Vuto Lopirira: Mphamvu Yolimbana ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma ku America

Dongosolo la ndale zadziko lapangidwa bwino lomwe pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma 50. Ili silongopeka chabe la mbiri yakale komanso lamoyo, lokhala ndi makonzedwe amene amasintha zinthu zonse kuchokera pa liŵiro la msewu wa kumaloko kukafika pa kusungitsa malamulo a malo okhala m'kontinenti. Kumvetsetsa kulinganiza kumeneku kwa ulamuliro nkofunika kuti mumvetsetse mmene malamulo amapangira, mmene malamulo amatsutsidwira, ndi mmene mphamvu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito mu United States. Malamulo, amayambira ku malamulo, cholinga cha kuletsa ulamuliro mwa kufalitsa mphamvu, koma mzera weniweni pakati pa boma ndi boma wakhala gwero la mkangano kuyambira pamene dziko linayamba kukhazikitsidwa.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Afilosofi

Kulimbana ndi mphamvu zimene boma liyenera kukhala nazo malamulo asanayambe. Nkhani za Konsoli, chikalata choyamba cholamulira cha dziko, zinapanga boma lofooka lomwe silikanatha kupereka msonkho, kuyendetsa malonda, kapena kukhazikitsa gulu lankhondo. Kuyesa kumeneku mu ulamuliro wa boma wathunthu kunakhala kosagwira ntchito, kutsogolera ku Msonkhano wa Filadelphia wa 1787. Opanga mamejasi, kuphatikizapo James Madison ndi Alexander Hamilton, anapanga njira yomwe inali maziko apakati: boma la boma la boma la anthu opereŵera, lokhala ndi maulamuliro ena onse odalirana ndi maboma kapena anthu.

Mapepala a Ogwirizana Aunyinji Monga Mapepala Olembedwa Mwaluntha

Chilungamo chanzeru cha kugaŵidwa kwa ulamuliro kumeneku chafotokozedwa mu Mapepala a Frenchist , makamaka Federalist No. 45 ndi ".Madison adatsutsa kuti maulamuliro a boma akakhala "aang'ono ndi ofotokozedwa," pamene mabomawo adzakhala "achiŵerengero ndi osatha". Izi zinatanthauzidwa kutsimikizira Anti-Federalist omwe anaopa, ulamuliro wamphamvu wa dziko ukameza ufulu wa boma. Malamulowo adalenga ulamuliro wamitundu iŵiri: boma la dziko lonselo, ndi malamulo aakulu koposa m'magawo awo. Chitsanzo chimenechi "Ufulu wa boma la boma", nthaŵi zina chimakhala chogwirizana ndi keke, chotchuka kwambiri cha zaka za zana la 19.

M’buku la Nambala 10 la Kukonza Zinthu ndi Mphamvu Zosungira Malo

Lamulo la uchifumu wa boma limatetezeredwa mwachindunji ndi Demendment [

“ Maulamuliro amene malamulo samapereka ku United States, kapena kuletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, amaperekedwa kwa United States, kapena kwa anthu.”

Kukonza kumeneku sikuli kupatsa mphamvu ku maboma; ndiko lamulo la kumanga. Kumalongosola bwino kuti mphamvu iliyonse imene siiperekedwa mwachindunji ku boma, ndipo siinakanidwe ndi maboma, idakali ndi maboma.

Kupangidwa kwa Malamulo kwa Maulamuliro a Boma ndi Audindo

Malamulo amagwiritsira ntchito magulu atatu aakulu kugawira ulamuliro: kuŵerengedwa, kugwirizana, ndi mphamvu zosungidwa. Kumvetsetsa magulu ameneŵa kuli mfungulo ya kusanthula mkangano uliwonse wa boma.

