Unansi pakati pa udindo wa boma ndi boma ndi maziko a ulamuliro wa America. Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa magawo a boma ameneŵa nkofunika kwambiri kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi omwe. Nkhaniyi imapereka kuyerekezera koonekeratu kwa udindo wa boma ndi boma, kupenda maziko awo alamulo, ntchito zawo, ndi mbali zina zimene zimayendera limodzi. Mwa kupenda mmene mphamvu zimagawidwira ndi kugawikana, oŵerenga adzazindikira kwambiri dongosolo locholoŵana limene limagwirizanitsa mgwirizano wa dziko ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lako.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mafuko

Kugaŵana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi boma kwazikidwa pa Malamulo a U.S., amene anakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma. Malamulo ameneŵa anali kulolerana mwadala pakati pa awo amene anafuna boma lamphamvu ndi awo amene anaopa kuti alaka maboma. Malamulo amapatsa boma la boma kukhala lachindunji, kutchula maulamuliro monga ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko. Pa nthawiyi, mphamvu zonse za mayiko ku mayiko kapena anthu. Maulamuliro 10 amanena momveka bwino kuti: [[FLT: 0] Mphamvu zimene sizikuperekedwa ku United States ndi malamulo a boma, kapena kuletsedwa ndi mayiko, zikusungidwa ku United States, kapena kusungidwa kwa anthu. Komiti imeneyi ndi boma la boma, likulola anthu kulamulira mwachindunji, monga lamulo, ndi kuyendetsa nkhani zaumoyo wa anthu, ndi lamulo lapoyera.

Chiganizo cha ukulu (Article VI) chimakhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma liyenera kukhala patsogolo pa lamulo lotsutsana la boma, kutsimikizira kufanana pa nkhani za dziko. Komabe, malire enieni a ulamuliro ndi boma atsutsidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri, opangidwa ndi mafotokozedwe a Supreme Court ndi magulu a ndale zadziko. Kumvetsetsa kulinganizika kumeneku kuli mfungulo ya kumvetsetsa mmene United States imadzilamulira.

Udindo wa Oyang’anira Oyang’anira

Boma la boma limasamalira nkhani zimene zimayambukira mtundu wonsewo, kufunikira mafikire ofanana kapena kuloŵetsamo chuma choposa mphamvu ya maulamuliro a munthu mmodzi. Mathayo ameneŵa akuchokera ponse paŵiri ku malamulo a Lamulo ndi a msonkhano. Magawo otsatirawa amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mbali zazikulu za ulamuliro wa boma.

Kuteteza Dziko ndi Nkhani za Mayiko Ena

Boma la boma limakhala ndi mphamvu yokha pa dziko lonse yotetezera. Pulezidentiyu amatumikira monga Mkulu wa asilikali ankhondo, ndipo Congress ali ndi ulamuliro wokweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kupereka ndi kukhazikitsa nkhondo. Kulamulira kumeneku kumakhazikitsa lamulo limodzi ndi kupanga chigamulo. Dipatimenti ya Desert imayang'anira Army, Navy, Air Force, Methor Corps, ndi Space Force, ndi ndalama zopitirira $800,000,000 pachaka. Malamulo a maiko akunja alinso gawo la boma la boma la dzikolo: Pulezidenti agwirizana (amvera malamulo a kukhazikitsa), kukhazikitsa mapangano, ndi kuyendetsa mgwirizano. Dipatimenti ya Boma itsogolera zokambirana za mayiko, ufulu wa anthu, ndi chitetezo padziko lonse, monga mmene amachitira ndi kutsutsana kwa boma la United States kapena kutsutsana kwa mayiko.

