Table of Contents

Kumvetsetsa Mapepala a Oyang’anira: Chikalata cha Demokrase ya America

Mapepala a Federalist ndi msonkhano wa nkhani 85 ndi zolembera zolembedwa ndi Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ndi John Jay pansi pa dzina lachigamulo lachisawawa "Publius" kupititsa patsogolo kupekedwa kwa Malamulo a United States. Mapepala odabwitsa ameneŵa ali chimodzi cha zothandizira zazikulu koposa ku filosofi ya ndale zadziko m'mbiri ya Amereka, kupereka nzika windo m’maganizo a Atate Opezedwa ndi malamulo amene anaumba boma la dzikolo.

Kwa nzika zamakono, kuzindikira Mapepala a Federalist si ntchito yamaphunziro chabe. Nkhani zimenezi zikupitirizabe kusonkhezera kumasulira kwa malamulo, kudziŵitsa anthu za ntchito yoyenera ya boma, ndi kupereka mfundo zofunika kuti amvetsetse ufulu ndi udindo womasulira unzika za America. Kaya ndinu wophunzira, mphunzitsi, katswiri wa zamalamulo, kapena wotomera, Federalist Papers imapereka chidziŵitso chosatha cha kulinganiza kwa ufulu ndi dongosolo, ulamuliro ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, ndi ufulu wa munthu ndi ulamuliro wa gulu.

Mbiri Yake: Mtundu Womwe Unkapezeka Pamtanda

Vuto la Kulimbana ndi Nkhani za Chigwirizano

Kuti timvetsetse mokwanira Federalist Papers, choyamba tiyenera kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe wowopsa umene United States wachichepereyo ali nawo kumapeto kwa zaka za 1780. Nkhani za Confederation, chikalata choyamba cholamulira cha America, zinatsimikizira kukhala zosakwanira kwenikweni kuyang'anira zinthu za mtundu watsopano. Boma lalikululo linasoŵa mphamvu yokweza ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda pakati pa maiko, kapena kusungitsa dongosolo la anthu mogwira mtima.

Kufooka kwa dongosolo lino kunawonekera kwambiri m'zochitika zonga Shays’s Reugeution mu 1786 - 1787, pamene alimi ankhondo ku Massachusetts anaukira maulamuliro a boma pa ngongole ndi misonkho. Kulephera kwa boma kuyankha ku mavuto otero kunasonyeza kufunika kofulumira kwa dongosolo lamphamvu la ulamuliro.

Msonkhano wa Malamulo ndi Zotsatira Zake

Zimene zinatuluka m’pangano limeneli la Constitution sinali kukonzedwanso kwa nkhani za m’magazini a Thesting of Confederation, monga momwe ambiri ankayembekezera, koma Malamulo atsopano kwambiri amene anakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma losiyana kwambiri ndi la anthu ena.

Lamulo lolingaliridwalo linayambitsa mkangano waukulu. Mwamsanga pamene nthumwi 39 zinasaina Bukhu la Malamulo lolingaliridwa mu September 1787, chikalatacho chinapita ku maiko kaamba ka kupeputsa, kupangitsa mkangano waukali pakati pa "Aderalist," amene anakonda kupeka malamulo monga momwe alembedwera, ndi "Antifederalist," amene anatsutsa Malamulo ndi kutsutsa kupereka mphamvu zolimba ku boma la dziko.

Nkhondo ya New York

Ku New York, kutsutsa Konsichushoni kunali kwakukulu, ndipo kugwedezeka kunaonedwa kukhala kofunika kwambiri. Kutchuka kwa New York kwa ntchito ndi chuma kunapangitsa kukhala ndi phande kwake m'chigwirizano chatsopano. M'nkhani imeneyi Alexander Hamilton analingalira za mpambo wa nkhani zambiri kuti ateteze Malamulo ndi kusonkhezera New York kuchirikiza kumenyetsedwa.

Olemba: Maganizo Atatu Osokoneza Maganizo

Alexander Hamilton: Mphamvu Yoyendetsa Magalimoto

Alexander Hamilton, loya wa ku New York ndi amene kale anali wotchuka ndi woyang'anira George Washington pa nkhondo ya Revolution, anali womanga wamkulu ndi woyendetsa kumbuyo kwa ntchito ya Federalist Papers. Hamilton analemba manambala 1, 6-9, 1112, 15-17, 21-36, 59761, ndi 65-85, kumthandiza kwambiri ndi kulemba nkhani 51 pa ngongole yake.

Nkhani za Hamilton zinasumika maganizo pa mbali zingapo zowopsya: kufooka kwa Malo Osonyeza Kulamulira, kufunika kwa nthambi yamphamvu, kufunika kwa mphamvu za msonkho wa boma, ndi kapangidwe ka ajuli. Kalembedwe kake kanali kamphamvu ndi kolunjika, kusonyeza kufunitsitsa kwake kofuna kukhazikitsa boma lamphamvu la dziko lokhoza kupikisana padziko lonse.

James Madison: Wopanga Lamulo

James Madison, , yemwe nthaŵi zambiri amatchedwa "Atate wa Malamulo" chifukwa cha mbali yake yaikulu pa Convention of Constitution , anapereka nkhani 29 ku zosonkhanitsidwa. Madison analemba manambala 10, 14, 188520, 37-58, ndi 62-63, makamaka pa kapangidwe ka boma lolingaliridwalo ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi malamulo a dziko.

Madison anapereka zopereka zina zosonkhezera kwambiri ndi zotchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'nkhani zonse. Kumvetsetsa kwake kozama kwa nthanthi zandale, limodzi ndi chidziŵitso chake cha kugamula kwa Convention ya Constitution, zinapangitsa zolemba zake kukhala zamphamvu kwambiri. Madison pambuyo pake akatumikira monga Pulezidenti wachinayi wa United States ndipo amalandira kutchuka monga "Bambo wa Bill of Rights" kaamba ka ntchito yake yopanga mapangano khumi oyambirira osintha ku Malamulo.