Osonkhezeredwa, Ogwiritsiridwa Ntchito, ndi Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo

  • Ndandandanda (kapena Oikitsa) Maulamuliro: Awa andandalitsidwa bwino m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo. Zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kusindikiza ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kuyendetsa madera osiyanasiyana ndi malonda achilendo, ndi kukhazikitsa ofesi ya positi. Imeneyi ndi ntchito zazikulu za boma la dzikolo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Maulamuliro Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito: Otengedwa ku Naciessary ndi Moyenerera Claus (Mfundo I, Chigawo 8, Classia 18), Nyumba za Malamulo ziri ndi mphamvu kupanga malamulo onse omwe ali "ofunika ndi oyenerera" kaamba ka kukwaniritsa mphamvu zake zotchulidwa. Mawu ameneŵa akhala maziko a kukula kwakukulu kwa boma, kuyambira kukhazikitsa banki ya dziko lonse kuyang'anira mbali iriyonse ya chuma.
  • Mphamvu zapanthaŵiyo: Izi ndi mphamvu zimene zili ndi maboma onse a boma ndi boma. Zitsanzo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, kukongola ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Pamene mphamvu zamakono zigwiritsiridwa ntchito panthaŵi imodzi, ulamuliro wa boma ungayambe kusewera ngati pali mkangano wachindunji.
  • Maulamuliro osungidwa: Maulamuliro onse amene sanagawidwe ku United States kapena kuletsedwa ku maboma asungidwa ku maboma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo malamulo a malonda a dziko lapansi, kuchititsa masankho, kukhazikitsa maboma, ndi kukonza sukulu za boma.

Kutha kwa Magazi ndi Kutha kwa Malo

Claus (katswiri VI, Claus 2) ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yothetsera mikangano pakati pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma.

“ Lamulo la Malamulo limeneli, ndi Malamulo a United States amene adzapangidwa m’Pulo yake; ndi Mapangano onse opangidwa, kapena amene adzapangidwa, pansi pa Ulamuliro wa United States, adzakhala Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dzikolo; ndipo Oweruza m’Boma lirilonse adzamangidwa mwakutero, Chinsinsi cha Malamulo kapena Malamulo a Boma lirilonse mosasamala kanthu za.”

Pamene lamulo la boma litsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma lovomerezeka, lamulo la boma limakhalapo. Ili limadziŵika monga chimawomboledwa. Chiphunzitso chingakhale chapamwamba (Konret mowoneratu akunena kuti ndilo lamulo la boma) kapena chigamulo chomveka kwambiri kwakuti sichimasiya mpata wa malamulo a boma, kapena chingakhale chosatheka kwa gulu la anthu kugwirizana ndi malamulo onse aŵiri). Chiphunzitsocho chakhala cha maziko m'madera onga ngati a kusamukira m'dziko, lamulo la malo osungirako zachilengedwe, ndi malonda a malonda, kumene miyezo yadziko kaŵirikaŵiri imawombana ndi kuyesa kwa boma.

Kusintha kwa Mafuko kwa Nthaŵi Zonse

Zinthu zazikulu za m’mbiri ndiponso zigamulo za khoti Lalikulu zasintha kwambiri ulamuliro wa boma.

Kuchokera pa Kugwirizana Kufikira pa Kugwirizana kwa Magulu Ogwirizana

The New Deal ya ma 1930 inali kusuntha . Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa maprogramu ambiri a New Deac monga apamwamba kwambiri pa ulamuliro wa Congress pansi pa Commerce Claus, koma pambuyo pa "lokitsi m’nthaŵi imene inapulumutsa ," Bwalo lamilandu linayamba kugonjera ku kuŵerengedwa kwa Congress translation. Zimenezi zinatsegula khomo kuti mphamvu yaikulu ya boma ifutukuke. Chigwirizano chakale "layer keke" chipani cha boma chinakhala ndi "unistruction counicism," kaŵirikaŵiri chinafotokozedwa monga "keke yosanguluka," kumene boma, ndi maboma akuno, m'magawo lakwawo m'zipangizo zocholoŵana.

Great Society ndi Kukwera kwa Chipani cha Fiscal Federalism

Lyndon Johnson wa maprogramu a Great Society a ma 1960 anawonjezera chikhoterero chimenechi kupyolera mu chigwirizano cha boma . Boma la boma linayamba kupereka ndalama zoperekedwa ku maiko, zolumikizidwa ndi zingwe. Maboma akalandira ndalama za maphunziro, misewu, kapena chisamaliro chaumoyo posinthanitsa ndi miyezo ya boma. Zimenezi zinalola boma la dziko kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu m'madera amene mwamwambo anali malo a boma, monga maphunziro ndi kusungitsa lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, kumwa kochepera pa zaka 21 za dzikolo kunaikidwa bwino lomwe mwa kugwirizanitsa ndalama zapampando waukulu kuti livomereze.