Malonda a M’mayiko Ogwirizana ndi Kukonzanso Zachuma

Mfundo I, Gawo 8 imapereka mphamvu ya kuyendetsa malonda pakati pa mayiko. [FLT Trade] Iyi yamasuliridwa mokulira, kulola boma kuyang'anira ntchito zimene zimadutsa mizera ya boma, kuphatikizapo kuyendetsa katundu, kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi misika ya zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, Federal Trade Commission imakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuikitsa, Sacurence ndi Exchange Commission ayang'anira kuyendetsa zinthu, ndipo Dipatimenti ya Transport ikhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo cha ndege ndi njanji. Boma limakhazikitsanso malipiro ochepa, malipiro owonjezera, owonjezera, ndi malamulo a zachuma ndi zaumoyo ku . Pamene kuli kwakuti boma lingalamulire malamulo a boma lotsutsana ndi malamulo a zamalonda a zamalonda pamene likulimbana.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina Ndiponso Kukhala Nzika

Ngakhale kuti maboma ali ndi kuloŵetsedwa m'kusungitsa kusamuka (kodabwitsa kupwirikititsa ndi maulamuliro a boma), boma liri ndi mphamvu yokulira pa lamulo la kusamuka, kukonza malo achibadwa, ndi kulamulira malire. Nyumba za malamulo amakhazikitsa amene angaloŵe, kukhala, kapena kukhala nzika. University ndi Immigration Service imapanga ma visagalamu ndi makadi obiriŵira obiriwira; Customism and Bourtection Protections amatetezera malire ndi madoko a kuloŵamo; ndipo Immigration and Custommentmentmentment imakhazikitsa malamulo ochotsera malamulo a kusamutsira anthu. Boma limayesa kutsatsa malamulo awo a ku Atringa SB 1070, monga ngati Arizona, zamenyedwa ndi makhotiko a boma kaamba ka kuloŵa m’boma. Boma limalamuliranso malamulo otetezera ndi oloŵa m’dzikolo.

Lamulo la Ndalama ndi la Malonda

Malamulo amapereka mphamvu yokha ya kupangira ndalama, kuyendetsa phindu lake, ndi kulanga kupeka. Dipatimenti ya Treasury Department imasindikiza ndi kutumiza ndalama, pamene Federal Reserve System imayang'anira ndalama za dziko, imakhazikitsa ndalama za chiwongola dzanja, ndi kuchita monga wokongoza ndalama zomalizira pamavuto a zachuma. Maboma sangathe kusindikiza ndalama zawo kapena kukhazikitsa mabizinesi a boma. Kusintha kumeneku kumaletsa chipwirikiti chimene chinalipo pansi pa Mabungwe a Confederation, pamene maboma osiyanasiyana anatulutsa ndalama zopikisana. Boma lija la boma limayang'aniranso kubanki ndi mabungwe a zachuma kudzera m'mabungwe monga Federal Deposit Isniorniortion , zimene zimasungidwa.

Inshuwalansi ya Mayanjano ndi Maprogramu Opereka Udindo

Maprogramu aakulu a zaumoyo amaperekedwa pa mlingo wa boma kutsimikizira kusasintha kwa dziko lonse. [FLT:] Suctial Security imapereka kupuma pantchito, kupunduka, ndi mapindu opulumuka ochirikizidwa mwa misonkho yolipirira. Medicare imapatsa anthu a zaka 65 ndi achikulire ndi opunduka. [[FLT:] ndi anthu ena opunduka] . .] . . . . . .SPUMFLT. . . . . . . . . .S. . .S.S. . .S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

Boma la boma limakhazikitsa malamulo a malo okhala amene amakhazikitsa miyezo ya kuipitsa, kuteteza zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi kuyang'anira malo a anthu. Ceat Air Act ndi Clean Water Act imapatsa bungwe la Environmental Protectional Device Agency ulamuliro wa kulamulira kutulutsa mpweya, kutulutsa madzi, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi. National Environmental Policy Act imafuna mawu okhudza malo okhala. Mabungwe a boma monga National Park Service, U.S . Forvice Service , ndi Bureaual of Land imayang'anira magawo aakulu a dziko, makamaka m'mayiko a kumadzulo. Maboma angakhazikitsa chitetezo koma ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunika zazikulu. Maboma akatsutsa malamulo a boma a boma, monga Obama- Creat Power kapena Dran Coocran kapena Dran Ault's Forvice ku Ober Forvial Forvial Forvial For.