John Jay: Katswiri wa Nkhani za Mayiko Ena

Jay analemba manambala 2-5 ndi 64, kuwonjezera pa makalata asanu ku zosonkhanitsidwa. Jay anadwala atalemba zinayi za nkhanizo, zimene zimayambitsa kusiyana pakati pa makalata 5 ndi 64. Ngakhale kuti anathandiza pang'ono pa kuchuluka kwa, zolemba za Jay zinali zofunika, makamaka pokambirana nkhani zachilendo ndi ubwino wa mgwirizano wa dziko lonse.

Jay anabweretsa chidziŵitso chapadera cha mayanjano ku ntchitoyo, pokhala atatumikira monga mtumiki ku Spain ndipo pambuyo pake kukhala Woweruza Wamkulu wa Khoti Lalikulu la United States.

Chinsinsi cha Publius

Alekizanda Hamilton, James Madison, ndi John Jay, Federalist Essays poyamba anaonekera mosadziŵa dzina la dzina lolakwika lakuti "Publius . Olembawo anasungidwa chinsinsi kufikira Hamilton anamwalira mu 1804. Kusankha "Publius" kunali kwadala ndipo kunali kwatanthauzo [1] Mawu ake olembedwa Publius Valerus Publiola Publiola, woyambitsa Roma Republic wodziŵika chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwake ku boma la Republican ndi lamulo.

Kusadziŵana kumeneku kunathandiza kuti nkhanizo ziweruzidwe moyenerera osati chifukwa cha mbiri yabwino ya olemba awo.

Kufalitsa ndi Kugaŵira: Kufikira Anthu

Mkupiti wa Manyuzipepala

Mabuku makumi asanu ndi aŵiri oyambirira a nkhani zimenezi anafalitsidwa motsatizana mu Independent Journal, New York Packet, ndi Daily Adversitorr pakati pa October 1787 ndi April 1788. Zolembazo zinawonekera pamlingo wodabwitsa, nthaŵi zina ndi magawo ambiri ofalitsidwa m'mlungu umodzi. Ndandandanda ya kufulumira kwa kukambitsirana kwa maratiation ndi kutsimikiza kwa alembiwo kusonkhezera malingaliro a anthu msonkhano wa New York.

Manyuzipepala anali njira yoyambirira yoperekera nkhani zandale, ndipo kufalitsa nkhani zambiri kunathandiza kuti nkhanizo zifalikire kwambiri.

Magazini ya Buku

Makampani ofalitsa a New York J. . McLean analengeza kuti adzafalitsa nkhani 36 zoyambirira monga voliyumu imodzi; voliyumu imeneyo inatulutsidwa pa March 22, 1788, ndipo inatchedwa The Federalist Volume 1. Voliyumu yachiŵiri inatulutsidwa pa May 28, yokhala ndi Federalist Nos. 37-77 ndi Nos yomwe inali isanafalitsidwe. 78-85.

N’zochititsa chidwi kuti anthu ambiri ankayembekezera kuti ntchitoyi idzakhala yaifupi kwambiri, ndipo ntchitoyi inakula kuwirikiza katatu kuposa mmene inkayembekezeredwera poyamba. Makope mazana ambiri anali asanalembedwebe, ndipo ambiri anagawidwa monga mphatso kwa nthumwi za pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo ndi anthu ena otchuka.

Mfundo za Malamulo a Malamulo a M’kati ndi Mikangano

Maboma: Kulinganiza Ulamuliro wa Dziko ndi Boma

Imodzi ya nkhani zazikulu zochitidwa m’Federalist Papers ndiyo lingaliro la kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Federallist Nos. 39 ndi 51 amalongosola malamulo auyang’aniro okhala ndi kulekanitsa maulamuliro, ndi machenjezo oyenerera ndi zilinganizo zolinganizidwa kuletsa ulamuliro wa atsamunda.

Olembawo anatsutsa kuti Konsichushoniyo inapanga njira imene siiri ya mtundu wonse kapena yaukulu wonse, koma msanganizo wosamala wa zonse ziŵiri. Boma la dziko likakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu m'madera ena oŵerengedwa mwa kuŵerengedwa "monga ngati chitetezo, nkhani zachilendo, ndi malonda a maiko ena . Pamene kuli kwakuti mabomawo akasunga ulamuliro m’maiko ena. Magaŵano ameneŵa analinganizidwa kuletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro kwinakutsimikizira kuti boma la dzikolo lili ndi ulamuliro wokwanira kugwira ntchito bwino.

Federalist Papers inagogomezera kuti dongosololi likatetezera ufulu mwakupanga malo ambiri a ulamuliro. Ngati boma la dziko linapitirira malire ake, mabomawo akakhala ngati kuchenjera.

Kupatukana ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Madison analongosola kufunika kwa macheke ndi malingana pakati pa nthambi zandale. Nkhaniyi ili ndi imodzi mwa ndime zotchuka kwambiri m’mabuku a ndale zadziko a ku America: "Ngati anthu anali angelo, palibe boma limene lingakhale lofunika," Madison analemba moyenerera m'makompyuta.

Madison analingalira moona mtima za chibadwa cha anthu. Poona kuti anthu amphamvu sangakhale ndi chiyembekezo, iye ananena kuti kulinganiza kukanalola boma kudzilamulira lokha, chifukwa chakuti oyang’anira amayesetsa kupeza mphamvu pa kugwiritsa ntchito ena. Njira inali yokhazikitsa boma kuti kukhumba malo apamwamba kuthetse kulakalaka, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndi zolinga zaumwini pokana kuloŵerera pa ena.

Njira imeneyi ya macheke ndi kulinganiza inaphatikizapo njira zonga ngati pulezidenti wa lamulo, kutsimikizira Nyumba ya Malamulo za kuika pulezidenti ndi mapangano, kupenda malamulo ndi ntchito zaudindo, ndi mphamvu ya kukana. Nthambi iliyonse ikanachinjiriza mofunitsitsa mphamvu zake, kuyambitsa mkhalidwe wamphamvu umene ukasungitsa ufulu pamene kutheketsa kulamulira kogwira mtima.

Vuto la Zoona Zake: Wolemba Mafuko Na.

M’nkhani ina yotchuka kwambiri, "Federalist 10," Madison anakana chikhulupiriro chofala panthaŵiyo chakuti boma la republic linali lotheka kokha pa maboma ang’onoang’ono. Nkhani imeneyi mwina yakhala yotchuka kwambiri ndi yophunziridwa kwambiri pa Federalist Papers, kutsutsa kwambiri chiphunzitso cha ndale za ubale pakati pa boma ndi dziko.

