Maluso a Malamulo a Upandu: Mitundu, Mapulogalamu, ndi Tanthauzo Lawo

Masankho aakulu amapanga maziko a kusankha osankhidwa ku United States, kuumba ovotawo amayang'anizana ndi November iliyonse. Mosiyana ndi masankho a anthu wamba, amene amatsutsana ndi magawo aŵiri aakulu, mapulaneti amapereka mphamvu ya chipani ndipo nthaŵi zina osankha okha atha kusankha amene adzanyamula mbendera ya chipani. Kumvetsetsa maluso a mapulaneti nkofunika kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zimene zimafuna kuona m'manyuzipepala ndi kuzindikira mmene mameno amayambira.

Dongosolo lamakono linatuluka m'masinthidwe a Ercentury Era a kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, pamene maboma anayamba kuchotsa mavoti a khomo ndi misonkhano yachindunji ndi mavoti a chipani. Lerolino, ma primenti ndi masankho a boma olamulidwa ndi malamulo a m'zipani. Kucholoŵana kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti dongosolo la masankho lingakhale ndi malamulo osiyana kwambiri m'mayiko oyandikana nawo, kupanga kachitidwe kake kosangalatsa ndi kokhumudwitsa. Kufunika kwa mapulogalamu a mapulogalamu a gulu kumakhudza mapulati, pangano la voti, ndi malangizo a mtundu.

Chitsogozo chofutukulidwa chimenechi chimaswa mitundu ya maluwa, okonza maluwa, kufunika kwakukulu kwa mipikisano imeneyi, zovuta zimene zimawavutitsa, ndi kusintha kumene kungasinthe mmene America amasankhira makompyuta ake. Kaya mukuphunzitsa gulu la anthu kapena kukonzekera Fateral Evolution Commission [1] Malo opangira maadisiki, lamulo lakuya la akatswiri opanga zinthu zapamwamba lidzakulitsa chidziŵitso chanu cha malo osankhidwiratu.

Mitundu ya Malamulo

Masankho aakulu amabwera m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana, iriyonse yokhala ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana onena za amene angavote ndi mmene oyembekezera kubatizidwa angalinganizidwire kwambiri wovota, njira yosankha, ndi kapangidwe ka malingaliro a chidikha cha m’madzi a m’minee.

Malo Otsekeredwa

Pambali yaikulu, mamembala a chipani cha ndale zadziko okha ndi amene angavote m'chigawo chachikulu cha chipanichi. Democrat wovomerezeka sangavote m'dziko lalikulu, ndipo mosiyana ndi . Dongosolo limeneli lalinganizidwa kuletsa “kuvota,” kumene mamembala a gulu lotsutsalo amakweza dala voti ya wofooka kapena kuyesa kusonkhezera kusankha kwa chipani china. Monga a 2024, kuphatikizapo Florida, Kentucky, New York, ndi Oregon akugwiritsira ntchito chipani chachikulu chimodzi cha anthu ofufuza.

Ochirikiza amanena kuti mapringiti asunga umphumphu wa chipani mwa kutsimikizira kuti ndi ziŵalo zokhulupirika zokha zimene zili ndi lingaliro m'kusankha wotsogolera wotsata. Osuliza amatsutsa kuti iwo amatsutsa ovota odziimira okha (amene angafunikire kulembetsa ndi chipani kuti achite nawo mbali) ndipo angakakamize anthu ku malo opambanitsa chifukwa chakuti ndi ziŵalo za gulu zokha zimene zimasankha m'mipikisano yotsekedwa. Kufufuza kwa National Conference of State Legislatures [1] Kusonyeza kuti wovota m'malamulo wotsekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri ali wotsika kuposa m'madongosolo otsekereza, mbali imodzi chifukwa chakuti dziŵe la oyenerera oyenerera aletsedwa.