Maudindo a Boma

Maboma amachita zimene zimatchedwa mphamvu za boma [1] [1] (] ulamuliro wa kulamulira thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa nzika zawo zonse. Maulamuliro ameneŵa ngotakata ndi okhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake, malamulo, kazembe, ndi makhoti, kulola kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mautumiki a anthu.

Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi udindo wa boma ndi malo. Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, amafuna kuyesedwa koyenera, amagaŵira ndalama zothandizira ku magawo a sukulu, ndi kukhazikitsa zofunika za aphunzitsi. Mabungwe a sukulu a m’dzikolo amayendetsa sukulu imodzi ndi imodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ufulu waukulu. Ngakhale kuti boma limapereka ndalama zowonjezera kudzera m'maprogramu onga Thet I ndi Axeronness Ofesement Education Act, sililamulira zimene zikuphunzitsidwa. Kufikira kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti maphunziro ndi zolembedwa zimasiyana kwambiri m'mayiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo za m'zotsatira zawo za sayansi, malamulo a za kugonana, ndi zofuna za anthu. Nkhani zaposachedwapa zotsutsa za fuko ndi maatoko akusonyeza kutsutsana kotsutsana ndi mphamvu za boma zikupitirizabe.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Maboma ali ndi misewu yambiri, maulalo, ndi makwalala . Madipatimenti a boma a mapulani a zoyendera, ndalama, ndi kumanga ntchito kuchokera ku makwalala akwawo kupita ku mayiko akuluakulu. Boma limapereka chithandizo cha ndalama kudzera ku Highway Trust Fund koma limakhazikitsa mikhalidwe, monga ngati kufuna kuti munthu amwe asanafike zaka 21 kapena kuthamanga. Maboma amalamuliranso kuyendetsa sitima zapamtunda ndi njira zoyendera sitima, kukhazikitsa laisensi ya galimoto, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu. Pamene ndalama za boma zimabwera ndi zingwe zomangira, zimasungabe kuyang'anira ntchito ndi makampani a kuyendetsa makampani kapena kulipira ndalama.

Thanzi la Onse ndi Chisamaliro cha Zaumoyo

Maboma amene amayang'anira madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma omwe amayang'anira kubuka kwa matenda, kusungitsa miyezo yaukhondo, ndi maprogramu a katemera. Amayang'aniranso zipatala, nyumba zodwalira, ndi makampani a inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo. Pansi pa bungwe la Affordcable Care Act, maboma angakhazikitsa misika yawo ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ndi kufutukula Medidid regigigigial. Pa 2025, maboma 40 akulitsa Medicaid, pamene kulibe 10 sanasonyeze mphamvu ya boma yosankha. Zoopsa zaumoyo, monga mliri wa CHOVID, zikalata zokakamiza, ndi zikalata zopereka chiwembuzo zimene zayambitsa nkhondo za lamulo pakati pa mphamvu za boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Boma boma limapereka ndalama ndi ulamuliro ndi limapereka udindo waukulu pakati pa mayiko awo.

Kukakamiza Lamulo ndi Chilungamo cha Chipanduko

Boma ndi mabungwe akomweko amasamalira kusungidwa kwa lamulo kwakukulu: maofesala a boma ndi apolisi a m’dzikolo oposa 800,000 amagwira ntchito kuletsa upandu ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Maboma amasunga dongosolo lawo la ndende, amakhazikitsa zilango za upandu, ndi kuyang'anira makhoti a milandu. Boma likungofufuza za upandu wochepa mwachitsanzo, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi uchigaŵenga. Komabe, maboma angatenge malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma, monga kuletsa chamba kapena kuphwanya lamulo la mankhwala ena osokoneza bongo. Kaŵirikaŵiri mikangano imeneyi imathera m'khoti, kumene kuyendetsa milandu kwa boma kumalola kusungidwa.