Madison analongosola kuti gulu la nzika zogwirizana ndi malingaliro ena kapena chikondwerero chotsutsana ndi ufulu wa nzika zina kapena ku ubwino wachikhalire wa mudzi. Iye anatsutsa kuti zochititsa za kubadwa kwa munthu zinali zozikidwa pa chibadwa ndipo sizingachotsedwe popanda kuwononga ufulu weniweniwo.

M’dziko lalikulu la dziko la United States, anthu ambiri angafune kuti zinthu ziwayendere bwino, azikhala ndi ufulu, ndiponso chilungamo.

Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri nkhaniyi imaoneka ngati youkira malamulo a anthu ambiri, kwenikweni imateteza chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma, ndiponso chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri amene amalolera kuchita zinthu zina.

Kufunika kwa Ukwati

Federal Federal Nos. 1-14 imatsutsa kuti moyo wa Union umadalira pa boma lamphamvu kuti lithetse nkhani zonga ngati chitetezo, malonda, ndi kugwirizana kwa mayiko ena. Zolemba zoyambirira m'mpambowu zinasumika maganizo pa kusonyezera ubwino wa kusungitsa dziko logwirizana mmalo mwa kugawikana kukhala mapangano odziimira paokha kapena maboma odziimira paokha.

Olembawo anatsutsa kuti mgwirizano unapereka chitetezo pa ziwopsezo zachilendo, popeza kuti dziko logwirizana lingasunge nkhondo yamphamvu ndi kukhala ndi kukhalapo kowopsa kwambiri m’nkhani za mitundu yonse. Union inatheketsanso malonda mwa kuthetsa zopinga pakati pa maboma ndi kuyambitsa malonda aakulu.

Zigomeko zimenezi zinaperekedwa makamaka pa mfundo za ndale zadziko za kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. Maulamuliro a ku Ulaya anapitirizabe kukhala ndi ku North America, ndipo America wogaŵanikayo akakhala wokhoza kuponderezedwa ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi maiko ena.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Mphamvu ndi Kuŵerengera

Federal Federal Na. 70 amatetezera kufunika kwa mkulu mmodzi (Uyang’aniro) kutsimikizira kuŵerengera ndi kuyendetsa kogwira mtima. Hamilton anatsutsa kuti "kukana mwa mkulu wa ntchito" kunali kofunika ku boma labwino, kugaŵira chitetezo cha chitaganya ku ziukiro zachilendo, kuyang'anira malamulo kosalekeza, kutetezera katundu, ndi chisungiko cha ufulu.

Nkhani ya mkulu mmodzi mmalo mwa mkulu wamkulu kapena mkulu wa bungwe lina inazikidwa pa mfundo zingapo. bwana mmodzi akakhala wotsimikiza kwambiri ndipo akhoza kuchita zinthu mofulumira ndi mobisa zimene nthaŵi zina zimafunika pankhani za chitetezo cha dziko. Ingakhalenso ndi mlandu waukulu, chifukwa chakuti udindo sungafafanizidwe pakati pa anthu ambiri. Mgwirizano wa bwana ungachititse kukangana kwa mkati ndi kupunduka kumene kungasokoneze ulamuliro wogaŵanika.

Hamilton analankhula za kupondereza kwa olamulira mwa kuloza ku macheke osiyanasiyana a ulamuliro wa pulezidenti: liwu lochepa la ntchito, kulephera, chiyeneretso cha Nyumba ya Malamulo kaamba ka kuikidwa ndi mapangano, ndi mphamvu ya kugwirizanitsa pa mapangano. Zitetezero zimenezi zikaletsa pulezidenti kukhala mfumu pamene akulola ofesi kukhala ndi ulamuliro wokwanira kukwaniritsa mathayo ake alamulo.

Diso: Guardian of the Constitution

Federal List No. 78 akufotokoza ntchito ya judiary ndi kufunika kwa kupenda kwachiweruzo. Hamilton anatsutsa kuti jaji ikakhala "nthambi yachirombo" chifukwa chakuti iyo sinali ndi lupanga (monga mkulu) kapena chikwama (monga nyumba ya malamulo), koma chiweruzo chokha.

Nkhani imeneyi inayala maziko a lamulo la kupendanso lamulo lachiweruzo . "kukhoza kwa makhoti kuchotsa malamulo otsutsana ndi Malamulo." Hamilton anatsutsa kuti Konsichushoni inaimira lamulo lalikulu lokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu, ndi kuti lamulo wamba silikanalinyalanyaza. Oweruza, ndi maluso awo alamulo, anali ndi malo abwino koposa kumasulira Malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti nthambi zina zikhalebe m’mipambo yawo.

Mlandu wa kudziimira pawekha unaphatikizapo moyo wa oweruza a boma (wogonjera ku khalidwe labwino) ndi chitetezo cha malipiro awo ku kutsika. Makonzedwe ameneŵa akatetezera oweruza ku zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko ndi kuwatheketsa kupanga zosankha zozikidwa pa lamulo ndi Konsichushoni mmalo mwa malingaliro otchuka kapena kuthamangitsa kwa ndale zadziko. Kudziimira kumeneku kunali kofunika ku mbali ya jaji ya jadiary monga kuyang'anira nthambi zina ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha polimbana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa anthu ambiri.

Mkangano wa Kulemba: Chinsinsi cha Mbiri

Ngakhale kuti wolemba nkhani 73 za The Federalist ali wotsimikiza, akatswiri ena akutsutsa zimene analembazo.

Chilolezo choyamba chotseguka cha nkhani zimene zinali za Hamilton amene anaperekedwa ndi Hamilton amene, m’masiku otsatizana ndi Aaron Burr, anapereka loya wake ndi ndandanda yofotokozera wolemba nambala iliyonse. Madison sananeneretu ndandanda ya Hamilton, koma anapereka mpambo wake wa makope 1818 a Gideoni a The Federalist.

