kapena kuchotsapo. Pankhaniyi, lamulolo limafa popanda bwanamkubwa kutulutsa chiwiya chovomerezeka. Kupezeka ndi malamulo a m’thumba avetoes kumasiyanasiyana ndi malamulo a boma.

Sine Afa

Adjourn sine (kutchedwa SIE-nee DIE) kumatanthauza kuimitsa msonkhano popanda kukhazikitsa deti loyambiranso. Pamene bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo loimira anthu a Sinafe, ilo limazindikiritsa mapeto a programu ya malamulo. Ma Bill amene sanamalize ntchito ya malamulo panthaŵi ino amafa ndipo ayenera kubwezedwanso m'chigawo chotsatira ngati ochirikiza afuna kupitirizabe kuwalondola.

Kumvetsa Mapepala a Boma

Maboma amatulutsa zikalata zosiyanasiyana zimene nzika zimatha kudziwa zochita za boma ndiponso zimene zimachita.

Kupenda BB

Mafufuzidwe a zikwangwani akonzedwa asanamve lamulo lamakono, zimene malamulo a boma akufuna kuchita, ndi chidziŵitso china chakumbuyo, ndipo kupendako kumandandalikanso magulu amene amachirikiza kapena kutsutsa ndalama. Mabuku ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali zothandizira kuzindikira malamulo ovuta ndi ziyambukiro zake. Nthaŵi zambiri amakonzedwa ndi antchito a malamulo osakhala a mbali ya malamulo ndi kupereka chidziŵitso chothandiza opanga malamulo ndi malamulo oyeneretsedwa a anthu.

Mbiri Yalamulo

Mbiri ya malamulo iri mbiri ya zochita zotengedwa pa lamulo pamene likuyenda m'dongosolo la malamulo . Izi zimaphatikizapo kuweruza kwa komiti, makambitsirano a pansi, kukonza, mavoti, ndi chidziŵitso china choyenerera. Mbiri ya malamulo ingakhale yothandiza kumvetsetsa cholinga cha lamulo ndi mmene linasinthikira mkati mwa dongosolo la malamulo. Makhoti nthaŵi zina amapenda mbiri ya malamulo pomasulira chinenero cha malamulo chovuta.

Malamulo a Boma

Mabilisha (otchulidwanso kukhala malamulo a chaka chimene anachitidwa) amakhala mbali ya Malamulo a California, omwe ali mpambo wa malamulo olinganizidwa ndi nkhani. Malamulo a boma amalinganiza malamulo onse amakono mwa mutu, kupangitsa kupeza malamulo oyenerera pankhani zina. Maboma ambiri amapanga malamulo awo opezeka pa Intaneti kuti apezeke kwa anthu onse.

Malamulo a Chigawo

Malamulo a zochitika ndi ovomerezeka a malamulo onse operekedwa mkati mwa programu ya malamulo yakutiyakuti, yofalitsidwa motsatira dongosolo la masiku. Pamene kuli kwakuti mpambo wa malamulo umasonyeza mkhalidwe wamakono wa lamulo ndi kukonzedwa konse, malamulo achigawo amasonyeza bwino lomwe zimene zinaperekedwa pa gawo limodzi. Zimenezi zingakhale zofunika kuti timvetse pamene makonzedwe apadera anawonjezeredwa kapena kusinthidwa.

Zofunika Kuti Tiphunzire Zambiri

Pali zinthu zambiri zothandiza nzika kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza boma ndi kukhalabe odziŵa za nkhani zamakono ndi malamulo.

Mawebusaiti Opereka Malamulo a Boma

Nyumba iliyonse yokhazikitsa malamulo imasunga webusaiti yokhala ndi chidziŵitso chonena za opanga malamulo, mafakitale, makomiti, ndandanda, ndi dongosolo la malamulo. Mawebusaiti ameneŵa amakulolani kufunafuna ndalama, kukhazikitsa malamulo, kupeza oimira anu, ndi mapulogalamu a komiti yanu ndi zikalata.

Mautumiki Olozera Malamulo

Maboma ambiri ali ndi mabungwe a malamulo ofufuzira kapena malaibulale amene amapereka mautumiki ndi chidziŵitso kwa opanga malamulo ndi anthu. maofesi ameneŵa angakuthandizeni kupeza chidziŵitso cha nkhani zinazake, kumvetsa malamulo, kapena kupeza mapepala ofunika.