Malamulo a Zinthu ndi Kulandira Mtengo

Maboma amayang'anira mbali zonse za katundu weniweni, kuphatikizapo ntchito, malo, kugwiritsa ntchito malo, ndi malamulo a malo. Iwo amafunanso malaisensi kwa antchito ambiri . Odziŵa ntchito, maloya, ometa, osamalira malo, okonza zamagetsi, ndi ena ambiri. Maluso a kukonza zinthu amatsimikizira kuti zinthu zothamanga sizingachitike koma zimapanganso zopinga kuti ziyende; nesi wa ku Texas angafunikire laisensi yatsopano ya kugwira ntchito ku Oregon. Mofananamo United States amayang'anira mabizinesi a mabizinesi (opeto, LLC), malaisensi a ukwati, ndi madalailobuliki a galimoto. Luso la kuyesa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera mphamvu za boma, kulola maboma kutumikira monga "aundulo za democracy ya democracy.

Msonkho

Maboma amakhoma misonkho yawoyawo kuti apereke ndalama zothandizira pa mautumiki, kuphatikizapo misonkho ya ndalama, misonkho ya malonda, misonkho ya katundu, ndi misonkho pa mafuta, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi fodya. Msanganizowu umasiyana: Texas alibe msonkho wa ndalama za boma koma msonkho wa katundu wapamwamba; Oregon alibe msonkho wa malonda koma ndalama zambiri; Tennessee posachedwapa inasiya msonkho wake wa ndalama. Kudzilamulira kumeneku kumalola makampani awo kulinganiza ndi zimene amakonda. Komabe, kumatsogoleranso kupikisana kwa mabizinesi ndi anthu okhala m’dziko, nthaŵi zina kutchedwa "londa kunsi kwa . Komiti ya kulipira ntchito zazikulu, povomereza mavoti a voti ambiri.

Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo: Mathayo Ogawana

Ntchito zambiri za boma zimachitidwa ndi maboma a boma ndi a boma omwe, kuyambitsa dongosolo la mphamvu za nthaŵi imodzi. Pamene kuli kwakuti milingo yonse iŵiri ingachitepo kanthu, lamulo la boma lingachotse lamulo la boma pamene likutsutsana. Mbali zazikulu za thayo limodzi zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kusintha: Boma la boma ndi maboma onse angapereke msonkho, ngakhale kuti Konsichushoni imaletsa maboma kuchokera ku katundu wa boma wokhoma msonkho. Opereka msonkho wa boma amalipira msonkho wa malipiro ndi msonkho wa ndalama za boma (m’maiko ambiri) ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri misonkho ya kumaloko. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama za msonkho wa boma, kuchepetsa katundu woŵirikiza kaŵiri.
  • Maprojekiti aakulu monga ngati misewu ya m’mayiko kapena kuyendetsa madzi ndi ogwirizana kwambiri. Boma la boma limapatsa ndalama (kaŵiri 80% kapena kuposa) pamene maboma akulamulirabe kulinganiza ndi kumanga. 2021 Infrastructuralment and Jobs Act inagawira $50,000,000 kuti apeze misewu, mabuloni, mpunga, ndi madzi abwino.
  • Public Safety : Malamulo a boma agwirizana mwa ntchito, ntchito zoyendera pamodzi, ndi kugawana chidziŵitso. Apolisi a FBI ndi a boma akufufuza pamodzi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kugulitsa anthu, ndi kuphwanya kwa pa Intaneti. Mkati mwa masoka, FEMA imagwirizanitsa ndi mabungwe a boma oyang’anira ngozi kuti apereke zinthu.
  • Kusintha kwa chibadwa: Maboma angagwiritse ntchito maprogramu awoawo a malo okhala malinga ngati agwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, California ali ndi zikole zapadera kuchokera ku EPA kuika miyezo yopimira yopimira kuimirira. Maboma amatenganso mbali zotsogolera pa zoyenera za madzi, kuyendetsa zotayitsa, ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu zamagetsi.
  • Ulozansi: [[FLT :1] Ndalama za boma za Medicare, Medicaid, ndi Securence Health Inshuwalansi program, koma boma limayang'anira Medicaid ndi CHAIP pansi pa malamulo a boma. Maboma angapemphe opereka ndalama kuti ayese, monga ngati zifuno za ntchito kuti apeze ndalama. Afford Care Act's revolution Act kuyendetsa ndi kusinthana kwa boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Bankning ndi Inishuwansi: Ngakhale kuti boma limasunga mabanki a dziko ndi kulamulira mabanki a dziko lonse, likufotokoza tchata ndi kulamulira makampani a inshuwalansi ambiri. Dongosolo la banki la aŵiri limalola mabanki kusankha tchata cha boma kapena cha boma. Zimenezi zimapanganso kugawana kwa lamulo komanso mpikisano wa makampani opanga makampani.