Khoti la Rehnquist ndi D evolution

Mu 1990 ndi kumayambiriro kwa 2000, Bwalo Lapamwamba pansi pa Woweruza Wamkulu William Rehnquist linayesa kukhazikitsanso ulamuliro wa boma. Zigamulo zotsatizana (mt., United States] v. Lopez, [FLT] Printz v. United States ) anaika malire atsopano pa Congress Communice Classice ndi ulamuliro wotetezeredwa kuchokera ku malamulo a boma kapena dongosolo la boma. Mgwirizano umenewu "New Federal" unayang'ana Gawo la Bwalo la Gun-Free Zoles Acts ndi Chilatiko ndi Chiwawa cha Akazi pa zigawo za boma. Komabe, khoti lina silinatsati lotsutsa lamulo limeneli, lotsutsa ulamuliro lotsutsa lamulo la boma.

Kuloŵa Mozama m’Maulamuliro Amphamvu ndi Mikangano

Kuteteza Dziko ndi Nkhani za Mayiko Ena

Boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu yolamulira chitetezo cha dziko. Dziko silingathe kuloŵa m'mapangano, kulengeza nkhondo, kapena kusungitsa magulu ankhondo oima. Komabe, maboma amachita mbali yaikulu kudzera mwa magulu awo a National Guard, amene angalamulire ntchito za dziko. Nkhaŵa imabuka pamene boma lifuna kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma zosungitsa lamulo la boma kusungitsa anthu, monga momwe zikuonekera m'nkhondo zalamulo pa "mzinda wa Santactual" malamulo. Mafuno ndi akuti boma lingakakamize akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma lokhudza za anthu oloŵa m’dziko (Khoti khoti silinatero mu [[FLD: 0]] . United States . )]

Malonda a M’mayiko Ogwirizana ndi Kukonzanso Zachuma

Khoti linamasulira , kuti lilole Nyumba za Ufumu kulamulira ntchito iliyonse ndi "chiyambukiro chachikulu" pa malonda a boma. Zimenezi zinalola kuti mlimi azigwiritsa ntchito tirigu kugwiritsa ntchito yakeyake ([FLT:] Wickard v. Filk:3]) ndi kugula inshuwalansi (FLT:]. [2]

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Ntchito

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) idakali chitsanzo choyambirira cha lamulo la boma lolamulira kutetezera ufulu wa boma. Khoti linanena kuti kugaŵidwa kwa mafuko m'masukulu a boma kunaswa ufulu wa 144t Leadertions Confictive Production Clause. Chigamulochi chinayambitsa kutsutsa kwakukulu m'maiko ena akummwera, kutsogolera kuloŵerera kowonjezereka kwa boma, kuphatikizapo Chiletso cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha 1964 ndi Chiletso cha Zoyenera za ufulu wa anthu cha 1965. Lerolino, akunena kuti alinso pa likulu la nkhani za ufulu wosankha. Malamulo okhudza kuvoti, kuvota, kuvota, ndi kufiira, ndipo kuswa kwa boma, makamaka kudzera m'Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ndi makho, zingatoke ngati zikana kusiyanitsa chigamulo cha ufulu wa mu 1965 kapena kugawa. [Malamulo owonjezera a Chigamu:]

Lamulo la Zaumoyo

Kusamalira thanzi ndi vuto lalikulu. Act ya 2010 Afford Care Care Act (ACA) adapanga dongosolo lalikulu la boma la inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, koma anadalira kwambiri pa mgwirizano wa boma. Lamulo loperekedwa kaamba ka kufutukuka kwa Medicaid, programu ya boma ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ya anthu otsika. NFIB. Sebelius[FLT], Supreme Court inalamulira kuti boma silingaike ndalama zonse zimene zilipo ku Mediad kuchokera ku maiko amene amakana kuwonjezera programu. Izi zinapereka chosankha chosankha bwino cha kuwonjezera ntchito. Kukhazikitsa, njira yowonjezera, kuwonjezera, malamulo a za za za za za kukonzanso, za za za zaumoyo, ndi kuwonjezera, kuyendetsa makampani a zamankhwala, ndi kuchirikiza makampani a zamankhwala.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo: Kukangana Kokhalitsa

