Kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma sikuli chabe lingaliro lakuyerekezera kuchokera ku bukhu la boma . kuli kamangidwe ka moyo, kapenyedwe ka ulamuliro wa Amereka. Tsiku lililonse, kuchokera m’makalasi kumene ophunzira amaphunzira za misewu imene amayenda ndi malamulo amene amawatetezera, kugaŵana ulamuliro kosonyezedwa m'maudindo a U.S. Malamulo amaumba mtundu. Aphunzitsi ofunafuna kukonzekeretsa ophunzira ndi kuzindikira mozama mmene dziko lawo limagwirira ntchito, ndi mmene ophunzirawo amagwirira ntchito, kumvetsetsa unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma ofunika. Nkhani ino ikupenda mmene malamulo a mpangidwe a malamulowo amasinthira mtunduwo kupyolera m’mbiri ndi malamulo a milandu, ndi kupenda mmene dziko lenileni la maphunziro ndi moyo wa anthu.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mafuko

Opanga malamulowo anayang'anizana ndi chitokoso chachikulu: mmene angapangire boma lamphamvu lokhoza kugwirizanitsa pamodzi pamene akusunga ufulu wa maboma. Njira imene anaipanga inali ya ulamuliro wa boma . .Imene inachititsa mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa ulamuliro waukulu ndi magulu andale. Mmalo mwa kupereka mphamvu zonse ku mlingo umodzi, Lamulolo limapatsa mwadala ulamuliro, limapanga kulinganizika kwamphamvu kumene kwayesedwa ndi kuyeretsedwa kwa zaka mazana aŵiri.

Magaŵano ameneŵa si ongofuna ayi. Amasonyeza kusadalira kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya anthu ndi chikhulupiriro chawo chakuti boma lapafupi kwambiri ndi anthu limachitapo kanthu pa zosoŵa zawo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, iwo anazindikira kufunika kwa boma la dziko lokhoza kuyankha nkhani zimene zimadutsa mizera ya boma . "Dimense, malonda, ndi mayanjano a kutetezera ufulu wa anthu kwa boma lothekera kuchenjeredwa.

Maulamuliro Okhala ndi Mphamvu: Ulamuliro wa Boma la Federal

Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 cha Konsichushoni ndilo magwero aakulu a ulamuliro wa boma. Imandandalika mphamvu zakutizakuti zoperekedwa ku Congress, zodziŵika monga mphamvu zoŵerengedwa kapena zopatsidwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

  • Levy ndi kusonkhanitsa misonkho, ntchito, mapost, ndi zopereka
  • Malonda a m’mayiko ena
  • Lankhulani nkhondo ndi kupereka makalata a chiwembu ndi obwezera
  • Ndalama za nsimbi ndi kuyendetsa phindu lake
  • Pangani maofesi a positi ofesi ndi misewu
  • Mutukula magulu ankhondo ndi kuchirikiza gulu lankhondo la pamadzi
  • Limbikitsani ochirikiza ankhondo kuswa malamulo, kupondereza zigaŵenga, ndi kuchotsa ziukiro

Maulamuliro ameneŵa amagwirizanitsidwa ndi Malamulo Ofunikira ndi Oyenerera a Claus, amene amapereka ulamuliro wa Congress kupanga malamulo onse "ofunika ndi oyenera" kukwaniritsa mathayo ake otchulidwa. Mawuwa, opezeka kumapeto kwa Mfundo I, Game 8, akhala maziko a kukula kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa boma pa nthaŵi yake, makamaka pamene dziko lakula ndipo chuma chakhala chogwirizana mowonjezereka.

Konsichushoni imakhazikitsanso ukulu wa lamulo la boma kupyolera mwa Supremacy Claus mu Mfundo VI. Mawuwa amalengeza kuti Konsichushoni, malamulo a boma opangidwa kwa iyo, ndipo mapangano ali "lamulo loposa la dziko," amamangirira oweruza ndi akuluakulu onse m'boma lirilonse. Pamene lamulo la boma litsutsana ndi lamulo la boma, lamulo la boma limakhala ndi thauzo lomwe lakhala la maziko a milandu ya makhoti aakulu koposa.

Mphamvu Zotsala: Tanthauzo la Maboma

Mpando wa Khumi, umene unavomerezedwa kukhala mbali ya Bill of Rights mu 1791, umapereka maziko a lamulo a ulamuliro wa boma. Ilo limati: “Maulamuliro amene sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kumavumbula zimene opanga mafomuwo adatanthauza: Boma la bomalo lili ndi mphamvu zokha zimene linapatsidwa, pamene kuli kwakuti mabomawo ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zosaperekedwa ku boma la dziko lonselo.