Kutsegulira Malo Otseguka

Otsegulira alola wovota aliyense wovomerezeka kukhala ndi phande m'chigawo chachikulu, mosasamala kanthu za chipani chawo. Ofufuza amangosankha kuti ndi chisankho chiti chomwe chiyenera kuchitidwa patsiku la chisankho. Dongosolo limeneli limawonjezera chosankha cha wovota ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri limayanjidwa ndi odziimira paokha. Maboma onga ngati Alabama, Indiana, Michigan, Mississippi, ndi Texas amagwiritsira ntchito ma primerime ya magulu aakulu aŵiriwo.

Chiwonekedwe cha malupiki otseguka chiri chakuti iwo angakhoze kukhala ndi khalidwe loyenerera, popeza oyembekezera ayenera kuchonderera ku voti yowonjezereka imene imaphatikizapo ovota osankhidwa. Amawonjezeranso kugawana kwa onse. Komabe, otsutsa amachenjeza kuti otsegulira aitana “kulandira,” kumene ziŵalo za gulu limodzi mwapadera zimasankha woloŵa m'gulu lofooka. Pamene kuli kwakuti kufufuza kwa maphunziro kumalingalira kuti kuukira kuli kosachitika, kutsendereza kumapitirizabe.

Malo Osungiramo Asunamo Otsekeredwa

Semi-crimes imatsekera pakati: ziŵalo za chipani cholembetsedwa zingangosankha chivoti chachikulu cha chipani chawo, koma osasankha (opanda) angasankhe chipani chachikulu kuti achitepo. Chitsanzo chimenechi chikufuna kuteteza gulu lachipembedzo pamene likupatsabe mawu. Maboma kuphatikizapo Arizona, Colorado, Massachusetts, ndi North Carolina angagwiritse ntchito njira zosafunikira kwenikweni za gulu limodzi lalikulu.

M’zochitika, maprim primmale otseguka kaŵirikaŵiri amafanana ndi mapringi auniversity, pamene akusunga chopinga kwa ziŵalo zolembetsedwa za gulu lotsutsana nalo. Izi zingachititse kukhala zofala kwambiri popanda kutaya malire a gulu. Chitokoso chimodzi nchakuti boma liyenera kulongosola bwino “kusiyana kwa" malo ndi kulamulira ndandanda ya ovota mogwirizana ndi pepala lovomerezeka.

Mafoni Apamwamba - wiri

Asayansi amasankha munthu mmodzi, ndipo aŵiriwo akulandira mavoti ambiri osankhidwa pa chisankho, osayang'aniridwa ndi gulu. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsidwa ntchito ku maofesi a boma ndi a boma ku California ndi Washington, ndi maofesi ena ku Nebraska ndi Louisiana (Mfumu ya Louisiana imagwiritsira ntchito “chivomezi chachikazi - chivote” zomwe nthaŵi zina zimachotsapo kufunika kwa chisankho cha chisankho chachisawawa.

Madongosolo aŵiri apamwamba amalinganizidwa kufooketsa kusiyanitsa kopambanitsa mwa kukakamiza oyembekezera kupikisana ndi ziŵalo za gulu limodzimodzilo m'chigawo chachikulu ndiyeno ndi gulu lina mu kazembe. Ilo limatsimikiziranso kuti masankho onse akusonyeza opita ku masankho aŵiri otchuka kwambiri, ngakhale ngati ali a gulu limodzi. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti dongosolo lapamwamba la aŵiri lingachititse kupikisana kwa masankhomo amene amachotsapo gulu lalikulu limodzi, ndi kuti limachepetsa kusankha kwa ovota mwa kawirika mwa kupereka zosankha ziŵiri zokha. M’kachitidwe, awonjezera chiŵerengero cha ofunsira oyenerera oyenera kuthamanga m'mafuko ena a ku California, ngakhale kuti chiyambukiro cha mapangano pa kugwirizanitsa kulinganiza kwa bungwe la bungwe la osankhalo likutsutsana.

Ntchito Zokhudza Usilikali

Kumvetsa siteji iliyonse kumathandiza kuti munthu asiye kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zidzakhala bwino pa nthawi ya ukwati.

