Kusagwirizana Kokhalitsa Pakati pa Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi Waukulu

United States anakhazikitsidwa pa kuyesa kovuta: boma la dziko lokhala ndi mphamvu zochepera, zoŵerengedwa, zolinganizika motsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa maboma. Pambuyo pa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, kugaŵana mphamvu kumeneku kudakali mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa Amereka, kukonza zonse kuchokera ku malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu ku maphunziro a sukulu ndi miyezo ya malo okhala. Kumvetsetsa mmene mphamvu za boma ndi maboma zimagwirizanirana siziri kokha njira yamaphunziro yokhayokha yochitira zinthu. Kumayambukira malamulo amene mumatsatira, misonkhoma, ndi ufulu umene mumagwiritsira ntchito. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kokwanira, kuphatikizapo maziko a malamulo alamulo, zikalata zothandiza, ndi nkhondo zopitirizabe zalamulo zimene zikupitirizabe kulongosola malire a Washington, D.C.

Maulamuliro Aakulu: Osalimba, Osagwiritsiridwa Ntchito, ndi Opambanitsa

Malamulo a U.S. amapereka maulamuliro a boma apadera, odziŵika monga mphamvu zokhala ndi mphamvu, makamaka m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko ndi achilendo, ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza magulu ankhondo, kukhazikitsa mamaofesi a positi, ndi kupatsa mphamvu zoikizira ndi zolumbiro. Malamulo alinso ndi [FLT:] Nacesary ndi Secreacy , zimene zimalola Nyumba za malamulo onse "ofunika ndi oyenera" kukhazikitsa maulamuliro ake amene afotokozedwa kukhala ndi maulamuliro [FLT:] amene afotokozedwa mofala kuti apange [FFFF:] mphamvu [FFF]

Kuwonjezerapo, lamulo lachifatse linayesedwa poyambirira ndi . Maryland . (Atucle VI]) imatsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko, kutanthauza kuti pamene boma ndi boma lisemphana malamulo, lamulo la boma limakhala lofala. Lamulo limeneli linayesedwa kuyambira Mcloch v. Maryland [18] [19], pamene Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti silingakhoze kukhoma banki ya boma, kutsimikizira kuti mabungwe adziko ali otetezedwa kuloŵerera. M'kupita kwa nthaŵi, ukulu wa ulamuliro wakula kwambiri, makamaka kudzera mwa Coontal Claus, umene wagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulungamitsa malamulo a dziko lonse pa ufulu wa anthu kutetezera ufulu wa anthu.

  • Mphamvu za manambala: zondandalitsidwa bwino m'Malamulo (m., kubwereka ndalama, kuyang'anira malonda a maiko).
  • Mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito: Zochokera ku Claus Wofunika ndi Woyenerera (m’chitsanzo, kulenga banki ya dziko, kukhazikitsa Federal Reserve).
  • Kupatula: [[FL:1] lamulo la Federal limaswa lamulo la boma pamene pali mkangano wachindunji.

Maulamuliro a Boma: Osungidwa ndi Lamulo la Khumi la M’mbuyomu

Mpambo wa Chingelezi [[FLT: 1] umatumikira monga maziko a malamulo a ulamuliro wa boma: "Maulamuliro amene sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Chikalatachi chimapatsa mphamvu za mphamvu [[FLT:] za boma kutetezera thanzi, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa onse wa nzika zawo. Maphunziro, lamulo la kumaloko, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a ukwati, ndi kumanga mabizinesi ali pakati pa madera ambiri kumene maboma amalamulira.

Maulamuliro a boma ali ndi malire, ngakhale kuli tero. Malamulo amaletsa kuloŵa m'mapangano, kuumba ndalama, kusokoneza mapangano, ndi, kupyolera mwa 14th Amendmentivement’s Clauss (Mchitidwe wa Kutha kwa Malamulo ndi Kutetezera kwa Mkhalidwe wa 14nei, kusaswa zoyenera zamaziko. Kuwonjezerapo, Nyumba za Malamulo zingachotsedwe m'madera kumene lamulo la boma limakhala ndi mbali zake. Mosasamala kanthu za malamulowa, maboma ali ndi kulolera kokulirapo kuyesa malamulo . . . .