Maulamuliro okhazikika ameneŵa amaphatikizapo ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimene zimayambukira miyoyo yatsiku ndi tsiku ya Aamereka:

  • Kulangiza za maphunziro ndi kukhazikitsa madongosolo a sukulu
  • Kuyang’anira malamulo a boma ndiponso kuteteza anthu
  • Kuyendetsa ndi kuyendetsa masankho
  • Kukhazikitsa maboma ndi zikalata za malamulo
  • Kuyang’anira malonda ndi mabizinesi a m’mayiko ena
  • Akatswiri odziŵa kugulitsa (madokotala, maloya, aphunzitsi, ndi zina zotero).
  • Kuona mopambanitsa malamulo a ukwati ndi chisudzulo
  • Kuyang’anira malo ndi malamulo a katundu

Maulamuliro osungidwa olola maboma kugwira ntchito monga malabola aakulu a demokrase . Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo osonyeza mapindu ndi zosoŵa za nzika zawo. Maboma amasiyana kwambiri m’njira zawo za kukhoma msonkho, kuchirikiza maphunziro, malamulo a zaumoyo, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu, makamaka chifukwa chakuti Lamulolo limawapatsa kulolera kuchita tero.

Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo: Mathayo Ogawana

Kuwonjezera pa maulamuliro a boma kapena maboma okha, pali mphamvu zimene zimagwirizana pa nthawi imodzi. Mathayo onsewa amafunika kugwirizana ndipo angathandize kuti anthu azigwirizana. Maulamulirowa amagwirizana.

  • Kukhoma misonkho ndi kukweza ndalama
  • Kumanga ndi kukonza zinthu zofunikira, kuphatikizapo misewu ndi milatho
  • Kukhazikitsa ndi kuyendetsa makhoti ndi madongosolo a milandu
  • Kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kusunga bata
  • Kubwereka ndalama
  • Kulemba mabanki ndi makampani
  • Kusamalira thanzi la anthu onse ndi moyo wabwino

Maulamuliro a nthaŵi imodzi amasonyeza kuti undale sindiwo seŵero la zero. Maboma onse aŵiri a dziko ndi maboma angachite m'mbali imodzi ya lamulo, ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma lidzakhala lapamwamba kwambiri ngati pali mkangano. Udindo umenewu walola njira zokhalira ndi mavuto ovuta, monga ngati chitetezo cha malo okhala, kumene boma la boma limakhazikitsa miyezo ya maziko amodzi ndi maboma akupereka malamulo owonjezereka ngati asankha.

Chisinthiko cha Federal - State Relations

Unansi pakati pa boma ndi mabomawo wasintha kwambiri pa mbiri ya Amereka, kusonyeza kusintha kwa chuma, chitaganya, ndi nthanthi ya ndale zadziko.

Dual Federalism: Magazi a Cake Model (1789-1930)

Kwa zaka zambiri zoyambirira za dzikolo, maufumu aŵiri a boma analamulira. Pansi pa chitsanzo chimenechi, kaŵirikaŵiri poyerekezera ndi keke ya ulusi, maboma a boma ndi boma omwe amagwira ntchito mosiyana, mabungwe osiyanasiyana ndi ogwirizana pang'ono. Boma la boma linasumika maganizo pa maulamuliro ake otchulidwa bwino , chitetezo cha dziko lonse, nkhani zachilendo, malonda a mayiko a mayiko, ndi ntchito yapositi ofesi, kuphatikizapo maphunziro, malamulo, ndi malamulo a malonda ndi katundu.

Khoti Lalikulu linkakhazikitsa malire okhwima pakati pa milingo iŵiri. M'milandu yonga ngati United States v. E.C. Co. Knight (1995], khoti linachepetsa mphamvu ya boma pansi pa Commerce Claus, kugamula kuti kukonza kunali ntchito ya kumaloko yosalamulidwa ndi boma. Nthaŵi imeneyi inaona kuti boma likhoza kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhani zachuma ndi za anthu.

Kugwirizana: Marble Cake Model (1930s-1970s)

Great Depression and Prezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal formism . Pamene mavuto a zachuma anakula kwambiri m'zachuma, boma la boma linachita mbali yaikulu kwambiri m'malamulo a m'banja. Makonzedwe atsopanowa, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa kuti mgwirizano wa boma kapena "keke yogwirizana" ndi boma, anasokoneza malire a udindo wa boma ndi boma.

