Nkhani Za m’mbiri ndi Kufunika kwa Kusintha Malamulo

Good Lachisanu Agreement (yodziŵikanso monga Belfast Advice), yosainidwa pa 10 April 1998, inali chimake cha zaka za kukambitsirana kolinganizidwa kuthetsa nkhondo ya Ethno-tionals yotchedwa True. Nkhondoyo, yomwe inayambika kumapeto kwa 1960 mpaka kumapeto kwa ma 1990, inapha miyoyo yoposa 3,500 ndipo inasiya kusweka kwa makhalidwe ndi ndale zadziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti panganolo kaŵirikaŵiri limasungidwa monga pangano la mtendere wandale, choloŵa chake chenicheni chiri m'malamulo limene linakhazikitsa kutembenuza ulamuliro wa Northern Ireland, zitetezero za anthu, ndi ziŵiya za chisungiko. Popanda masinthidwe alamulo ameneŵa, kugaŵiridwa kwa ndale zadziko kukanakhala kusoŵa njira zofunikira zosungira mtendere wosatha.

Kuzindikira masinthidwe alamulo kumafuna kuyamikira malo asanafike mu 19998. Northern Ireland adalamulidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku Westminster chiyambire kuchotsedwa kwa nyumba ya malamulo yoyambirira ya Stormont mu 1972. Dongosolo lalamulo linalamulidwa ndi lamulo langozi, kuphatikizapo Prevention of Terrorism Acts, limene linapatsa mphamvu zolamulira magulu a otetezera. Chipani cha Nazi chinali cholimbana kwambiri ndi asilikali, ndi tsankho lotsutsana ndi boma m’nyumba, ntchito, ndi kuimira ndale zina zina zolembedwa bwino. Chipangano cha Chipangano Chachisanu chinafuna kulowa mmalo lamulo lalamulo limeneli ndi lamulo limodzi lokhudza ufulu wa anthu, mphamvu zoyendera ufulu wa anthu, ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Udindo wa Malamulo ndi Mfundo Yogwirizana ndi Lamulo la Kuvomereza

Chipanganocho chinakhazikitsa lamulo lalamulo: Malo a lamulo a Northern Ireland mu United Kingdom sakanakhalapo pokhapokha ngati anthu ake ambiri asankha. Lamulo la chivomerezo limeneli linavomerezedwa mu Northern Ireland Act 1998 , yomwe inakonzanso Boma la Ireland Act 1920 ndi kukhazikitsa mabungwe atsopano opatulidwa. Lamulolo linavomereza kuti anthu onse a ku Northern Ireland ali ndi kuvomerezedwa monga Ireland kapena Britain, kapena onse aŵiri, monga momwe angasankhe. Ili linali lamulo la lamulo lalamulo limene linachotsa lamulo lakale limene linachotsa magulu ankhondo amene anagaŵana.

Ndiponso, panganolo linapanga njira yochitira kafukufuku wamalire: Mlembi wa Boma la Northern Ireland angatche serendamu ngati kukuoneka kuti osankha ambiri angachirikize kugwirizana ndi Republic of Ireland. Pamene kuli kwakuti mphamvu imeneyi sinagwiritsidwepo ntchito, idakali njira yalamulo, yosadziŵika posachedwapa yofotokozedwa mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa ndale zadziko kwa pa Prester-Brit. Kukhazikika kwa malamulo koperekedwa ndi lamulo la chivomerezo kumapereka chitsimikizo chalamulo kwa onse aŵiri ogwirizana ndi autundu, kuwalola kutengamo mbali m'manja popanda kuwopa kuti mbali inayo ikhoza kusintha mkhalidwewo.