Kuchuluka ndi Kuyenerera Koipa

Chilichonse chimayamba ndi nyengo yopanga mapepala ofunsira kwa akuluakulu a boma. Otsatsa malonda ayenera kusonkhanitsa chiŵerengero chochepa cha kusaina kwa ovota olembetsedwa, kulipira ndalama zoperekera, ndi kumaliza chilengezo cha kusinthika. Zikalata ndi kusaina zimasiyana kwambiri ndi boma ndi ofesi. Mwachitsanzo, woyang'anira wa desitala angafunikire masaini zikwi zambiri kuti aoneke pa chikalata chachikulu cha ovota ku Texas, pamene woimira boma angafunikire kokha mazana angapo. Malamulo a Federal Ecompution Commission awonjezera chikalata choperekera zofunika kwa oyembekezera a boma. Mtengo wa kukonza chingakhale chopinga chimene namsinkhunitsitsa pansi pa chivoti chimodzi kapena puloteshoni yolinganizidwa bwino kwambiri isanathe.

Kupanga Mpikisano ndi Kutsutsana

Kampani ya mavoti, oyembekezera kupambana mavoti oyambirira. Kampeni zimagogomezera kwambiri kukhulupirika kwa maganizo ndi chipani, pamene ovota oyambirira ali odetsedwa kwambiri kuposa osankhidwa a onse. Kutsutsana kaŵirikaŵiri kumalinganizidwa ndi makomiti a gulu la boma kapena malo oulutsira mawu a nyuzi ndipo kungakhale kokha kwa oyembekezera amene amakumana ndi kufunsira kapena kusonkhanitsa. M'masewero a pulezidenti, gulu la dzikolo limakhazikitsa miyezo imene kaŵirikaŵiri imayanja otsogolera, kuyambitsa mkangano ponena za amene amapeza wailesi. Kukwera kwa makampani a za makampani a za makampani ndi makompyuta kwasintha ndawala, kulola operekera maseŵero a makampani aang'ono ndi opanga makampani popanda kuulutsa malonda kwamwambo.

Njira Zodziŵira ndi Tsiku la Chisankho

Tsiku lachisawawa ndilo chimake cha ntchito yosankha, koma kuvota kumachitidwa m'njira zambiri. Maboma ambiri amapereka chivoti pa Lachiŵiri loikidwa, koma kuvota, kuvota koyambirira, makalata, ndi kuvota kwa olephera kuli kofala tsopano. Maboma ali ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana a pamene oweruza ayenera kubwezedwa ndi ngati mapepala a papositi akufunika kuŵerengedwa. Mliri wa Chovid-19 unawonjezera kusankhidwa kwa makampani opangira makampani ofufuza makalata, kudzutsa mafunso okhudza chitetezo ndi kupezeka kumene kumakhalabe ndi mlandu wandale. Anthu amene alembetsa ndi gulu (m'manzere kapena madongosolo a kuyandikira) ayenera kupempha kuti aŵerengedwe bwino. Kuvotako kungachititse kuvomereza kuti agwirizane ndi kugawana kwa makampani onse.

Kuchuluka ndi Kulembetsa

Atamaliza kufufuza, akuluakulu a masankho amaŵerengera mavoti ndi zotsatirapo. M'makhoti ambiri otchuka, wosankhidwa amene amapambana mavoti ambiri, koma maiko ena amafuna kuti ambiri (oposa 50 peresenti) apeŵe kutha. Runoff primivary, yofala m'maiko a kummwera monga Georgia ndi Louisiana, kukakamiza chisankho chachiŵiri pakati pa aŵiri oyembekezera kubatizidwa ngati palibe amene afika pachipatapo. Condoffs angayendetse nyengo yoyamba kukafika kuchilimwe, kuyesa chipiriro ndi chuma cha oyembekezera. Vote kuŵerengera kumaperekedwa ku boma ndi uyang'anira wa kumaloko, ndipo zotsatira zake zimayambitsidwa ndi mipatuko. Phosolo kaŵirikaŵiri zimavomerezedwa m'milungu yochepa, imene palibe munthu angavomerezedwe mwalamulo ndi gululo.