Kusiyana kwa mpambo umenewu kunapangitsa akatswiri kuyesa kuthetsa njira zosiyanasiyana. Kufufuza kwamakono kwa ziŵerengero, kuphatikizapo ntchito yaupainiya yochitidwa ndi Mosseller ndi Wallace m’ma 1960, kwapenda kalembedwe ka mawu osankhidwa ndi kalembedwe kuti adziŵe ngati analemba ndi kulembedwa. Atapenda kalembedwe ka mawu ndi kalembedwe, kufufuza kumavomereza kuti nkhani zotsutsanazo zinalembedwa ndi James Madison.

Ngakhale kuti olemba mbiri ndi akatswiri a maphunziro amadabwa ndi nkhani imeneyi, nkhanizo sizikuchepetsa kugwirizana ndi mphamvu za bungwe la Federalist Papers monga buku logwirizana.

Chiyambukiro pa Kukopa: Kodi Mapepala a Oona za Ufulu Wakuthupi Anapambana?

Mapepala a Federalist Papers pa mkangano wa kugonetsanako ali nkhani ya mbiri yakale. Mapepala a Federalist analembedwa kuchirikiza kukonzedwa kwa Malamulo, makamaka mu New York. Ngati iwo anapambana m’ntchito imeneyi nkokayikitsa.

Kusinthasintha kwa mafashoni kunachitika m’boma lililonse, ndipo nkhanizo sizinasindikizidwe modalirika kunja kwa New York; mowonjezereka, podzafika nthaŵi imene mpambowo unali utayenda bwino, maboma ambiri ofunika anali atavomereza kale, popeza kuti Pennsylvania pa December 12. Panthaŵi imene New York inakhala ndi msonkhano wake wochititsa kulimba mu June 1788, maboma khumi anali atavomerezedwa kale ndi Malamulo, kutanthauza kuti anali atakwaniritsa kale chiyeneretso cha maboma asanu ndi anayi ochitira thangata.

Msonkhano wa ku New York unakumana mu June 1788 ndi July 26 movomereza kuphwanyitsidwa ndi mzera wochepa wa 30 kufikira 27. Pamene kuli kwakuti Federalist Papers mwachiwonekere inathandizira ku chotulukapo chimenechi, zinthu zina zinalinso zazikulu, kuphatikizapo chisonkhezero chaumwini cha Federalsts ndi Anti - Fodedalist ndi chenicheni cha ndale zadziko chimene New York sikanatha kukhala kunja kwa mgwirizano umene unaphatikizapo kale maiko ena ambiri.

Komabe, kuyesa chipambano cha Federalist Papers mwa mphamvu yawo ya mwamsanga pa mavoti okopa kumakhala ndi tanthauzo lawo. Nkhanizo zinathandiza kukonza mfundo za mkangano, zinapereka nzeru kwa ochirikiza Malamulo, ndi kupanga chitetezo chokwanira cha dongosolo latsopano la boma limene likasonkhezera malingaliro a ndale zadziko a Amereka kwa mibadwo ikubwera.

Kulabadira kwa Otsutsa Ankhondo

Mapepala a Federalist sanakhale mbali yokha ya mkangano wa m'makwalala. Otsutsa Aferali anatulutsa mpambo wawo wa nkhani ndi mapepala otsutsa Malamulo, kudzutsa nkhaŵa zimene zikatsimikizira kukhala zosonkhezera kuumba Bill of Rights ndi makambitsirano opitirizabe ponena za ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa boma.

Olemba mabuku otsutsa Faderali, kugwiritsira ntchito mabodza onga "Brutus," "Farmer Farmer Farmer," ndi "Cato," anatsutsa kuti Malamulo olingaliridwawo anapanga boma ladziko limene linali lamphamvu kwambiri ndi lotalikirana kwambiri ndi anthu. Iwo anada nkhaŵa kuti boma logamulapo lalikulu lolingaliridwa ndi Federali silidzalabadira nkhaŵa za kumaloko ndi kuti kusoŵa kwa lamulo la ufulu kupangitsa ufulu wa anthu kukhala wosavuta kuloŵerera m’boma.

Otsutsa boma anakayikiranso ngati boma limodzi lingalamulire bwino gawo lalikulu ndi losiyana. Iwo anaopa kuti mawu oyenerera ndi oyenera a Konsichushoni ndi ukulu zithandiza boma kuloŵetsa pang’onopang’ono maulamuliro osungidwa ku maboma. Otsutsa nkhondo za ku Mediterranean ambiri anasankha chigwirizano chimene chikasunga ulamuliro wa boma ndi kusunga boma pafupi ndi anthu.

Pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsa za kuletsa nkhondo ya m'dziko analephera, nkhaŵa zawo zinasonkhezera kuyambika kwa lamulo lalamulo la America. Lonjezo lakuwonjezera ufulu linali lofunika kwambiri kuti apeze ufulu m’mayiko ambiri, ndipo Demeterment ya khumi inali yopanda mphamvu zoperekedwa ku boma la boma kapena anthu. Kulimbana pakati pa Federalist ndi Anti-Fedalist kukupitirizabe kutsutsana ponena za ufulu wa dziko, malamulo a ufulu, ndi ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa dziko.

Kupirira: Mapepala a Mafupa a Mafuko ku America Wamakono

Kumasulira Malamulo ndi Makhoti

Mapepala a Federalist Magazi amagwiritsiridwa ntchito lerolino kumasulira zolinga za awo opanga Malamulo. Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19, Mapepala a Federal Federal Paper anatchuka monga mafotokozedwe a ulamuliro a Konsichushoni. Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anazitchula m'nkhani zapadera monga Marbury v. Madison (1803) ndi McCulloch v. Maryland (1819).

Makhoti a boma ndi a boma akupitirizabe kutchula mapepala pomasulira malamulo. Oweruza pambali zonse za malingaliro amatchula nkhani zimenezi monga umboni wa kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa malemba alamulo. Mapepala ali osonkhezera kwambiri m’milandu yokhudza kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, boma, ndi ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma.

Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Federalist Papers m’kumasulira kwa lamulo sikuli kotsutsana. Akatswiri ena amakayikira ngati malingaliro a anthu atatu, kulemba kuti apereke mafotokozedwe auchete, kuyenera kupatsidwa kulemera koteroko posankha tanthauzo la malamulo. M’kalata yopita kwa Thomas Ritchie mu 1821, James Madison ananena za Malamulo kuti "tanthauzo lenileni la Zidazi ayenera kutengedwa kuchokera ku lemba lenilenilo; kapena ngati mfungulo iyenera kufunidwa kwina kulikonse, siiyenera kukhala m’malingaliro kapena zolinga za Bungwe limene linakonzanso Lamulolo, koma mogwirizana ndi lingaliro lake ndi anthu m’Boma lake.

Ngakhale kuti pali mikangano imeneyi, Mapepala a Federalist adakali othandiza kwambiri pomvetsetsa malamulo, amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane makonzedwe alamulo, amafotokoza nkhaŵa zimene zinasonkhezera kusankha njira zina zomangira nyumba, ndi kusonyeza mmene opangawo anamvetsetsera njira imene anali kupanga.

Mfundo Zandale ndi Zademokrase

Mapepala a Federalist adakali ofunikabe kwa aliyense wophunzira za malamulo a boma kapena nzeru zandale za ku America. Asayansi andale, akatswiri a mbiri yakale, ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale akupitiriza kulemba nkhani zimenezi kuti apeze chidziŵitso pankhani za ulamuliro, kuimira, ndi unansi pakati pa ufulu ndi ulamuliro.

Mabuku a Federalist Papers, mwachitsanzo, adakali oyenerera kumvetsetsa zipani zamakono za ndale zadziko ndi kagulu ka zikondwerero. Kusanthula kwa Madison mu Federalist No. 10 adayembekezera mbali zambiri za democracy yamakono ya kuchirikiza zinenero zosiyanasiyana, kumene magulu osiyanasiyana amapikisana ndi kulolera kulinganiza malamulo a anthu. Nkhanizo zikukambitsirana za kuimira, kufufuza, ndi ngozi za ulamuliro wankhanza wa anthu ambiri zikupitirizabe kudziŵitsa mikangano ponena za ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Mapepala amaperekanso malingaliro ofunika pa mafunso osatha onena za ukulu woyenera ndi ukulu wa boma. Zikayikiro zonena za uyang’aniro zidakali zoyenerera pamene Amereka akupitiriza kutsutsana za kugaŵana ulamuliro koyenera pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma. Kukambitsirana za mphamvu ya maulamuliro kumayambukira m'mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza ulamuliro wa pulezidenti, makamaka m’madera onga ngati maulamuliro ankhondo, mwaŵi wa akuluakulu, ndi mabungwe oyang’anira.

Maphunziro a Ufulu ndi Unzika

Kwa nzika zofuna kumvetsetsa boma lawo ndi mbali yawo mkati mwake, ma Phazi a Federali amapereka maphunziro amtengo wapatali. Zimapereka chidziŵitso cha zolinga za okonza mapu ndi mavuto a kulinganiza ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Kuŵerenga nkhani zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira lingaliro losamalitsa limene linaloŵa m’kukhazikitsa mabungwe a boma a America ndi malamulo oyendetsedwa ndi demokrase.

Federalist Papers imasonyeza kuti Konsichushoni sinangoikidwa kuchokera pamwamba koma inali chotulukapo cha mkangano wolingalirika ndi mkangano wapoyera. Nkhanizo zinali chitsanzo cha nkhani zandale zimene zili zapamwamba, zalamulo, ndi zokonda ubwino wa anthu. M'nyengo imene kaŵirikaŵiri imadziŵika ndi ndale zadziko zomveka ndi kugaŵikana kwa mawu, Federalist Paper amatikumbutsa za kuthekera kwa pangano lamphamvu, lolingalira ndi mafunso ofunika a ulamuliro.

Kuzindikira Mapepala a Federal kumathandizanso nzika kuzindikira kuti Malamulo a malamulowo amaphatikizapo malamulo ena okhalitsa pamene akusinthasinthasintha. Mafaelo anapanga dongosolo lolinganizidwira kukhalitsa m’mibadwo yonse, komanso anazindikira kuti mbadwo uliwonse ufunikira kumasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo alamulo pa mavuto atsopano. Mapepala a Federalist Paper amathandiza nzika kumvetsetsa ponse paŵiri kukhazikika ndi kusinthika kozikidwa pa malamulo.

Chisonkhezero cha Padziko Lonse

Chisonkhezero cha Federalist Papers chikupitirira malire a America. Pamene mitundu padziko lonse yakhala ikutsutsana ndi malamulo, ambiri adalira pa Federalist Papers kuti apeze chitsogozo. Kusamalira kwa boma kwakhala kosonkhezera kwambiri m'maiko amene akulingalira za madongosolo a boma.

Mapepala a kufufuza mmene angalinganizire boma kuti atetezere ufulu pamene akuthandiza kuyendetsa bwino apeza mikangano ya lamulo m'mademokrase amene anayamba. Kukambitsirana za macheke ndi kulinganiza, kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, ndi kuopsa kwa ulamuliro wapamwamba kumamveka ndi opanga malamulo ofuna kuletsa nkhanza ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu.

Federalist imalingaliridwa kukhala ntchito yofunika koposa pa maulamuliro ndi nthanthi zandale zimene zinalembedwa ndi Aamereka. Kufufuza kumeneku sikumasonyeza kokha kufunika kwa mbiri ya Mapepala komanso kufunika kwawo kopitirizabe ku mafunso ofunika kwambiri onena za mmene anthu aufulu angadzilamulire okha mogwira mtima ndi mwachilungamo.