Chisinthiko ndi Msonkhano wa ku Northern Ireland

Malamulo a Boma Lolamulira

Pangano la Northern Ireland Act 1998 linakhazikitsa msonkhano wa Northern Ireland monga bungwe la akulu a boma la anthu 90 (pambuyo pake linachepetsedwa kufika pa 90 kuchokera ku 108 m'kukonzanso kwa 2017). Msonkhanowu uli ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa malamulo aakulu ku "kusamutsira anthu ena, kuphatikizapo zaumoyo, maphunziro, ulimi, malo okhala, ndi chilungamo (pambuyo pa kusintha kwa apolisi ndi maulamuliro a chilungamo mu 2010). Nkhani zoikika, monga ngati polishi ya apolisi ndi chilungamo (m'ma 2010), zinafunikira kuvomerezana ndi kutsata kutsata, ngakhale kuti kusiyapo nkhani zachilendo, monga nkhani ndi chitetezo, zidakali ndi Nyumba ya malamulo ya UK.

Chinsinsi chachikulu cha lamulo ndicho chisankho cha mavoti a bungwe logaŵidwa pa "chosankha chachikulu," kuphatikizapo chisankho cha Mtumiki Woyamba ndi wachiŵiri wa Mtumiki Woyamba, kuvomerezedwa kwa malamulo oima, ndi kugawidwa kwa bajeti. Chivoti cha mtanda wa bungwe la aunion chingafikiridwe ndi unyinji wa ziŵalo zonse kuphatikizapo unyinji wa ogwirizana ndi osankhidwa a dziko, kapena ndi unyinji wolemera wa 60% wa ziŵalo zonse ndi chifupifupi 40% ya chitaganya chirichonse. Dongosolo limeneli likhoza kukwaniritsa ndi kuletsa chitaganya chirichonse chalamulo kuyang'anira nyumba ya malamulo.

Ofesi ya Nduna Yoyamba ya Utumiki ndi wachiŵiri kwa Mtumiki Woyamba

M’lamulo la UK, Nduna Yoyamba ndi wachiŵiri kwa Nduna Yoyamba ndi Mkulu Woyamba ndi ofesi yogwirizana yosankhidwa ndi Msonkhano pa maziko a mtanda. Onse aŵiri ali ndi mphamvu zofanana ndipo ayenera kugwira ntchito mogwirizana. Mawu alamulo ameneŵa amatanthauza kuti palibe aliyense amene ali wogonjera pa winayo . Luso la dala loletsa kuti chitaganya chimodzi chili ndi malo oyamba. Ofesi inayesedwa mkati mwa 2002-2007 zotsegulira za devolution, koma nyumba zake zalamulo zidakalipobe ndipo zakhala zogwirizana ndi maulamuliro otsatira.

Kulimbitsa Mphamvu ndi Ntchito Yophunzitsa Kulambira

Chikalatacho chinalamula mkulu wa gulu lamphamvu kwambiri pa zandale (woyang'anira kapena wautundu), ndipo Mtsogoleri woyamba amagaŵiridwa mogwirizana ndi mphamvu zake m'Nyangayo pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya d'Hondt . Imeneyi ndi njira yovomerezeka mwalamulo: Mkulu woyamba amaikidwa ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri kuchokera ku gulu la ndale zamphamvu kwambiri (asilikali kapena aunyinji), ndipo wachiŵiri amaikidwa ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri kuchokera ku gulu lachiŵiri. Atumiki ena amaikidwa mwachinduna, kutsimikizira kuti bungwelo, wa dziko, ndi "anzake" onse amaimiridwa. Mosiyana ndi Westminstern, palibe nzeru kwa Mtumiki Woyamba kusankha kapena kuchotsa atumiki ake.