Atumizeni ku malo odzionetsera

M'mapulofesa a zaunduna, voti yotchuka yokha siisankha malamulo a dziko; nthumwi zopatsidwa kwa wobatizidwa aliyense potsirizira pake zimasankha kuikidwa kwa malamulo pa msonkhano wachigawo cha dziko. Nthumwi zimaikidwa molingana m'mademocracy (ndi 15 peresenti ya khomo la kuthekera) ndi kuphatikiza malamulo onse mu Republican Priminations. Chipani chilichonse chimakhazikitsa malamulo ake m’zitsogozo za chipani cha dzikolo, kupanga njira yovuta imene imasonkhezera projekiti. A Candidate ayenera kufikira nthumwi yokha kuti aikire kupima ndi kuchuluka kwa nthumwi za Democrati ndi unyinji wa msonkhano wapadera wa oimira a Republican mu 2024. Kudziŵa bwino masamu kuli kofunika kaamba ka kupenda, kapena kugawamba kwapadera, kapena kutumiza chikalata chapadera.

Tanthauzo la Upandu

Akatswiri opanga mapulani a nyumba zosungiramo zinthu amapanga njira yonse yosankhira, ndipo tanthauzo lawo limaposa amene amaikidwa pa dzina la munthu.

Kusankha Moyenera ndi Moyenerera

Upandu uli m’gawo lalikulu la opikisana ndi munthu mmodzi pa chipani chimodzi, ntchito imene imasonkhezera kwambiri ovota mu November. Ntchito yaikulu imene imatulutsa chivoti ingafunsire kusinthanso ovota, pamene kuli kwakuti chinthu chachikulu chimene chimakweza ideolhouth chingatsogoze chitsendecho koma kuchepetsako. Bipartisan Policy Center Malamulo aakulu akhudza motani malo a maganizo a anthu osamvera pambuyo pake. M'mafuko ambiri, chinthu chachikulu ndicho mpikisano weniweni chifukwa chakuti chisankho cha kasankho chimodzi. Kumvetsetsa kwa gulu lalikulu kumathandiza chifukwa chake zigawo zina zosankhidwa zolimba pamene zikuchita masankhiridwa.

Umodzi wa Gulu ndi Kulimbana kwa M’kati mwa Gulu

Upandu ungagwirizanitse kapena kugawa gulu la ndale zadziko. Chigawo chachikulu chaulemu chimene chimatha ndi oyembekezera kupambana chimalimbikitsa kugwirizana kwa chipani. Koma zowawa, mapulogalamu osalimbikitsa angasiye zipsera zosatha, ndi ochirikiza oyembekezera kukana kuvota chipani cha mpikisano kapena ngakhale kugwira ntchito kwa chipani chotsutsana. Chipani cha 2016 Republican chinasonyezedwa mozama m'magaŵano amene anapitirizabe kusankhidwa. Atsogoleri a gulu kaŵirikaŵiri amayesa kuyang'anira nkhondo ya mkati mwa kuvomerezana, madongosolo a mapangano, ndi malamulo amene amayanja oyambitsa. Mtundu waukulu . Chiyankhunkhunitso cha dziko la [1] Chiyanjo chingakhale chotsekatseka kapena chotseka. Otsekerawo kusonkhezera chisonkhezero cha nkhondo ya mapiko, nthaŵi zina, chipani cha mgwirizano cha mgwirizano.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali

Masankho oyambirira amapanga masankho ochepa kwambiri kuposa masankho onse, koma angapereke mbali za osankhidwa. Ofufuza apamwamba apamwamba akusonyeza chidwi chachikulu cha ovota ndipo anganene kuti kukondwera kwa onse kwa masankho. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma tripmeout system adapatsa mphamvu timagulu tating'ono, tokhala ndi osankhidwa bwino kwambiri . Nthaŵi zambiri ochirikiza mfundo za maganizo a anthu. Asukulu ndi mabungwe amene amaphunzitsa za makampani aakulu kuti ayambe kutsegula : kutsegulira ndi kuyandikira kwa mavoti apamwamba. Masinthidwe monga ngati tsiku la voti ndi losatola ndi lovota ndi kuvota aonetsa kuwonjezera kuwonjezereka kwa makampani. Masukulu ndi mabungwe amene amaphunzitsa kuti mavoti apange apange asonkherere angathandize mbali yaikulu m'magulu ogwirizana.

Maphwando Olamulira

Zotsatira zake zoyambirira zimatumiza zizindikiro zamphamvu zimene zimapangitsa chipanicho kuwona kuti n’zofunika kwambiri. Kupambana kwakukulu kwa wofunsira wochita ntchito ya zanyengo kungakakamize chipani kulinganiza bwino malamulo a malo okhala; mpambo wa zipambano zochitidwa ndi oyembekezera kupambana ndi ovuta kwambiri. Mwa njirayi, mapangidwe a maluwa a mamembala a anthu osati kokha amene amathamanga m'gulu lankhondo komanso zimene amaimira. Kukwera kwa Tea Party pambuyo pa 2010 ndi kuchuluka kwa 2018 komwe kunayamba m'nkhondo zazikulu kumene oyembekezera kugonjetsa m'matumbo kapena zikondwerero. Aphunzitsi a sayansi yandale kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito zotsatira zazikulu posonyeza mmene anthu apangana mwamwambo kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Mavuto ndi Kuvuta

Koma mavuto amenewa si achilendo, koma awonjezeka m’nthaŵi ya kuchuluka kwa anthu ndiponso m’mabungwe olimbikitsa anthu kuti asamadalire anzawo.

Kutsekereza ndi Kupeza

Malamulo a voti oletsa malamulo a ovota, ochepetsa malo oonera, ndi ochepetsa kuvotera oyambirira amayambukira anthu ochepa, olandira ndalama zochepa, ndi osankha achichepere m'zipinda zapachibalo. Chifukwa chakuti kutembenuka kwakukulu kuli kale kochepa kuposa kugamula kwa onse, chopinga china chilichonse chowonjezereka chingasiya kutulukapo. Mwachitsanzo, kutsekedwa kwa malo ofufuza a Black chigawo cha Georgia mkati mwa 2020 coyambirira kutsogolera ku mizera yaitali ndi kuchotsa malamulo. Zitoko za lamulo zimapitirizabe pa malamulo osiyanasiyana, ndipo mkangano wa ufulu wosankha ufulu umakhalabe pakati pa kusintha koyambirira. [[FLT:] R] Kutsekedwa kwa nkhani za Vote [FLT] ndi kuchirikiza njira zothandizira kufalikira.

Kukhudzidwa ndi Ndalama

Malipiro a kampani amalonda amachita mbali yokulira m'mafakitale, kumene oyembekezera kubatizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira kudzisiyanitsa okha pa bajeti ya nsapato. Oyembekezera kutchuka apamwamba angalamulire misika ya wailesi, pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsa ovuta kwambiri amalimbana kuti atulutse uthenga wawo. Ma Holy PAC ndi magulu a ndalama zakuda kaŵirikaŵiri amaikapo misonkho ya kuchotsapo ndalama zothandizira kapena kugwirizana kwa malingaliro. Nthaŵi yaikulu 2022 anaŵerenga zotsalira malonda a pa wailesi yakanema m'maseŵero opikisana ndi nyumba za mpikisano. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti ndalama zimasokoneza njira yosankhira zinthu, amapindulitsa anthu olemera amene angakope opereka zinthu m’malo mwa amene amaimira maglosi. Ziyeneretso zofunikira zapamwamba. Ziyeneretso za Suppo yaikulu ya Court [FL: 0]