M’dziko la Greece muli mawu olimbikitsa kwambiri akuti, “M’dziko la anthu onse ”

Ngakhale kuti nkhani zonse 85 zimathandizira kutetezera Konsichushoni yonse, mapepala ena amawonekera kaamba ka tanthauzo lake lapadera ndi chisonkhezero:

Mfundo za M’Baibulo Zimene Zimakhudza Anthu Okhala M’dziko Lonse Na 10: Mfundo za M’dzikolo ndi Boma la Republican

Wolembedwa ndi James Madison, nkhani imeneyi ikulongosola vuto la timagulu tating’ono ndipo ikutsutsa kuti lipabuliki yaikulu njoyenera bwino koposa yaing'ono kulamulira ziyambukiro zake. Ili ndi chiphunzitso chotsogola cha democracy yochirikiza kuchuluka kwa anthu chomwe chidakali chotchuka m'zandale ndi malamulo a malamulo a boma. Kupenda kwa nkhaniyi kwa mmene kapangidwe ka zinthu kangayendetsere anthu pa ubwino wa anthu kumapereka chidziŵitso chosatha cha ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Wolinganiza Waudindo Ayi. 51: Machenjezo ndi Kulinganizika

Madison anafotokoza kuti kusiyana kwa maulamuliro ndi mayeso ndi kulinganiza zinthu kungalepheretse nthambi iliyonse ya boma kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri.

Wolinganiza Wadziko Na. 78: Chilumba cha Didiary

Hamilton akutetezera ufulu wa chiweruzo ndi kulongosola kwa kupenda kwachiweruzo kokhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo a maziko a oweruza a ku America. Nkhaniyo ikutsutsa kuti makhoti ayenera kukhala odziimira kuti atetezere Konsichushoni ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa malamulo ndi kuchenjera kwa akuluakulu. Chiyambukiro chake chingawonedwe m'zigamulo za Supreme Court ndi mikangano yopitirizabe ponena za mbali yoyenera ya makhoti mu demokrase ku America.

M’gulu la Oyang’anira Oyang’anira Na. 70: Bungwe Lolamulira

Nkhani ya Hamilton kwa munthu mmodzi, mkulu wamphamvu ikufotokoza chifukwa chake pulezidenti ayenera kupatsidwa mwa munthu mmodzi mmalo mwa komiti kapena bungwe. Nkhaniyo imakamba za ulamuliro wa audindo pamene ikutsutsana kuti kulamulira kogwira mtima kumafuna utsogoleri wotsimikizirika. Zigomeko zake zidakali zofunika kutsutsana za mphamvu ya pulezidenti ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

Gulu la Mafuko Na. 39: Chikhalidwe cha Republican

Madison akufufuza zimene zimachititsa kuti boma likhale la republic ndi mmene malamulo a boma amagwirizanitsira mfundo zachikhalidwe za boma. Nkhaniyi imalongosola bwino za mgwirizano wa dongosolo la boma, kufotokoza mmene limagwirizanira mayiko ndi boma.

Mmene Mungaŵerengere Mapepala a Mafonseti Lerolino

Kufikira Lemba

Kuŵerenga Mapepala a Federal kungakhale kovuta kwa oŵerenga amakono. Nkhanizo zinalembedwa m'njira yamwambo ya nkhani zandale za 18 zapakati, ndi ziganizo zazitali, zonena za kalembedwe, ndi malingaliro a oŵerenga za chidziŵitso cha mbiri yakale ndi nthanthi za ndale zadziko. Komabe, ndi kuleza mtima ndi njira yabwino, nkhani zimenezi zimakhala zofikirika ndi zofupa.

Yambani ndi nkhani zotchuka ndi zosonkhezera kwambiri . "kuwonjezera pa Federalist Nos. 10, 51, ndi 78 . Pasadakhale kuyesa kuŵerenga ndandanda yonse. Zikalata zimenezi zimayambitsa mitu ndi zigomeko zazikulu zimene zimabwereranso m'mapepala. Kuziŵerenga choyamba kumapereka maziko a kumvetsetsa projekiti yaikulu.

Mwachitsanzo, werengani pamodzi nkhanizo pa ofesi ya nthambi ya akuluakulu, kapena anthu amene akulankhula ndi boma.

Gwiritsirani ntchito makope olembedwa amene amafotokoza nkhani za m'mbiri, kufotokoza maumboni ovuta, ndi kumasulira ndime zina. Makope ambiri abwino kwambiri ali ndi mawu oyamba ndi mfundo zimene zimathandiza oŵerenga amakono kumvetsa mfundo ndi tanthauzo la nkhani. Makompyuta, kuphatikizapo a pa Intaneti, kuphatikizapo a m'mabungwe a Congress , amapereka mwayi waulere kulembedwa kwathunthu limodzi ndi chidziŵitso chothandiza.

Kumvetsa Nkhani Yakale

Kuti mumvetsetse mokwanira Federalist Papers, kumathandiza kumvetsetsa nkhani za m'mbiri imene zinalembedwa. Dzidziŵitseni ndi zofooka za Nkhani za Confederation, mikangano pa Constitution, ndi nkhaŵa zoyambitsidwa ndi akatswiri a Anti-Federalist. Kuyambika kumeneku kumamveketsa chifukwa chake olembawo anapanga mikangano yakutiyakuti ndi kufotokoza zitsutso zenizeni.

Kumbukirani kuti nkhanizo zinalembedwa monga zokopa, osati zofotokoza zauchete. Olembawo anali kupanga nkhani yothekera kwambiri ya kupeputsa, nthaŵi zina kupeputsa mavuto amene angachitike kapena kuneneratu za mmene malamulo a m'Chilamulo adzagwirira ntchito. Kuŵerenga zolembedwa za Anti-Federalist Papers kumapereka chithunzi chokwanira cha mkangano wa ma ratiation.

Kugwirizana ndi Nkhani za M’tsogolo

Pamene mukuŵerenga, talingalirani mmene zikalatazo zikugwirizanirana ndi nkhani zandale ndi zalamulo zamakono. Kodi kupenda kwa Madison kwa timagulu tandale tamakono ndi timagulu ta anthu ofuna chiwongola dzanja kumagwira ntchito motani? Kodi mikangano ya Hamilton yokhudza mphamvu za mabwana a pulezidenti imasonyezanji ponena za mikangano imene ilipo pa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti? Kodi kukambitsirana kwa boma kumadziŵitsa motani makangano a ubale pakati pa boma ndi boma?

Kugwirizana kumeneku kumachititsa Mapepala kukhala opambana mapepala a mbiri yakale — iwo amakhala mabuku enieni amene amapitirizabe kulankhula ku mafunso ofunika kwambiri onena za kulamulira, ufulu, ndi ubwino wofala. nkhanizo zimatikumbutsa kuti mavuto a kudzilamulira okha ngosatha, ndi kuti nzeru za mibadwo yapitayo zingadziŵitse zoyesayesa zathu za kusungitsa ndi kuwongolera mabungwe a demokalase.