Mwinamwake nkhondo yowoneka kwambiri yapanthaŵiyo ndi ya mbanje. Kuyambira m'ma 1970, lamulo la boma lagamula kuti chamba ndi Sedynal I , kuletsa kutulutsa kwake, kugaŵira, ndi kukhala kwake kosaloledwa. Komabe, pa 2023, maboma oposa 20 alola chamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwanthaŵi ino, ndipo ambiri amalola zamankhwala. Zimenezi zimayambitsa nkhondo yachindunji. Pamene kuli kwakuti Dipatimenti ya Zachilungamo ya posachedwapa pansi pa maulamuliro yalephera kuletsa ntchito yawo. Mkhalidwe umenewu umaonetsabe malire opindulitsa a boma pamene maboma akusankha kutsutsa, ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Cole Mee ndi otsatapo lamulo la lamulo lochirikiza lamulolo. Mabungwe a boma salephera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosungira ndalama. [Folmakenti:]

Nkhani za Pambuyo Pake Zakutidwa ndi Federal Direas Today

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kusintha kwa Malo Ozungulira

Malamulo a malo okhala akutsutsidwa kwambiri. Bungwe loona za malo okhala lokhazikitsa malamulo monga Ceake Air Act. Mayiko ali ndi udindo wogwiritsa ntchito malamulo ambiri mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira za boma. Komabe, monga California ali ndi ulamuliro wapadera pansi pa Ceac Air Act kukhazikitsa miyezo yamphamvu yotulutsa galimoto, mphamvu imene boma lakhazikitsa. Pamene boma libweza malamulo a malo okhala (m’jere, pa mphamvu ya magetsi kapena kuyendetsa galimoto), kaŵirikaŵiri imatsekereza kapena kutsatira malamulo awo aukali. Motsutsana ndi zimenezi, pamene boma likhazikitsa malamulo achiwawa a boma, limapangitsa ntchito yaikulu ya mafuta kubwerera m'dziko imene imapeza kuti makampani apeze chitokoso.

Kusamukira kudziko lina: Kulimbana kwa Mfumu

Kusintha kuli mbali ya ulamuliro wa boma wokha, koma machitidwe a boma ndi a kumaloko nthaŵi zonse amayambitsa mikangano. Maboma akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kusamuka kosakhala kwa lamulo, monga ngati kufuna kusungitsa boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko kuyang'anira malo osamukira (m., SB 1070, mbali zake zimene zinakantha ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] ndi kutsutsana ndi boma. Kulimbanako kumakhala kudakalipobe.

Thanzi la Onse ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maboma anali ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo a pa nyumba, malamulo a democracy, ndi malamulo a malonda. Zimenezi zinatsogoleranso ku kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malamulo pa ukulu wa mphamvu za kazembe za kazembe ndi ngati malamulo a zaumoyo angachotse chitsogozo cha boma kapena zoyenera zalamulo. Mliri inalimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti masinthidwe a demokrase , komanso kulephera kuyankha kwa dziko lonse ku vuto la dziko lonselo.

Kukambitsirana Kokhalitsa

Kulinganiza kwa maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma sikuli kuŵerengera koikika kwa masamu. Ndiko moyo, kukambitsirana kumene kumasonyeza mapindu, zosoŵa, ndi zinthu zofunika zandale m'nyengo iliyonse. Kutsutsana za ukapolo ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ku mikangano yamakono ndi malo okhala, mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kulimbana ndi funsolo: ndi mtundu uti wa boma umene uli woyenerera bwino kwambiri kusamalira nkhani inayake? Mkhalidwe wa boma ndi Surmetic Expression ndi Supermacy Claus ndi makhomaketi a magnom, koma mphamvu ya pakati pawo imasintha nthaŵi zonse. Kwa aphunzitsi, ndi nzika, ndi nzika, kuzindikira mphamvu imeneyi si ntchito yamaphunziro chabe. Nkhoswe yaikulu kwambiri. Ili yofunika kwambiri kuti itenge mbali ya ku kudziloŵetsamo mbali yowonjezereka ya ntchito yodzilamulira. Nkhani pakati pa Washington, DC., ndi malikulu akupitiriza kuyendetsa malamulo a dziko la America, kuyendetsa moyo, mfundo zazikulu, zapamwamba, zoŵerenga zapamwamba kwambiri, za m'Genest Coust. [F]