Chitsanzo cha mphamvu yothandiza chatsutsidwa kulola maambulensi a boma kutsekereza zosankha za boma mwa kukana kuyang'anira, monga momwe zinachitika pakati pa 2017 ndi 2020 pa lamulo la mbiri yoipa ya Heat Incentive ndi la chinenero cha Ireland. Komabe, ma pulani alamulo adakalipo, ndi kusintha kotsatirapo, monga New Heenturies , New Approach know of 2020, kwalimbikitsa njira zodziwirira mlandu, kuphatikizapo kulengedwa kwa chitsutso chalamulo ndi malamulo owonjezereka pa kuswa malamulo audindo.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Malamulo Olingana

Chikalata Chokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1998 ndi Chilamulo cha Kumpoto kwa Ireland 1998

Mwinamwake kusintha kwakukulu kochitidwa mwalamulo kunali kuphatikiza pangano la European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) kukhala lamulo lapanyumba kupyolera mwa lamulo la Human Rights Act 1998 , limene limagwira ntchito m'makhoti a UK. Koma Northern Ireland anapita patsogolo: Chikalata cha Northern Ireland Act chimapangitsa kuti chikhale chosaloleka kuloledwa kwa olamulira alionse a anthu, kuphatikizapo Msonkhano ndi University, kuchita zinthu m’njira yosemphana ndi ECHR. Malamulo ameneŵa amasungidwa mwachindunji m’makhoti, kupereka oweruza chida champhamvu kuti amenyetse kapena kuswa lamulo lachiŵiri limene limaswa zoyenera za anthu.

Chigawo 75: Ntchito Yokhazikitsa Malamulo Yolimbikitsa Kulingana

Chigawo 75 cha Northern Ireland Act 1998 chimakhazikitsa ntchito yapadera ndi yovomerezeka mwalamulo kwa akuluakulu a boma "imakhala ndi kufunika kwa kuchirikiza kulingana kwa mwaŵi" m'magulu asanu ndi anayi: chikhulupiriro cha chipembedzo, lingaliro la ndale zadziko, gulu la anthu ausinkhu, msinkhu, kuyenera kwa ukwati, kukhumba, ukazi, kupunduka, ndi odalira. Imeneyi si ntchito yongofunikira anthu a boma kuchita ntchito zachiyeneretso (EQIAS) pa malamulo onse ndi kufalitsa zimene anapeza. Bungwe la Efacial Commis for Northern Ireland arence aults Resource ndi kufalitsa mayeso. Chigawo 75 chafotokozedwa kukhala chimodzi cha ntchito zaungwe chofanana kwambiri padziko lonse, ndipo chimatchula mwachindunji kukondera kumene kunathandiza kuyambitsa mkangano.

Bungwe Loona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ntchito Yofuna Kulingana

Chipanganocho chinakhazikitsanso mabungwe aŵiri odziimira paokha: Surve Human Rights Commission ya ku Northern Ireland [NULT] ndi Commission yopanda chiyero ya Northern Ireland]. Maulamuliro onse aŵiri ali ndi maulamuliro olangiza boma, kuchititsa kufufuza, kupereka chithandizo chalamulo kwa anthu, ndi kubweretsa nkhani m’dzina lawo. Mwachitsanzo, NIHRC, yakhala yolimba m'malamulo otsutsa za kuchotsa mimba, ukwati wauchimuna (pambuyo pa kulembetsa kwa lamulo mu 20192020), ndi zikalata zapatso za lamulo. Mabungwewo amapereka chithandizo chalamulo kwa pangano la "kulingana kwa mwambo uliwonse.

Commission ya Chisalungamo cha Northern Ireland malo alamulo amapereka malangizo atsatanetsatane pa Chigawo 75 chigonjere.

Kusintha Zinthu: Kuyambira pa Kampani Yotchuka Kufika ku PSNI

Patten Report ndi Apolisi (Northern Ireland) Act 2000

Polishi inali imodzi ya nkhani za mkangano kwambiri m'nthaŵi ya Mavuto. Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) inali yachiprotesitanti modabwitsa ndipo inaonedwa ndi aunyinji ambiri a dziko monga gulu lankhondo lovala usilikali. Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu choperekedwa ku "kuyambika kwatsopano kwa ntchito yapolisi ku Northern Ireland," chotulukapo m'pangano la la Policist [FLT: 1] lokhala ndi mpando wa Chricrone ndi Chiweruzo chotsatira.