Mavuto ndi Mikangano Yamakono

Magulu angapo aposachedwapa akusonyeza mavuto amene amachitika m’dongosololi.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Ngakhale kuti boma limaika chamba kukhala Sedynal shop Ine kuyang'anira zinthu pansi pa Seminale ya Substances Act, 23 maboma alola kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kwa zosangulutsa, ndipo 38 aloledwa ndi lamulo la zamankhwala. Zimenezi zimapanga mpata kumene malamulo a boma amalola ntchito zimene zikhalabe zauchigaŵenga. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo pansi pa maulamuliro aposachedwapa yasankha kusakakamiza lamulo la boma m'maboma a Rehoused Systence, lamulo la kuletsa kulolera. Komabe, nkhondoyo ikupitirizabe m'banki, m'thumwini, ndi lamulo la ntchito. Nyumba za malamulo zalephera kugwirizanitsa zigawa, kusiya mabizinesi ndi ogwiritsa ntchito m'lamulo.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Mayiko ena, monga Texas ndi Florida, akhazikitsa malamulo okakamiza lamulo la boma kuti ligwirizane ndi akuluakulu a boma oyendetsa za kusamukira m'dziko, kupereka chilango ku " mizinda yosatha" . Ena, monga California ndi New York, amaletsa kugwirizana. Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula kuti boma silingadziyambitse okha chilango chawo chokhudza anthu osamukira ku dziko (Arizona ndi United States, 2012) koma lingagaŵire ena chidziŵitso. Kuimabe pa malire a boma ndi maboma monga Texas . Kuphatikizapo kutumiza waya ndi zikole ku Rio Grande .

Lamulo la Zaumoyo

Affordal Care Act inayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zambiri za lamulo, kuphatikizapo lamulo limene limanena kuti kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kapena kutayikiridwa ndi ndalama zonse za boma. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti mkhalidwewu unali wogwirizana, kupanga kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kukhala kodzifunira. Chigamulo chimenechi chinalola maboma kusankha, kupanga ntchito yokwanira youlutsira. Mofananamo, boma kutsutsa malamulo a boma a katemera mkati mwa mliriwo umene unatsogolera ku maupandu amene potsirizira pake anakantha lamulo la katemera wa OSHANA, kutsimikizira malire a boma paumoyo wa anthu.

Miyezo ya Zachilengedwe

Kukhoza kwa California kuika miyezo ya galimoto pansi pa Clean Air Act kwakhala malo ankhondo mobwerezabwereza. Oyang'anira Trump anachotsa kachilombo ka Bhiden; anabwezeretsa. Maboma amasiyananso pa malamulo a magetsi, mapaipi, ndi zoyenera za madzi. Chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba 2022 mu West Virginia v. EPA linachepetsa mphamvu ya EPA ya kulamulira mpweya wa dziko popanda chilolezo chomveka, kuyanja boma.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa udindo wa boma ndi wa boma kumamveketsa bwino ntchito zimene boma lililonse limachita m’moyo wa nzika. Pamene boma la boma likuchita zinthu za dzikolo . Defense, kusamuka, malonda a interstate . Maboma asumika maganizo pa zosoŵa za kumaloko monga maphunziro, zoyendera, ndi thanzi la anthu. Magawo ameneŵa, ozikidwa pa malamulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, amalola kuti pakhale mgwirizano ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pamene dzikolo likulimbana ndi mavuto atsopano. Kusintha kwa nyengo kupitirizabe. Kuphunzira za boma sikuli njira yongophunzitsa zamaphunziro; nkofunika kumvetsa mmene malamulo amachitidwira ndi mmene nzikazo zingagwirizanitsire ndi boma lawo pamlingo uliwonse.