Table of Contents
Chiyambi
Nthambi ya boma la United States, yokhazikitsidwa ndi Mfundo I ya Malamulo, ndiyo bungwe lopanga malamulo limene limaumba malamulo ndi malamulo oyambukira Aamereka onse. Kuchokera ku misonkho imene mumalipira ku mpweya umene mumapuma, Congress imakhala ndi mphamvu ya kugamula mmene dziko lanu likuyendera. Komabe nzika zambiri sizimazindikira mmene nthambi yofunika kwambiriyi imagwirira ntchito. Kumvetsa kapangidwe ka nyumba, zochita, ndi chisonkhezero cha Congress sikuli chabe phunziro la boma — kuli chiŵiro chothandiza kutetezera ufulu wanu ndi kuchititsa kuti mawu anu amvedwe m’dziko la democracy.
Mtsogoleri ameneyu akuswa mfundo zazikulu za nthambi za malamulo, kufotokoza mmene malamulo amapangidwira, ndi kukusonyezani mmene zosankha za dongosolo zimakhudzira moyo wanu — ndi mmene mungatengere mbali m’kupanga malamulowo.
Malamulo Okhazikitsidwa a Nthambi Yoyendetsera Malamulo
Malamulo a ku United States anapanga Congress yokhala ndi maulamuliro oŵerengedwa — maulamuliro enieni operekedwa kwa iwo mmalo mwa maboma kapena anthu. Izi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kusonkhanitsa misonkho, ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndi kupanga malamulo onse “ofunika ndi oyenera” kupha maulamuliro amenewo. Mfundoyi ndiyo nkhani yaitali kwambiri m'Malamulo, yosonyeza cholinga cha woyambitsa kupanga Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhala nthambi yamphamvu ndi yosavuta kwambiri ya boma.
Pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787, nthumwi zinatsutsana mowopsa ponena za kuimira. Kulolera kwakukulu kunathetsa zimenezi mwakupanga nyumba ya malamulo ya ma dameral: Nyumba ya Oimira, kumene kuimira kuli pa anthu, ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, kumene boma lililonse lili ndi mamembala aŵiri. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti ponse paŵiri maboma aakulu ndi aang’ono ali ndi mawu m’dongosolo la malamulo.
Kuti mudziŵe zambiri ponena za chiyambi cha malamulo a Congress, pitani ku U.S. Constitution Ansitation pa Mfundo I [[FLT: 1].
Maziko a Nyumba ya Malamulo
Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi ya bimeral, kutanthauza zipinda ziŵiri zimene zili ndi maudindo osiyana, ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana.
Nyumba ya Oimira
Nyumba ya Oimira iri ndi mamembala 435 osankha, ogawiridwa pakati pa maiko mogwirizana ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu choikidwiratu. Oimira amatumikira mawu a zaka ziŵiri, kuwapangitsa iwo kuŵerengera mwachindunji kwa oimira awo kuposa oimira. Kulamulira kwachidule kumeneku kukakamiza ziŵalo za anthu kuvomereza ku nkhaŵa za mwamsanga za anthu, nchifukwa chake Lamulo limafuna kuti ndalama zonse zandalama — zokweza misonkho — zikhale m'Nyumba.
- . . . . Wolankhula wa Nyumba ndi woyang'anira, wosankhidwa ndi chipani chokulira. Wolankhula amalamulira maprogramu a malamulo, amaika mipando ya komiti, ndipo ali wachiŵiri pamzera wa mpando wa pulezidenti.
- Maulamuliro a kampani: Nyumba ili ndi mphamvu yokha ya kupatsa akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo pulezidenti, ndi kuyambitsa ndalama zothandizira.
- Kumasulira: Chiŵalo chilichonse chikuimira chigawo cha msonkhano wa anthu pafupifupi 760,000 (kuchokera pa 2020 ya kalembera).