Mabungwe Ophunzitsa Ana

Mabungwe ambiri osapanga phindu amasumika maganizo pa maphunziro a boma ndi pangano la ukwati. Magulu onga League of Women Voters, mabungwe a boma, ndi mabungwe a maphunziro a boma amapereka chuma, maphunziro, ndi mipata yophunzirira ndi kutengamo mbali m'boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chidziŵitso ndi kusanthula nkhani zofunika kwambiri za malamulo.

Kufalitsidwa kwa Manyuzipepala

Manyuzipepala, mawailesi a pa TV, ndi mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti, a boma amakuthandizani kudziwa nkhani za boma, nkhani zokhudza malamulo, ndi zosankha za boma.

Magulu a Dziko

Mabungwe monga National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) akupereka chuma ndi chidziŵitso chonena za boma m'dziko lonselo. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapanga njira za boma zoyendera, amapereka chidziŵitso choyerekezera, ndi kupereka zinthu zamaphunziro ponena za mmene maboma a boma amagwirira ntchito. Mawebusaiti awo angakhale chuma chofunika kwambiri kuti amvetsetse boma lonse.

Mapeto ake: Kudzipatsa Mphamvu Mwachidziŵitso

Kumvetsa bwino chinenero cha boma n’kofunika kuti munthu athe kuchitapo kanthu. Ngati mukudziwa mawu onga "kugwiritsa ntchito," "kumvera," ndi "kuzindikira" kutanthauza, mungatsatire bwino kutsutsana kwa boma, kumvetsa nkhani, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’dongosolo la demokrase. Zosankha za boma zimakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuchokera ku mtundu wa sukulu ndi misewu yopezera chitetezo cha anthu onse. Mwa kuphunzira mawu ameneŵa ndi kumvetsa mmene boma limagwirira ntchito, inu mwiniyo angadzipatse mphamvu kuti mudziŵe, mukhale nzika yosankha nduna ndi yochirikiza bwino zinthu zanu ndi kuchirikiza bwino zinthu zanu.

Mawu otchulidwa m'chitsogozo chimenechi amaimira chiyambi chabe cha zimene mungaphunzire ponena za boma. Pamene muyamba kudziŵa bwino mawu ndi malingaliro ameneŵa, mudzaona kuti n’zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mawebusaiti a boma, kumvetsa zikalata za malamulo, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m’nkhani zapoyera zokhudza malamulo. Musaope ndi kuvuta kwa madongosolo a boma. Katswiri aliyense anayamba monga woyamba, ndipo chuma chimene chilipo lerolino chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuphunzira ndi kugwirizana ndi boma.

Kumbukirani kuti demokrase imafunikira kukhala ndi phande lamphamvu kwa nzika zodziŵa. Mawu anu amafunikira kugawanamo ndi kumvetsetsa chinenero ndi njira za boma kukupatsani zida zothandizira kuti liwulo limveke bwino. Kaya muli wodera nkhaŵa ndi malamulo a zamaphunziro, chitetezo cha malo okhala, kukonzanso chilungamo cha apandu, kapena nkhani zina, kudziŵa mmene mungayendetsere dongosolo la boma kumathandiza kuchirikiza kusintha ndi kuchititsa kuti oimira anu osankhidwa akhale ndi mlandu. Gwiritsirani ntchito chuma chimene chilipo, khalani odziŵa nkhani zimene zilipo kwa inu, ndipo musazengereze kukaonana ndi opanga malamulo anu, kapena kuvomereza kuti mumve. Kutenga kwanuko mbali kulimbitsa demokrase ndi kuthandiza kuti boma litumikiredi anthu.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za pangano la boma ndi njira za boma, chezerani Msonkhano wa National Conference of State Legislatures [1], fufuzani webusaiti yanu ya malamulo a boma [, kapena kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma a m'mudzi wanu. Mukaphunzira ndi kutengamo mbali, mudzakhala nzika yamphamvu kwambiri ndipo mabungwe athu a democracy adzakhala odalirika kwambiri.