Kusuliza ndi Kulephera

Pamene kuli kwakuti Mapepala a Federal amachitika moyenerera monga maluso a malingaliro andale zadziko, iwo ali ndi malire ndipo akhala akusulizidwa kosiyanasiyana kwa zaka zambiri.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali Mwachidemo Ndalama

Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kalankhulidwe kawo ka kupikisana ndi kutengerapo mbali kwa demokrase, kusonyeza kukayikira kwa olemba za demokrase yachindunji. Olembawo anakayikiradi demokrase yoyera ndi kuyesa kupanga mabungwe amene angachotse ndi kuwongolera zifuno mwa kuimira ndi kuganizitsa. Kukayikira kofala kumeneku kumasonyeza nkhaŵa za ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu ambiri ndi ulamuliro wa gulu.

Otsutsa amanena kuti lingaliro la kutchuka limeneli linatsogolera ma Framers kupanga njira imene imatetezera zigamulo zochitidwa kuchokera ku ulamuliro wotchuka ndi kuyanja anthu wamba. Kusankha kosadziŵika kwa Malamulo oyambirira kwa a senator ndi pulezidenti, limodzi ndi kuchepa kwa ma franchise, kunasonyeza chikhumbo cha kutsendereza boma patali ndi zikhumbo zotchuka.

Ukapolo ndi Kutha kwa Ukapolo

Mapepala a Federal List amapeŵa kwambiri kukambitsirana za ukapolo, mosasamala kanthu za maziko ake kuswa malamulo. Malamulo a Malamulo okhudza ukapolo [1] kuphatikizapo mawu atatu a muyezo, mawu a kapolo wothaŵa, ndi chitetezo cha malonda a akapolo kufikira 1808.-8. Mape a bungwe la Federal Paper salankhula bwino.

Mofananamo, kukambitsirana kwa Mapepala kwa boma la republic ndi ulamuliro wotchuka kumachotsa akazi, anthu ogwidwa ukapolo, ndi ena kugawana nawo ndale zadziko. "Ife Anthu" tinapemphedwa m'Malamulo ndi kuchinjiriza m'Mapepala a Federalist Papers, m’zochitika, chiŵerengero cha anthu chochepa. Kumvetsetsa malire ameneŵa nkofunika kusanthula kotheratu Federalist Papers ndi dongosolo la malamulo limene anatetezera.

Zolephera Zoneneratu

Ena a Federalist Papers ananeneratu za mmene malamulo a m'Chilamulo adzagwirira ntchito. Olembawo sanayembekezere kuyambika kwa zipani za ndale zadziko, mosasamala kanthu za kusanthula kotsogola kwa Madison kwa magaŵano. Iwo anapeputsa ukulu umene boma la boma likafutukula ulamuliro wake mkupita kwa nthaŵi. Sanawoneretu mmene utsogoleri wa boma akakhalira ndi malo amphamvu kwambiri kuposa mmene anaganizira.

Kulephera koneneratu kumeneku sikumathetsa kwenikweni mfundo za Mapepala, koma kumatikumbutsa kuti kapangidwe ka malamulo kamaphatikizapo kusatsimikizirika ndi kuti mabungwe amasintha m’njira zimene olengawo sangaziyembekezere mokwanira. Malamulo akhalapo chifukwa chakuti sanayembekezere bwino lomwe zochitika zonse zamtsogolo, koma chifukwa chakuti anapanga dongosolo lokhoza kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yosintha.

Makonzedwe Othandiza kwa Nzika

Kumvetsetsa Mapepala a Federal kumapereka mapindu ogwira ntchito kwa nzika zofunafuna kuloŵa mokhutiritsa ndi demokrase ya Amereka:

Kumvetsa Malamulo a Boma

Federalist Papers imapereka malongosoledwe omvekera bwino a mmene boma la America limalinganizidwira ndi chifukwa chake limakhala ngati mmene limachitira. Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa kuyenera kwa kulekana kwa maulamuliro, kupima ndi kulinganiza, ndi boma nzokonzeka bwino kupenda zochita za boma ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kukhala ndi mlandu. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimathandiza nzika kuzindikira pamene mabungwe a boma apangidwa monga momwe amalinganizidwira ndi pamene angakhale akupatuka pa malamulo alamulo.

Kuzindikira Kufunika kwa Kukonza Mabungwe

Mapepala amasonyeza kuti njira imene boma limalinganizidwira ndi zipambano zandale ndi imene imasankhidwa, mmene maulamuliro amagawidwira, zimene zilipo pa olamulira, zimene boma lingachite ndi zimene lingalephere.

Kumvetsa Mfundo za Malamulo a Malamulo

Federalist Papers inalongosola bwino mfundo zazikulu za demokrase ya ku America: uchifumu wotchuka, boma lokhala ndi malire, kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, chipani cha boma, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu. Kumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa kumathandiza nzika kupenda malingaliro ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko. Kodi lamulo lapadera limalemekeza kugaŵikana kwa malamulo a maulamuliro? Kodi limatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense pamene akutumikira zabwino zofanana?

Kukangana Mosadziŵa

Federalist Papers, kalingaliridwe ka zandale kokhala ndi mfundo zachikhalidwe ndi umboni. Zimasonyeza mmene tingachitire nkhani ya boma ina pamene tikukambirana moyenera ndi mwaulemu. M’nyengo ya nkhani zandale zosiyana ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zosamveka, mapepala amatikumbutsa za kuthekera kwa kukangana kolingaliridwa kwa mafunso ofunika a ulamuliro.

Nzika zozoloŵerana ndi Federal List Papers nzokonzeka bwinopo kutengamo mbali m’mikangano ya lamulo, kaya ponena za ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma, mbali yoyenera ya makhoti, unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma, kapena chitetezo cha ufulu wa munthu payekha.