Nyumba ya Malamulo
Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mamembala 100, aŵiri ochokera m'boma lililonse, mosasamala kanthu za chiŵerengero cha anthu. Asekenti amatumikira malamulo a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi zisankho zozengereza kotero kuti chigawo chimodzi chachitatu cha Nyumba ya Malamulo chikhale chosankha pazaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Liwu latsopanoli lilola oimira bungwe la a muukwati kukhala ndi lingaliro ladala, lanthaŵi yaitali pa malamulo ndi malamulo achilendo.
- [[FLT: 0] . . . . Mtsogoleri wa United States amatumikira monga Pulezidenti wa Khoti koma amavota kokha ngati pali tchati. Majority Atsogoleri ndi wotsogolera wa gulu, kukhazikitsa mapu a pansi ndi kukambirana ndi anthu ochepa.
- Maulamuliro a : Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti (ziŵalo za kabinete, oweruza a boma, akazembe) ndi mapangano ovomerezeka ndi mavoti aŵiri . Nyumba ya Malamulo imachitanso kuweruza milandu pambuyo poti Nyumbayo yapereka nduna.
- . . . . . Mwambo wa Nyumba ya Malamulo umene umalola makambitsirano osatha kusiyapo ngati mamembala 60 akuvotera kuti athetse. Zimenezi zimapatsa gulu lochepa mphamvu yotsekereza malamulo.
Kusiyana Kokulira pakati pa Nyumba ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo
| Feature | House | Senate |
|---|---|---|
| Size | 435 members | 100 members |
| Term length | 2 years | 6 years |
| Constituency | Local districts | Entire state |
| Rules | More formal, limited debate | Less formal, unlimited debate |
| Treaty ratification | No role | Requires 2/3 supermajority |
| Appointment confirmation | No role | Advice and consent |
Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chalamulo pa njira zapanyumba, chezerani Nyumba.gov’s “Nyumba Ilongosoledwa". ndi la Nyumba ya Malamulo, onani Sanete. Ziŵiya zofufuzira.
Mmene Malamulo Amapangidwira: Kachitidwe ka Malamulo
Ulendo wa lamulo ndi lamulo ndi wautali, wocholoŵana, ndipo wodzaza ndi zopinga. Kokha 2-4% ya ndalama zonse zoyambitsidwa mu Congress ndizo lamulo. Kumvetsetsa masitepewo kumathandiza nzika kuona pamene zikhoza kuyambukira.
Sitepe 1: Chiyambi
Khoti iliyonse ingayambitse lamulo. M’nyumba, woimira wina amaponya lamulolo mu “chiphuphu.". M'nyumba ya malamulo, woyang’anira nyumba ya malamulo amaiyambitsa pansi. Mabuku amagawiridwa nambala (mwachitsanzo, H.R. 1 kapena S. 1). Ndalama za ndalama zogulira ndalama ziyenera kuyamba m'Nyumba; ndalama zonse zingayambe m’chipinda chilichonse.
Mfundo Yachiwiri: Kupenda Komiti
Makomiti ndi kumene ntchito yeniyeni imachitikira. Komitiyo ingati:
- Mukawazenge mlandu kwa mboni zodziŵa bwino ntchito yawo ndiponso kwa anthu olalikira.
- “ Kongolerani mitengo ya magetsi ya magetsi ya magetsi.
- Konzekerani kusimba za ndalamazo moyenerera, molakwika, kapena motsutsana nazo (zineneni).
Makomiti anapangidwa mwadala kusefa malamulo osakonzedwa bwino.
Sitepe 3: Kutsutsana ndi Kulankhulana Kochititsa Chidwi
Ngati lamulo la lamulo lipitirira komiti, limapita pansi pa chipinda chonse. Nyumba Parmes Komiti imakonda kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa mkangano (malamulo a nthaŵi, chiŵerengero cha zobweza). Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi mwambo wake wa mkangano wosatha, kaŵirikaŵiri imafunikira kuvota kuti ithetse nyukiliya — 60 mwa 100 a anesi ayenera kugwirizana kuchepetsa mkangano wa maola 30. Pambuyo pa kutsutsana, mamembala a voti. Ofesala (218 m’Nyumba, 51 m'Malamulo) amatsatsa chikalatacho, kusiyapo nkhani zina monga mapangano 2.2 / 3 ndi kutha kwa malamulo a malamulo.