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa lamulo kunaphatikizapo:

  • Kupeza mphamvu ['Kudziwitsa] ya ntchito ya ku Northern Ireland (PSNI) yosonyeza chizindikiro chatsopano.
  • Kupanga bungwe la Northern Ireland Policing Board (NIPB), bungwe lokhala ndi oimira andale ndi ziŵalo zodziimira, kuti likhale ndi mlandu wa Mfumu Constable.
  • Kuyambitsa lamulo la kulembetsa 50:50 (pambuyo pake lokhala ndi zikole za kulinganiza kwa chitaganya) kutsimikizira kuti ntchito ya apolisi inasonyeza kulembedwa kwa chitaganya. Lamulo limeneli linavomerezedwa ndi makhoti monga loyenera ndi loyenera pansi pa lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe.
  • Kuika apolisi Ombudsman a ku Northern Ireland kukhala njira ya madandaulo yodziimira paokha yokhala ndi mphamvu zofufuza zinenezo za kusadziletsa kwa apolisi ndi upandu.

Masinthidwe anali otsutsana pakati pa ogwirizana omwe analingalira kuti choloŵa cha Ruc chinachotsedwa mosayenerera, koma kusintha kunali kofunika kuti apange masinthidwe a dziko kuti agule ntchito yapolisi. Pofika 2020, PSNI inakhala yovomerezedwa kwambiri m'madera ambiri, ngakhale kuti mavuto adakalipo polembedwa ndi kusungidwa kwa maofesala achikatolika.

PSNI yovomerezeka [[FL:1] imandandal'malamulo a dongosolo lamakono ndi kuŵerengera.

Kusiya Zida

Bungwe Lolamulira la Mitundu Yonse pa Kuchotsa Ntchito

Chipanganocho chinafuna magulu onse a asilikali "kuletsa" zida zawo zaka ziŵiri. Ichi sichinali chabe chikhumbo chandale koma chinaikidwa m'lamulo kudzera mwa Northern Ireland Arms Decoming Act 1997 [] (kumaliza mu 1998]). Chikalatacho chinakhazikitsa [[FLT:] Commission International Commissionsion on Decoming [ICD] [IFLT , lokhala pampando wa General John de Chaclain, ndi mphamvu zoyang'anira, ndi kutsimikizira kutaya zida. Chilamulo chachiŵembu chapanja chapanja cha lamulo lalamulo lapanja lalamulo lolola makampaniwonjelo kugwiritsa ntchito zida popanda chida choletsedwa mwalamulo.

Kuchotsapo ntchito kunali kochedwa ndiponso kodzaza ndi mavuto andale. IRA inachotsa zida zake zonse pofika 2005, ndipo inatsimikiziridwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo odziimira paokha. Magulu ankhondo okhulupirika anatsatira pang’onopang’ono, UVF ndi UDA ikumaliza kuletsa ntchito pofika 2010. CD inatha mwalamulo mu 2011, ndipo lamulo lake lalamulo linatha. Komabe, mfundo yakuti kuchotsa ntchito ku boma kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi kukhala chitsanzo cha mtendere padziko lonse.

Service ya pa Web [FLT :1] pa Ulster University imapereka zikalata zosungidwa za malipoti a IICD.

Kugwirizana kwa Gulu la Magulu ndi Msonkhano Wautumiki Wakumpoto kwa Kumpoto

Panganoli linakhazikitsa mgwirizano walamulo pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland kudzera ku North-South Ministeral Council (NSMC) . Bungweli limasonkhanitsa atumiki kuchokera ku maulamuliro onse aŵiri kuti apange malamulo ogwirizana m'madera monga a ulimi, oyendera, zoyendera, ndi malo okhala. NSMC imakhazikitsidwa pansi pa lamulo la mitundu yonse kudzera mwa bungwe la Britain-Irish Convention, pangano pakati pa UK ndi Ireland lolembetsedwa ndi United Nations. Zigamu zake n’zogwirizana ndi mbali zonse ziŵiri, ndipo zili ndi bungwe logwirizana ndi makampani asanu ndi limodzi (momwe madzi ndi Ireland ndi Interalandland).