  • Kuphunzitsa ana sukulu za boma ndi maphunziro apamwamba.
  • Anasankha anthu kuti azichita zisankho (ndi malamulo a boma).
  • Kukhazikitsa ndi kuyang’anira maboma a m’maderawo (maiko, mizinda, ndi malo omanga.)
  • Kuyang’anira malonda a m’dziko ndi kukonza malo osungirako zinthu.
  • Kusamalira thanzi la anthu onse ndi chisungiko (maboma, moto, ukhondo, zipatala).

Mphamvu Zamakono: Kumene Boma ndi Maboma Zikutha

Maulamuliro ena amagwiritsiridwa ntchito panthaŵi imodzi ndi milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma. Maulamuliro anthaŵi zonsewa akuphatikizapo kukhoza kwa misonkho ya levy, ndalama zokongola, kupanga ziwiya zapamwamba, kupanga makhoti, ndi kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo. M’kulondola, maulamuliro anthaŵi zonse angatsogolere ku kugwirizana . Mwachitsanzo, onse aŵiri maboma a boma ndi boma amakhoma msonkho, koma kugwirizana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi a msonkho kungayambitse katundu wovomerezeka ndipo nthaŵi zina kutsutsana ndi ndalama zokwezedwa ndi ngongole.

Mphamvu ina yaikulu ya kugwirizanitsa ndiyo malamulo a mabanki. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limakhazikitsa mabanki a dziko ndi kuwayang'anira kupyolera mwa Office ya Comptroller of the Lage, limapereka malamulo ndi kuyang'anira mabanki a boma. Dongosolo la banki laŵiri lakhala lopitirizabe kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi, kulola mabungwe a zachuma kusankha maulamuliro awo aakulu. Mofananamo, milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma imagwira ntchito m'makhoti, ndi makhoti ambiri a boma osamalira milandu ndi makhoti alamulo, milandu ya boma, ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana.

  • Kukhoma msonkho (ndalama, kampani, malonda, katundu).
  • Kumanga misewu, milatho, ndi njira zoyendetsera sitima.
  • Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makhoti ang’onoang’ono (makhoti ndi mapulogalamu).
  • Kulemba ndi kutsogolera mabanki ndi maukwati a ngongole.
  • Kulamula malamulo aupandu ndi kusunga bata la anthu.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Dziko za Federal vs. Mphamvu za Boma Zogwira Ntchito

Pansipa pali mbali zingapo zimene kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro kwatsutsidwa mwamphamvu, kusonyeza zotulukapo zothandiza kwa nzika.

Lamulo la Zaumoyo: ACA ndi Boma Kukwaniritsa

Act [Afford Care Act (ACA]) ya 2010 imaimira chimodzi cha ziwonjezeko zazikulu za boma za umoyo, zikumafuna pafupifupi Aamereka onse kukhala ndi inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ndi kukhazikitsa misika yoperekera. Komabe, chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu National Federation of Independent Business . Sebelius (202] mphamvu yochepetsedwa mwa kupanga Medicaid kufalikira kwa matanthauzo a zinthu. Monga chotulukapo, ntchito yokambirana iripo: maiko ena owonjezereka, ena sanatero, ndi ena osalandiridwa pambuyo pa kutsutsa koyamba. Malaninso mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito inshuwansipo, kulongosola malamulo ena a kuwonjezera zinthu za ku DOC, ndi kuyendetsa masinthidwe a Inishuwa, ndi kudutsa m'dziko lina.

Maphunziro: Palibe Mwana Wotsala Kumbuyo Kukafika ku ESA

Maphunziro akhala malamulo a boma ndi a kumaloko, koma malamulo a boma monga Wophunzira Aliyense Ayenera kulandira Theodore It Reduects Act (ESA). (20: 15) Akhazikitsa miyezo ya zochita, kuyesa ziyeneretso, ndi mikhalidwe ya ndalama. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amalamulirabe maphunziro, mapepala a aphunzitsi, ndi magawo a sukulu, ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma kuti alandire Theograph I pasukulu zotsika. Kulinganizako kwasintha kwa nthaŵi: Mwana Woyamba Lend Bay Act kukhazikitsa thayo lalamulo lalamulo la boma, pamene ESA akubwereranso kulongosola, kuwalola kulinganiza njira zawo zoŵerengera ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Mosasamala kanthu za nkhondoyi, kupitiriza nkhondo yonga ngati kuyesa, kukhazikitsa maphunziro, ndi udindo wa bungwe la za za za bungwe la zamaphunziro.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe: Kukonzanso EPA ndi Boma