Mfundo 4: Mbali Ina
Kenako ndalamazo zimapita ku chipinda china chimene chimakhalanso ndi mawu a komiti, makambitsirano a pansi, ndi ovota.
Mfundo 5: Komiti ya Msonkhano
Komiti ya msonkhano ili ndi mamembala a zipinda ziŵiri zonsezo. Amakambirana matembenuzidwe ololera, amene ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo — popanda kusinthanso kwina.
Sitepe 6: Ntchito ya Prezidenti
Matembenuzidwe omalizira amatumizidwa kwa pulezidenti, amene ali ndi masiku khumi (kusinthana kwa Sande) kuchitapo kanthu:
- [[ML:0] Chizindikiro [ lamulo.
- Ilo [1], kulibwezera ku Msonkhano ndi zitsutso. Nyumba ya malamulo ingapose kumbuyo ndi mavoti aŵiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
- Musachite kanthu — ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ili m'chigawo, lamulo limakhala lamulo pambuyo pa masiku khumi. Ngati Congress yalunjikitsidwa, lamulolo limafa mu “maveto.
Kulemba malamulo a nthaŵi yeniyeni, chezerani [[FLT: 0] Coreff.gov
Komiti: Kumene Malamulo Akupha Anthu Kapena Kufera
Makomiti a m’makomiti amenewa ndi magulu apadera amene amafufuza bwinobwino zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza malamulo a boma.
Makomiti Oima
Makomiti achikhalire okhala ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zina — monga, Nyumba Ways and Lar (misonkho), Senate Foreign Relations, House Judicary, Senate Armed Services. Ntchito zambiri zokhazikitsa malamulo zikuchitika kuno.
Makomiti Aakulu
Makomiti aang'ono kwambiri m’makomiti oima amene amasumika maganizo pa nkhani zocheperapo, zonga ngati Nyumba Sub Coutee on Health (Pansi pa Mphamvu ndi Communist). Makomiti a kunsi kwa nyumba asunga mayeso ndi ndalama zolemba mapepala asanazipereke ku komiti yonse.
Sankhani Makomiti Apadera
Makomiti osakhalitsa anakhazikitsidwa pa cholinga chinachake, monga kufufuza za kuukira Capito kwa pa January 6 ndipo nthaŵi zambiri salemba malamulo koma amapanga malipoti ndi zikalata zovomereza.
Makomiti Ogwirizana
Kuphatikizapo ziŵalo za zipinda zonse ziŵiri, makomiti ogwirizana akukhalapo kaamba ka kuyang’anira kapena ntchito zosamalira nyumba (m’chitsanzo, Komiti Yogwirizana ya Throxation Committee, Joint Economic Komiti).
Makomiti a Msonkhano
Monga tafotokozera kale, zimenezi ndi zitsulo zosakhalitsa zopangidwa kuti zigwirizanitse malamulo a Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.
Makomiti amayang’aniranso — amafufuza mabungwe akuluakulu a nthambi, amaweruza milandu ya kutayidwa ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza, ndipo amakakamiza anthu kupereka umboni.
Mphamvu za Nyumba za Malamulo za Kuyang’anira ndi Kufufuza
Makomiti ayang’anira mabungwe a akuluakulu a boma ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa maprogramu a boma. Boma Liganiziridwa ndi bungwe la Congress — Congress’s relvication — Service dreasus authority programu ndi kupenda programu ya programu. Nyumba za Malamulo zingafunenso mapepala ndi umboni kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a boma, ndipo m’nkhani zina zoipitsitsa, iwo amanyozedwa ngati akana.