Maziko a lamulo a NSMC amatsimikizira kuti kugwirizana kwa malire kukupitirizabe mosasamala kanthu za kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko kwa mabungwe ochotseredwa. Ngakhale mkati mwa 2017-2020 a kuchotsedwa kwa Msonkhano, NSMC inapitirizabe kukumana, ngakhale kuti inali yochepera. Pambuyo pa Bret, NSMC inakhalanso ndi tanthauzo lowonjezereka monga chogwirira ntchito chachikulu choyang'anira makonzedwe apadera pansi pa Northern Ireland Protocol, tsopano Windsor Framework.

Chilungamo ndi Chisungiko: Chisinthiko cha Chipani ndi Chilungamo

Gulu la Chigwirizano ndi Chilungamo Chosintha Zinthu m’Malo a Dziko la 2010

Ngakhale kuti pangano la Good Flove Advredict linalingalira kuti polishi ndi chilungamo zidzachotsedwa, zimenezi sizinachitike kufikira 12 April 2010. Northern Ireland Act 2009 ndi ndi [Foct:] Plajudition ndi Justice Drace Order 2010 kusinthitsa malamulo pa chiweruzo cha apandu, poliship, ndi makhoti kuchokera ku Westminster kupita ku Msonkhano. Chiyambire pamenepo, Nduna ya Chilungamo (yoyasankhidwa ndi chivoti cha mtanda, osati dHt'Ht) yayang'anira Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo, imene imaphatikizapo Departers, Probbotion, ndi Publication Servity.

Dvolution inalola Northern Ireland kugwirizanitsa dongosolo lake la chiweruzo ndi zosoŵa za kumaloko, kuphatikizapo kupangidwa kwa bungwe lachilungamo la achichepere ndi kusintha zinthu kuti achedwe kusunga ana. Inachititsanso msonkhanowo kuyang'anira mmene zinsinsi zimachitidwira. Komabe, Nduna ya Chilungamo idakali ndi mlandu ku Msonkhano ndipo iyenera kugwira ntchito m'chitsenderezo choyendera mtanda chofanana ndi abusa ena.

Mavuto Amene Akupitirizabe ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo Pambuyo pa Kusamba

Kutha Kwake ndi Kusalimba kwa Ndale

Malamulo atsimikizira kukhala okhazikika koma osatetezereka ku mavuto. Msonkhano ndi Woyang'anira zinaimitsidwa kanayi pakati pa 2000 ndi 2007, kubwerera ku London. Kuchoka kulikonse kunafuna malamulo aakulu pa Westminster (Chilamulo cha Northern Ireland 2000 chinapereka maziko a kuchotsa). Kusintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali kunayamba kuyambira January 2017 mpaka January 2020, pamene antchito a boma anayang'aniridwa ndi akuluakulu a boma pansi pa ulamuliro wa Northern Ireland Ofesi. Kusoŵa kwa atumiki kunatanthauza kuti malamulo aakulu, monga kukweza misonkho kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano, kunali kosatheka. Zimenezi zinagogomezera kufooka kwa mphamvu: Kusoŵa kwa njira yochitira zinthu zalamulo popanga chigamulo pamene magulu akukana kupanga bungwe la oyendetsa ntchito.

Brexit ndi Lamulo la Kumpoto kwa Ireland

Brexit anayambitsa kuvuta kwalamulo kwatsopano kumene akatswiri a Malamulo a Good Frive Agreement sakanaoneratu. Pangano la Kumpoto kwa Ireland, mbali ya UK-EU Withrave Active Advement , inasunganso Northern Ireland m'makedzana a EU kugulis imodzi ya katundu, kuyambitsa miyambo ndi malire a kubwerera ku Ireland. Zimenezi zinalungamitsidwa monga kutetezera zitsimikizo za Good Wear Agreements ya North-South ndi chuma chonse cha dziko. Komabe, malamulowo anatsogolera ku chitsutso cha ndale chandale kuchokera kwa a bungwe la EUS, amene anaona kuti akuswa lamulo la malamulo a kuyendetsa Northern Ireland ndi ku Great Britain.