Entry Protection Agency (EFLT: 1] imaika mpweya ndi madzi a dziko pansi pa malamulo onga ngati Clean Air Act ndi Clean Water Act . Komabe, maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kukakamiza miyezo imeneyo ndi kutengera malamulo. Chitsanzo chachikulu koposa ndicho California, chimene pansi pa Dieao - Air Act chingapemphe oikapo miyezo yakeyake ya galimoto [1] kukhazikitsa miyezo yamphamvu yoposa zifuno za boma ndipo chatengedwa ndi maulamuliro ena khumi ndi asanu. Chikalatachi cha boma chinakhala malo oonekera mkati mkati mwa dongosolo la Trump, chimene chimachotsaponso cha ku Birn, kubwezeretsako maulamuliro ake. Mapangano a kukonzanso za malo a Biden.

Kuloledwa Kwalamulo: Kukangana kwa Malamulo a Boma ndi Aunyinji

Nkhani zochepa zimagogomezera mkangano pakati pa maulamuliro a boma ndi boma mofanana ndi lamulo la chamba. Boma la boma limaika chida cha cannabis monga chuma cha Shedynage I, kupanga chuma, kulima, ndi kugaŵira mopanda lamulo pansi pa Chikalata cha Substances Act. Komabe, kuyambira 2025, maboma 40 alola chamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, ndipo oposa 20 aletsanso chilolezo chachilolezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosangala. Chipani chakhazikitsa lamulo la kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zothandizira kusokoneza ntchito zachanga. Komabe, boma lachepetsabe kulowa m'makampani [FL: 0] Rhohbachter-Moverer- Ambercendingment , (FLT.1] [A.Proublences , ndi wotsatira woyendetsa ndege wa polisiyo) adalephera kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zachanga ndi kuletsa kuyendetsa makampani. Komabe, ngakhale mabizinerome, mabizinenti a kukhazikitsa lamulo ogwirizana ogwirizana ogwirizana ogwirizana kwambiri, ogwirizana opanga lamulo, omwe apanganso.

Kukakamizidwa Kusamuka: Kulandidwa Ukapolo ndi Boma

Kusuntha kuli mbali ya ulamuliro wa boma wokha, koma maboma ayesa mowonjezereka kusonkhezera malamulo. Malamulo onga ngati Arizona's SB 1070 [$FLT:1] (2010)) anafunafuna kupatsa apolisi akomweko mphamvu kuti apereke malamulo a boma, koma mbali zazikulu zinagwetsedwa ndi Supreme Court [FLD:2] mu [FULT:] malamulo oletsa. United States[FLT] (202] pa malo opulumukirako. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mawu ali ndi njira yaikulu yoperekera mapindu, monga momwe mu boma lakumbuyomu ya kuchotsa ophunzira (DREAM Active) ndi kukhazikitsa layisensi, kumene malamulo a boma agwirizana ndi boma, ndi kuyendetsa milandu ya boma.

Maboma Othandiza Anthu Kupeza Thanzi: Covid-19 Pandemic

Kuyankha ku mliri wa Covid , kunachitira chitsanzo ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi zitokoso za boma. Pamene boma la boma linapereka chitsogozo, akatemera ovomerezedwa, ndi kugawiridwa ndi ndalama kupyolera mwa CDC ndi HHS [1], maboma anali ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malo otsekera, zotsekera za sukulu, ndi kugaŵira katemera. Zotulukapo zinali zogaŵa za katemera: maboma ena (monga California ndi New York) adaika malire aakulu, pamene ena (monga Florida ndi South Dakota) adalandira ziletso zazing'ono. Malangizo a maofreal, monga Occational Secuption and Administrations a zamwalationssss, zinatsutsidwa m’khoti ndipo zinakanthiridwa. Mliri waumboni yothandiza kwambiri ya dziko lonselo. Komanso kuyankha bwino kwa ofufuza zaumoyo.

Ntchito ya Khoti Lalikulu mu Kusintha Maboma

Khoti Lalikulu la United States lakhala lotsogolera kwambiri pa mikangano ya boma, likumapereka malamulo osintha zinthu amene amachepetsa mphamvu. Zaka mazana aŵiri za juriprugalamu zakhala zogwirizana pakati pa kukhazikika kwa dziko ndi kuchotsa chisinthiko.