Kupanga Malo ndi Chigawo

Gerrymandering imayambukira kutsendereza kwa anthu mwa kuyambitsa zigawo za ogaŵanitsa kwakukulu kumene kwakukulukulu kuli chisankho chokha. M'madera otetezereka, wopambana wamkulu amatsimikiziridwa kukhala malo mu Congress, ndipo oyembekezera kubatizidwa ali ndi chisonkhezero cha kukopa osankhidwa aakulu koposa koposa mmalo mwa chisankho chachikulu. Zimenezi zikuthandizira kukhazikitsa malo ogaŵa. Kusintha zinthu, monga makomiti odziimira paokha ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maboma monga California ndi Arizona, zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito gerrymanling , koma mchitidwewo udakali wofala. Aphunzitsi angagwiritsire ntchito [FLT:] kulembera maprogramumboni a kukhazikitsa mapangano a mpikisano.

Kunyamula Zovala Zakutsogolo ndi Zam’tsogolo Lachiŵiri

M'maprofessor primial, nthaŵi ya mipikisano ya boma imapanga ndandanda yopanikiza imene imayanja oyembekezera okonzedwa bwino. “Kunyamula zinthu ” kumatanthauza chikhoterero cha maboma kuchotsa malo awo ogona kumbuyo kumbuyo kwa kalendala kuti awonjezere chisonkhezero. Lachiŵiri, pamene maboma khumi ndi aŵiri kapena kuposapo amavotera tsiku limodzi m'chaka chimodzi cha March, akhala chochitika chofunika kwambiri chimene chingasankhe bwino kuuma mutu usiku. Otsutsa amanena kuti magulu ankhondo oyembekezera kuyendetsa ntchito zaudzu asanayambe, kutsekera anthu amene afunikira nthaŵi yomanga. Magulu a mayiko ayesa kulamulira kalenda yaikulu, koma amakana kutaya ntchito yawo yoyamba. Hamshire ndi Iowa, zimene zikuchititsa kuti ntchito yawo yoyamba ikhale yoyambirira ndi yoopsa.

Kulimbana ndi Anthu Okhala Pamalo Ovuta

Kaucuses ndi mtundu wakale wa kusankha ofunsira amene amaphatikizapo misonkhano yapamaso mmalo mwa mavoti achinsinsi. Iwo asulizidwa kukhala osafikirika kwa antchito, makolo, ndi anthu opunduka, limodzinso ndi kucholoŵana kwawo. Democratic caucus mu 2020 inaloŵa m'vuto posimba za zotulukapo zochedwa. M'kuyankha, Democratic National Committee ya de-emphasus m'malamulo ake osakhala alamulo, ndipo maboma angapo asintha nkukhala a Prime. Komabe, caucs adakali ndi moyo m’mayiko ena ndi maofesi ena, makamaka a m'dzikolo. Iwo amapereka chitsanzo cha mapulation ndi kulinganiza kwa anthu a m'dzikolo.

Kuyerekezera Zinthu ndi Kusintha

Ngakhale kuti dongosolo lalikulu la United States nlosiyana, mademokrase ena amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kusankha oyembekezera masankho anthaŵi zonse.

Mmene Mayiko Ena Amasankhira Kutenga Malo

M'madongosolo ambiri a nyumba ya malamulo, atsogoleri a gulu amasankhidwa mwa masankho amene kaŵirikaŵiri satsegula kwambiri kuposa a American primmees. United Kingdom’s Labour Party ndi Conservative Party imachita mipikisano ya utsogoleri imene imatsegulidwa kwa mamembala a chipani kapena ngakhale anthu wamba m’zochitika zina (kudzera mwa “chiŵalo chimodzi, chivoti chimodzi”). Komabe, opita ku Palamente kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa ndi mayanjano a gulu la anthu okhala ndi mfundo zochepa zothandizira anthu. Canada imagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zotsegulidwa zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimaloŵetsamo ziŵalo za chipani chakomweko. Mwakuti, mayiko ambiri sasunga mwachindunji oloŵa m'gulu la malamulo onsewo ndi osankhidwa. Gulu la United States limalamuliranso khalidwe la anthu onse ogwirizana.