Chivomerezo chalamulo chinali Traemor Framey (March 2023), imene inayambitsa njira zatsopano za kuvomereza kwa demokrase ndi kulinganiza. Mokulira, ntchito ya pa farame inachititsa "Stormont Brake," kulola kagulu ka MMS As kuletsa malamulo atsopano a EU olembedwa ku Northern Ireland. Pamene kuli kwakuti cholinga chake chinali kubwezeretsanso chidaliro cha umodzi, inawonjezeranso luso lalamulo ku makonzedwe a ulamuliro ocholoŵana kale.

[[FULT:0] Zikalata za Boma za Chifuno cha Mafumu zimalongosola mapangano alamulo.

Nkhani za Makhalidwe ndi Mlandu wa Kumpoto kwa Ireland (Unamkubwa ndi Kuyanjana) 2023

Chimodzi cha zipambano za lamulo zotsutsana kwambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa chinali njira ya boma la UK yochitira ndi zotsatira za Mavuto. Mu 2023, Nsautso za ku Northern Ireland (Legacy ndi Reconciliation) Act , yomwe imaletsa kutsutsana kwa boma ndi milandu yaupandu yokhudzana ndi mavuto (kusiyapo pa mikhalidwe yochepa) ndi kuilowetsa ndi bungwe latsopano la Intecreation Commission for Reconvement and Recovery (ICRIIIIIR). Lamulolo latsutsidwa ndi magulu a anthu, UNI Rights Commistion, ndi boma la Ireland, limene limatsutsa ECH ndi pangano la pa Lachisanu. Khoti Lapamwamba la Best Belfast mu Chilungamo cha ufulu cha anthu (CR.) ndi loyembekezeredwa ndi ufulu wa anthu woposa wa kuweruza mlandu wa mlandu wa 2024.

Mkangano umenewu ukusonyeza kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa lamulo la Chipangano cha Mapiri: Kulinganiza mtendere ndi bata ndi malamulo ndi ufulu wa ophedwa. Adani a Chilamulocho akutsutsa kuti kukhululukidwa kwa onse koma dzina limasokoneza nyumba yonse yalamulo yomangidwa ndi panganolo. Ochirikiza amanena kuti nkofunika kukhazikitsa malire pansi pa nyengo zakale kuti atetezere dongosolo la mtendere.

Mapeto ake: Nyumba Yovomerezeka Mwalamulo

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Agreement chinabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa lamulo ku Northern Ireland kuyambira pamene chigawidwa. Chinayambitsa mphamvu zolamulira, kulingana ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, ntchito ya apolisi yosinthidwa, ndi mgwirizano wa mtanda wa malire umene walimbana ndi mavuto andale, Bretit, ndi miliri yapadziko lonse. Ngakhale kuti mavuto a lamulo akutsala . Kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya Bretit protocracy, lamulo lopangika, ndi kuwonongeka kwa ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuyambika kwa malamulo a ndale kwa panganolo kupitirizabe kukhazikitsa maziko okhazikika a utsogoleri ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu.

Chipanganocho si chikalata chachikhalire. Mapangano ake a zamalamulo ayesedwa, kukonzedwanso, ndi kufutukulidwa mwa mapangano ena monga St Andrews (2006, Hillsborough (2010), Stornt House (2014, ndi New Head, New Approach (2020). Mapangano onsewa awonjezera mapangano atsopano alamulo, kuyambira pa kusinthika kwa chilungamo mpaka kudziŵidwa kwa boma kwa chinenero cha Ireland mu 2022. Chipambano chapamwamba kwambiri cha lamulo chingakhale kukhoza kwawo kugwirizanitsa ndi "kukhazikitsa mapangano atsopano a malamulo, osati mwa chiwawa.