Pansi pa mgwirizano wa boma, boma la boma linapereka ndalama ndi kukhazikitsa zitsogozo zazikulu kaamba ka maprogramu, pamene maboma anazipereka pansi. Maprogramu a Grant-in-aid anachuluka, ndi ndalama za boma zotsatiridwa ku maboma kaamba ka dongosolo la zinthu, maphunziro, ubwino, ndi thanzi la anthu. Boma la bomalo linafutukulanso kufalikira kwake mwa kumasulira kopatsirapo kwa Commerce Claus, kochirikizidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba m'nkhani zonga NLB v. Jones & Lauglin State Corp. [[FL:1] [197]

New Federalism ndi D evolution (1970s\Presente)

Kuyambira m'ma 1970 ndi kufulumirira pansi pa Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ndi Ronald Reagan, gulu lodziŵika monga New Federalism linafuna kubwezera mphamvu ndi thayo ku maboma. Ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti boma la boma lakhala lokhazikika ndi kuti maboma anali ndi malo abwino osamalira zosoŵa za kumaloko. Nyengo ino inawona kuyambitsidwa kwa mapempho, kumene kunapangitsa kusintha kowonjezereka m'kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma, ndi kusinthika kwa maprogramu onga kusintha ubwino wa chipambano kupyolera mu Unistry ndi Work Reconvective Act of 1996.

Khoti Lapamwamba lachitanso mbali m'kusintha kumeneku, kupereka zigamulo zimene zimachepetsa mphamvu ya boma ndi kutetezera ulamuliro wa boma. Milandu yonga United States v. Lopez (1995] ndi Printz v. United States (1997) adaswa malamulo a boma pa maziko akuti anapitirira ulamuliro wa Congress pansi pa Commerce Claus ndi kuswa malamulo a boma la chigwirizano.

Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapansi Yotsutsa Chipani cha Maboma

Khoti Lalikulu la United States lakhala lotsogolera pa mikangano ya boma, lolongosola masinthidwe a boma kupyolera m’zigamulo zapadera zimene zikupitirizabe kulinganiza kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Kukhazikitsa Federal Supremacy

Imodzi ya nkhani zofunika kwambiri m'lamulo lachimereka la America, Mcloch v. Maryland adayankha mafunso aŵiri ofunika: kaya ngati Msonkhano unali ndi ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa banki ya dziko, ndi kaya boma lingakhoze kukhoma chigwirizano cha boma. Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall, kulemba pa khoti la onse, anayankha m’njira zonse ziŵiri zimene zinalimbitsa mphamvu ya boma.

Choyamba, Marshall anakhulupirira kuti Kufunikira ndi Kuyenera kwa Claus anapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo nzeru yaikulu yosankha njira yokwaniritsira mphamvu zake zoŵerengedwa, ngakhale ngati njirazo sizinandandalitsidwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo. Chachiŵiri, iye analamulira kuti Suprematy Claus analetsa maboma kuchokera ku mabungwe a boma okhometsa msonkho, akulengeza motchuka kuti "mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho imaloŵetsamo mphamvu ya kuwononga. Nkhaniyi inakhazikitsa lamulo la ulamuliro wa boma ndi kumasulira ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa Malamulo. Kuŵerenga nkhani yonse ya mlandu pa Oyez. [FL:1]

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Kufutukula Commerce Claus

Mu Gibbons v. Ogden , Bwalo lamilandu linafutukulanso mphamvu ya boma, nthaŵi ino kupyolera mwa Commerce Clause . Mlandu unaphatikizapo mkangano wa ufulu wa sitima zapamadzi mu New York. New York inalola kugamula kwa kazembe, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo inakhazikitsa zotengera zopinga za lamulo zoloŵetsedwa m'malonda a kugombe. Khoti, lotsogozedwanso ndi Marshall, linalamula kuti lamulo la boma likhale pansi pa Supremacy Claus.

Chofunika kwambiri, Marshall analongosola "kusinthana" mokulira kuphatikiza osati chabe kupatsana katundu komanso mitundu yonse ya malonda, kuphatikizapo ulendo wa panyanja. Iye adakhulupiriranso kuti mphamvu ya Congress yolamulira malonda a m'madera osiyanasiyana ofutukula malonda alionse amene anadutsa mizera ya boma . Kapena ngakhale ngakhale dziko limodzi. Kumasulira kumeneku kwakukulu kunayala maziko a boma kaamba ka malamulo a zachuma amtsogolo. Kuŵerenga mwachidule nkhani yonse pa Oyez.