Pakapanda kuperekedwa chikalata chofotokoza za malamulo, boma limaona kuti ndilo liyenera kutsogolera anthu pa nkhani ya malamulo.
Mmene Mungagwiritsire Ntchito Ndalama: Kumene Ndalama Zimayendera
Pachaka, boma likuchita zinthu zingapo zogwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi.
- Pofika Lolemba loyamba mu February, pulezidenti wapereka pempho la bajeti ku Congress.
- Makomiti a Bajeti ndi Nyumba ya Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Bungwe Loona za Malipiro amakhazikitsa malamulo a bajeti, omwe amathandiza anthu kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndiponso kupeza ndalama.
- Nyumba ya malamulo imapereka 12 ya ndalama zoperekera ndalama zimene zimasungitsa mabungwe ena.
- Malamulo a ndalama (masinthidwe a msonkho) amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyana, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa kuyanjanitsidwa, zimene zimalola kudutsa ndi unyinji wochepa wa anthu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo.
Kayendetsedwe ka bajeti kamachedwetsa, kutsogolera ku kuthera kwa ma CR ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala osungira zinthu. Understandings n’zofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo imagwiritsira ntchito ndalama kuti ipite patsogolo kapena kutsekereza malamulo — mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama pa maprogramu ena ankhondo kapena kupenda malo okhala.
Mmene Nyumba za Malamulo Zimakhudzira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Zinthu zimene anthu asankha kuchita pa nthawi ya misonkhano zimakhudza mbali zonse za moyo wamakono, ndipo mumaona kuti zimenezi zimakhudza mbali zikuluzikulu za moyo wanu.
Kusamalira thanzi
Nyumba ya malamulo ya Medicare, Medicaid, Act ya Affordble Care, ndi Service Inshuwalansi ya Zaumoyo wa Ana imakhazikitsanso malamulo oyendetsera mankhwala osokoneza bongo, misika ya inshuwalansi, ndi zofufuza zamankhwala kudzera m’mabungwe onga National Institutes of Health.
Maphunziro
Malikole a ophunzira a Federal, Pell Grants, Head Star, ndi Umutwe I zopereka ndalama za sukulu zolandira ndalama zochepera zonse zimadalira pa maprogramu a msonkhano. Msonkhano umavomerezanso Chikalata cha Education Act nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, kuyambukira kulipira ndalama za ophunzira ndi kuvomereza koleji.
Misonkho
Bungwe la zachuma la Internvoence Congress ndilo linapangidwa. Kusintha kwa ma bricks, ndalama za msonkho, ngongole, ndi makampani kumasintha ndalama zimene mumalipira, ndalama zimene mumasunga, ndi nyumba. Kusintha kwambiri misonkho, monga la Trust Cuts ndi la Jobs Act of 2017, kunali kukhazikitsa malamulo.
Malo Opangira Zinthu ndi Zoyendera
Misewu yapamwamba, milatho, mabwalo a ndege, kutumiza anthu, ndi intaneti yachibalo yapansi pa dziko la boma amalandira ndalama kudzera mwa zikalata za chilolezo cha zaka zambiri monga Infrapublicature Investivement ndi Jobs Act. Nyumba za malamulo zimakhazikitsanso miyezo ya chitetezo kudzera mwa mabungwe onga Federal Highway Administration.
Kuteteza Anthu
Malamulo onena za kutetezereka kwa chakudya (FDA), zopangidwa zimakumbukira (CPSC), chinyengo cha zachuma (SEC, CTC), ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense (FTC) amapangidwa ndi bungwe la Congress.
Malo Okhala Ndiponso Mphamvu Zamagetsi
Bungwe lina loyang’anira za nyengo limapereka malamulo otsimikizira kuti mpweya umakhala wabwino, kuti madzi azikhala oyera, ndiponso kuti pakhale ndalama zothandizira kuti mafuta azitha kugwiritsa ntchito.