Zofalitsa Zoti Tipitirize Kuphunzira

Kwa awo ofuna kufufuza kwambiri Mapepala a Federal, pali zinthu zambiri zofunikira:

Malemba Oyambirira

Mapepala onse a Federalist Magazi aliponso kwaulere kudzera m'mabuku osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo laibulale ya Congress, Sukulu ya Law Avalon Project , ndi Project Gutenberg. Makope ambiri akupezeka, kuyambira pa mapepala osakwera mtengo mpaka pa makope a akatswiri olemba zinthu zambiri.

Bukuli linagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi akatswiri amaphunziro, ndipo linakonzedwa ndi anthu monga Clinton Rossiter, Isaac Kramnick, ndi George W. Carey ndi James McClellan.

Mabuku a Kachiŵiri

Mabuku ndi nkhani zambiri zikulongosola Federalist Papers ndi kufunika kwake. Ntchito za akatswiri onga Douglas Adair, Martin Diamond, ndi David Epstein zimapereka mafotokozedwe omveka bwino a mfundo za Mapepala ndi malo awo m'ziganizo za ndale zadziko za ku America.

Kuŵerenga zolembedwa za Otsutsa Federala kumapereka nkhani zofunika ndi malo otsutsana ndi mapepala a Federalist. Zolemba za Anti-Federalist zilipo m'makope osiyanasiyana, zimene zimatheketsa oŵerenga kumvetsetsa mbali zonse ziŵiri za mkangano wogwirizanitsa.

Malo Opangira Zinthu pa Intaneti

Malamulo a Dziko Center amapereka chuma chamaphunziro ponena za malamulo ndi Mapepala a Federal List , kuphatikizapo zisonyezero zotsagana ndi maprogramu a maphunziro. Mayunivesite ambiri ndi masukulu a maphunziro akupereka maphunziro ndi maphunziro a pa Intaneti onena za mapetsi ndi mbiri ya malamulo a Amereka.

Nkhani za pa TV ndi za pa vidiyo zingachititse kuti anthu amakono athe kumvetsera mapepala a pa TV, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri zinthu zimenezi zimapereka mfundo ndi mafotokozedwe othandiza pamene zikukhudza nkhanizo ndiponso kukhudzana ndi zimene zikudetsa nkhaŵa masiku ano.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Mapepala a Mafriganizo Adakali Ofunikabe

Patatha zaka zoposa 200 kuchokera pamene anafalitsa bukuli, mapepala adakali ofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsa boma la America ndi malamulo a demokrase yalamulo. Nkhani zimenezi zimapereka chidziŵitso choposa cha mbiri yakale. Nthano zimenezi zimapereka chidziŵitso chokhalitsa cha mavuto a boma laumwini ndi nyumba zotetezera ufulu pamene zikutheketsa kulamulira bwino.

Mapepala a Federalist ali ndi ntchito kwa nzika chifukwa chakuti amafotokoza nzeru ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino oikidwa ndi mabungwe a boma la America. Amasonyeza kuti Konsichushoniyo sinali cholengedwa chongopeka koma dongosolo lolinganizidwa mosamalitsa lozikidwa pa kupenda kwenikweni kwa chibadwa cha munthu ndi kufufuza kozama kwa mbiri ya ndale zadziko. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira ponse paŵiri nyonga ndi zopinga za demokrase ya Amereka.

Mapepala amatikumbutsanso kuti boma la malamulo limafuna chisamaliro chosalekeza ndi pangano la nzika. Maframers anapanga dongosolo, koma mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kugwirira ntchito kusungirira ndi kuwongolera. Malamulo olongosoledwa mu Federalist Papers . Uchifumu wotchuka, boma lokhala ndi malire, kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, mayeso ndi zipilala, unistism , studial jan , proving programs proversesss ndi kugwirira ntchito ku mikhalidwe yatsopano.

M’nyengo ya kugawanikana kwa ndale zadziko ndi chidziŵitso chomachepa cha boma, Federalist Papers imapereka chitsanzo cha nkhani zandale zazikulu, zachiphamaso. Zimasonyeza mmene tingaloŵerere ndi mafunso ofunika ponena za kulamulira m’njira yalamulo koma yolondola. Zimasonyeza mmene angayambitsire mikangano mozikidwa pa umboni ndi kulingalira pamene zikupitirizabe kuyang’anitsitsa zotulukapo zothandiza.

Mosasamala kanthu za kusuliza kumeneku, Federalist Paper imatchuka monga kukhazikitsa kwaluso malamulo a boma. Zimaimira chipambano chapadera m'malingaliro andale zadziko, kuphatikizamo kudabwitsa kwa mawu ndi nzeru yeniyeni. Kwa nzika zofuna kumvetsetsa boma lawo, kugwiritsira ntchito zoyenera zawo mwanzeru, ndi kuthandizira ntchito yopitirizabe ya kudzilamulira, ma Federalist Paper adakali chopereka chofunika kwambiri.

Kodi ndimotani mmene anthu omasuka angadzilamulire okha mokhutiritsa?

Mafunso ameneŵa adakali ofunika lerolino monga momwe analili mu 1787 - 788. Mapepo a Federalist samapereka mayankho opepuka, koma amapereka maziko a kulingalira kupyola mavuto ameneŵa ndi chikumbutso chakuti demokrase yalamulo imafunikira ponse paŵiri zigwirizano zamphamvu ndi nzika zoikika. Mwa kuphunzira nkhani zimenezi, nzika zingamvetse bwino lomwe boma lawo, kuzindikira malamulo amakhalidwe abwino oyendera demokrase ya Amereka, ndi kutengamo mbali mogwira mtima kwambiri m’ntchito yodzilamulira yopitirizabe.

Kaya ndinu wophunzira amene ayamba kufufuza boma la America, mphunzitsi wophunzitsa mfundo za malamulo, katswiri wa zamalamulo womasulira malemba alamulo, kapena munthu amene akufuna kumvetsa ufulu wanu ndi udindo wanu, mapepala a Federalist akupereka nzeru zofunika kwambiri. Amagwirizanitsa anthu ndi nzeru za mbadwo woyambirira pamene amatitokosa kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma malinga ndi mikhalidwe yamakono. Mwa njirayi, ma kampani a Federalist Pap sangokhala zolembedwa za mbiri yakale koma mabuku amoyo amene akupitiriza kuumba democracy ndi kudziŵitsa nzika za dziko la America kuzindikira boma ndi ntchito yawo.