  • McCulloch v Maryland (1819): [[FLT :1] yokhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi chiphunzitso cha mphamvu zotchulidwa, kuletsa maboma kulipira mabungwe a boma.
  • Gibbons v Ogden (1824): Anapereka kumasulira kokulira kwa Commerce Claus, kulola Congress kuyang'anira malaisensi a sitima zapamadzi ndi kukhazikitsa poyambira kaamba ka malamulo a boma a zachuma amtsogolo.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995): Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka makumi ambiri, Bwalo lamilandu linaika mphamvu za boma pansi pa Commerce Claus, kugwetsa Chikalata cha Gun-Free School Counter Act monga ulamuliro wapamwamba kwambiri wa bungwe.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): Kuchirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense la ACA monga msonkho, koma kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma ya kukhazikitsa ndalama za Medicaid pa kufutukuka kwa boma. Nkhaniyi inalimbitsa kuti boma lisunga chosankha chatanthauzo m'kugawanamo pulogalamu.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ananena kuti Kusintha kwa 14 kumafuna kuti anthu avomereze maukwati aukazi amodzi, kupambana malamulo a ukwati a boma. Chosankhachi chinasonyeza mmene ufulu walamulo ungachotsere ufulu wa boma.
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (202): Kulamulira Roe v. Wade ndi kuvomereza kuti Malamulo samapatsa kuchotsa mimba, kubwezera nkhaniyo ku maboma. Chosankha chochititsa chidwi chimenechi chinasintha kwambiri mphamvu kukhazikitsa malamulo, kutsogolera ku ku kgubuduza kofulumira m'malamulo a boma.

Milandu imeneyi imagogomezera kuti malire pakati pa mphamvu ya boma ndi ya boma sali okhazikika. mbadwo uliwonse umatsutsana za ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa dziko, ndipo kupangidwa kwa Khoti kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhudza zotulukapo zake.

Mafunsidwe Othandiza a Nzika ndi Opanga Malamulo

Kulinganiza kwa dziko kwa boma kuli ndi zotsatira zenizeni. Kwa anthu, kumatanthauza kuti ufulu ndi mapindu zingasiyane kwambiri malinga ndi kumene mumakhala. Maphunziro a ophunzira pasukulu ya sekondale, malipiro ochepa a wantchito, kukhoza kwa wodwala kugwiritsa ntchito foni, ndi kulola kwa mwini mfuti kumapangidwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi boma. Mabizinesi ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo osiyanasiyana a boma ngakhale pamene kuli malamulo a boma, makamaka m’madera monga ngati kugonjera kwa malo ndi miyezo ya ntchito.

Kwa opanga malamulo a boma ndi a kumaloko, kuzindikira malire a ulamuliro wawo nkofunika. Ayenera kusankha nthaŵi yochitira zinthu modziimira, nthaŵi yopempha ozemba a boma, ndi nthaŵi yotsutsa kuchenjerera kwa boma m’khoti. Chiphunzitso cha kumasula [1] zobbiri chaza ndi kusanthula kosamalitsa. Maboma ambiri tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito maloya wamba osumikidwa mwachindunji pa mfundo za boma.

Kumaliza: Unansi wa Chigawo cha Dzikoli

Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma suli wokha wokha wokha koma kukambitsirana kopitirizabe , kofotokozedwa ndi makhoti, ndi kusinthidwa ndi masinthidwe andale ndi a chikhalidwe. Pamene mavuto atsopano ayamba (kuchokera ku malamulo opanga machenjera ndi kusintha kwa nyengo) mphamvu imeneyi idzapitirizabe kusanduka. Kumvetsetsa maulamuliro a boma ndi maulamuliro nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kudziŵa mmene zosankha zimachitikira m'boma la America, ndipo chifukwa chake vuto limodzimodzilo lingasamaliridwe mosiyana kwambiri m'mayiko oyandikana nalo. Maboma a democracyism amakhalabe otsegula, ndipo makambitsirano a ulamuliro woyenera akufunika lerolino monga momwe zinalili pa kupezedwa.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani Malamulo a U.S. mfundo yolembedwa , bwerezani khoti la SS malingaliro a boma , kapena fufuzani zikalata za maziko a [FLT] National Archives . Kumvetsa kwambiri za boma kumapindulitsa anthu ndi kupatsa nzika za pulogalamu kukhala ndi phande m'zopanga.