Kusintha Komwe Kungayambitse Njira Yoyambirira

Pakhala njira zingapo zothetsera mavuto a ana:

  • Ofooka kwambiri amachotsedwa ndipo osankha awo amaikidwa kufikira ambiri atuluka. Mu RCV Primmies, osankhidwa osankhidwa mogwirizana ndi ndandanda ya kusankha. Ngati wosankhidwayo alandira mavoti ambiri a chikole choyamba, ofooka ofooka amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amaikidwa kufikira atatuluka. RCV amagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankhoti aakulu mu Maine ndi Alaska (a maofesi a boma) ndi m'maofesi angapo a makampani kuzungulira dzikolo. Imachotsa kufunika kwa kuthamanga kokwera kokwera ndi kulimbikitsa ofunsira kupyola pa maziko awo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Tsiku la Primary :[FLT :1] Kugwira mapulaneti onse patsiku limodzi kudzachotsa kudzaza katundu wapoyera ndi kupatsa oyembekezera malo oseŵera. Otsutsa amanena kuti kungafooketse kupikisana kwa udzu ndi kutchuka kwa dziko pa olinganiza a kumaloko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mwachibadwa Object ndi Say Ecstation : Madongosolo olembetsa owonjezereka a kulembetsa angawonjezere masinthidwe aakulu, makamaka pakati pa achichepere ndi osankhidwa ochepa. Maboma ambiri atsatira malamulo ameneŵa ndi chipambano chokhoza kuchitika.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kujambula kwa Prime: Programu zaing'ono zofanana, zofanana ndi dongosolo la New York City, zingachepetse chisonkhezero cha opereka ndalama m'mikupiti yaikulu. Maboma ena ndi mizinda imapereka kale kwa anthu ogwirizana amene akuvomereza kugwiritsa ntchito malire.
  • Upandu ndi Phezulu- Four Express: Kusintha kwa njira yapamwamba-ŵiri, pamwamba-chinayi (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Alaska) kutumiza oyembekezera anayi otchuka ku chisankho cha onse, kumene kusankhidwa kwa malo apadera kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimawonjezera chosankha cha wovota ndi kuchepetsa ziyambukiro zowononga.

Kumaliza

Alangizi, okonza mapulani a mapulaneti , maluso, ndi tanthauzo, samangosankha chabe kuti ndi ati amene amalandira utsogoleri, mmene maphwando amadzifotokozera, ndi nkhani zimene zimalamulira mkangano wa anthu. Kwa aphunzitsi, kuphunzitsa makanikishoni oyambirira kumatanthauza kukonzekeretsa ophunzira ndi zida kuti amvetse chifukwa chimene oyembekezera kulowa m'matendawo amaonekera ndi ena. Kumatanthauzanso kulimbana ndi mavuto amene amawononga chilungamo cha dongosolo: kutsendereza, ndalama m'ndale, gerrymerbing, ndi kalendale yomwe imafupa anthu olemera ndi ogwirizana bwino.

Masinthidwe ali pafupi. Mayiko ndi maphwando akuyesa kuvota moyenerera, mapulaneti anayi apamwamba, ndi kufalikira. Chilakolako cha anthu cha kusintha chakula chifukwa cha kusakhutira ndi kuwonjezereka kwa nthaka ndi marock. Mwakumvetsa mmene ma promonda amagwira ntchito . ndi zimene zilipo, ma ma mapulogalamu ena angafulumire kukhazikitsa dongosolo limene limaonetsa bwino kwambiri zimene anthu akufuna. Mabarika si odziwika; ndi ntchito yomakula, ndipo kuphunzira kwa akatswiri awo a maadiadiac imathandiza kuti apangenso mapulogalamuwo kuti ayambe kukonza.