Chitetezo cha Boma ndi Alendo
Bungwe la Congress limalengeza za nkhondo, ndalama za asilikali, ndiponso limayang’anira mabungwe ofufuza zinthu kudzera m’Dipatimenti ya zachuma, mabungwe odziwa za luntha, malamulo a zachitetezo, ndiponso malamulo okhudza anthu osamukira m’mayiko ena.
Kugwirizana ndi Oimira Anu
Simungakwanitse kuchita zimenezi, koma ndi mmene mungachitire:
Yanjanani ndi Woimira Wanu ndi Otsogolera
Lembani, foni, kapena intaneti maofesi awo. Oimba maofesi amalemba makalata osiyanasiyana ndi kuwapereka kwa chiŵalo. Kutumiza foni ndi zilembo zaumwini kuli ndi kulemera kochuluka kuposa kupanga ma email. Mukhoza kupeza chidziŵitso chokhudzana ndi anthu pa Nyumba.gov[[FLT :1] ndi [FLT .FLT] .
Pitani ku Nyumba za Mzinda ndi Zochitika za Anthu Onse
Anthu ambiri amachitira misonkhano yawo m’madera awo, makamaka panthaŵi yopuma ndipo kupezekapo kumakupatsani mpata wofunsa mafunso mwachindunji, kudera nkhaŵa kwa mawu, ndi kumva nokha zimene woimira wanuyo akuchita.
Sankhani Zofunika
Masankho aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha amene adzakuimirani, makamaka m’madera amene chipani chimodzi chikulamulira. Masankho apakati — pamene mipando yonse 435 ya nyumba ndi mipando ya nyumba imodzi ya Senate iri pa pepala la mavoti — ndiwo mwaŵi wanu wa kusintha kulembedwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo. Kutulutsa kuli chiŵiya chofunika kwambiri ndi champhamvu chimene muli nacho.
Sungani Magulu a Umbombo
Magulu onga Chigwirizano cha Akazi, Common Creast, ndi magulu ofotokoza nkhani (m' lekuatiso, American Civil Liberties Union, AARP , Sierra Club) akopa msonkhano kaamba ka zikondwerero za onse. Mamembala amagwirizanitsa mawu anu ndi antchito ndi ziŵiya zaluso.
Limbikitsani pa Miyoyo Kapena Kupereka Ndemanga
Ngakhale anthu wamba akhoza kuchita nawo mwambowu mwa kuyankha ku bungwe la Federal eRuleging Portal (Malamulo.gov).
Gwiritsani Ntchito Njira Zoyenera za Mayanjano
Kuwaika ndi mfundo zomveka ndi zenizeni kungakope maganizo anu pankhani, makamaka ngati mugaŵana chidziŵitso ndi ogwirizana nawo kwambiri.
Kumaliza
Nthambi ya boma la United States siiri kutali, siiri yosafikirika. Ndilo bungwe la akuluakulu osankhidwa amene, mwa kulinganiza, amayenera kuŵerengeredwa mlandu ndi anthu amene amatumikira. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene Nyumba za Malamulo zimagwirira ntchito — kakonzedwe kake, kachitidwe kake, makomiti ake, ndi bajeti yake — mukhoza kuwongolera bwinopo mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko ndi kutetezera zikondwerero zanu. Malamulo amaumba chirichonse kuchokera ku mpweya umene mumapuma ndi misewu imene mumayendetsa ku ndalama zimene mumalandira ndi chisamaliro. Sungani odziŵa, sungani, sungani, lonjezani, ndi kukumbukira kuti mawu anu ali mbali yofunika ya kachitidwe ka lamulo.
Kaamba ka maphunziro opitirizabe, fufuzani laibulale yaikulu ya zinthu pa Conreg.gov [FLT :1] ndi alopartisan .gov laibulale ya akuluakulu osankhidwa.