United States motsutsana ndi Lopez (1995): Reining mu Federal Power

Kwa mbali yaikulu ya zaka za zana la 20, Bwalo lamilandu linachirikiza pafupifupi lamulo la boma lililonse loikidwa pa Commerce Claus . Linasintha mu United States v. Lopez , kumene Bwalo linagonjetsa lamulo la Gun-Free School Zoons Act la 1990, limene linachipanga kukhala mlandu wa boma kukhala ndi mfuti m'chigawo cha sukulu. Boma linatsutsa kuti kukhala ndi mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu kunayambukira malonda a boma kupyolera mwa chiyambukiro chake pa maphunziro ndi chuma.

Khotilo, m'chigamulo 5-4, linakana malingaliro ameneŵa. Woweruza Wamkulu William Rehnquist analemba kuti lamulo linali ndi "silili kanthu kalikonse pa zamalonda kapena zachuma zamtundu uliwonse" ndi kuti kuti kulichirikiza "kusintha ulamuliro wa gulu pansi pa Commerce Claus ku mphamvu ya apolisi. [[FLT:] Khoti] Linalemba chizindikiro nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi kuti Khoti linagwetsa lamulo la boma la ulamuliro wa Claus Claus, kusonyeza kudzipereka kotsopano kwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma. Kuŵerenga nkhani yonse pa Oyz. [FLT.]

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): ACA ndi Federal Power

Nkhani ya boma yapadera kwambiri ya zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba kufikira pano, NFIB v. Sebelius [1] anayesa kuchuluka kwa malamulo a Affordible Care Act (ACA). Khoti linayang'anizana ndi mafunso aŵiri ofunika: kaya ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ingafune anthu kugula inshuwalansi ya thanzi pansi pa Commerce Claus, ndi kaya kuwonjezereka kwa Medicaid kunali kololedwa ndi boma kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kugula zinthu.

Woweruza wamkulu John Roberts, polemba kaamba ka Bwalo losweka, anatsutsa kuti lamulo la munthuwe silingalungamitse mu Commerce Claus, popeza linalamulira kusagwira ntchito . Chigamulo cha kusagula inshuwalansi /kuposa ntchito yamalonda yomwe inalipo. Komabe, Khoti linachirikiza lamulolo monga lamulo lovomerezeka la kulipira msonkho wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, popeza kuti linachita monga chilango cha msonkho kwa awo amene sanakhoze kuimbidwa.

Pa nkhani ya Medicaid, Bwalo linagamula kuti makonzedwe a ACA owopseza kuchotsa ndalama zonse za Medicaid zomwe zinalipo kuchokera ku maboma omwe anakana kufutukula programuyo anali ogwirizana ndi kuswa malamulo a boma. Maboma ayenera kupatsidwa chosankha chenicheni chakuti kaya avomereze kufutukuka. Chigamulochi chinasonyeza malire aakulu pa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma, kutsimikizira lingaliro lakuti boma silingagwiritsire ntchito ndalama zoikika kuti liumirize maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Kuŵerenga nkhani yonse ya mlandu pa Oyez. [FL:1]

printz v. United States (1997): Kuteteza Boma la Boma

Mu Shicilelaz v. United States, Bwalo linagonjetsa makonzedwe a Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act yomwe inafuna boma ndi akuluakulu a boma a boma kuti apereke mayeso a kumbuyo kwa ogula mfuti zapamanja. Khotilo linanena kuti akuluakulu a boma sakanatha kulamula kuti apereke maprogramu a boma othandizira kukhazikitsa boma. Lamulo limeneli limateteza boma mwa kuletsa boma kugwiritsira ntchito akuluakulu a boma monga ziŵiya za boma. Mlandulo imalimbitsa chitetezo cha boma loikidwa m'chilamulo.

Ntchito ya Magulu Ogwirizana: Lamulo la Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi limodzi la mabwalo ooneka kwambiri mmene boma limagwirira ntchito. Lamulolo silimatchula za maphunziro, chotero pansi pa Tenth Amendment, limakhala m’maulamuliro a boma osungidwa. Komabe boma limachita mbali yaikulu, kuyambitsa mgwirizano wocholoŵana umene umayambukira mwachindunji ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi masukulu.

Mbali ya Gulu la Maphunziro

Ngakhale kuti kulibe lamulo lalamulo lokhudza kuloŵerera kwa boma pa maphunziro, boma la dzikolo lakhala loloŵetsedwa kwambiri mwa njira ziŵiri zazikulu: kupereka ndalama ndi kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu. Boma la boma limapereka chichirikizo cha ndalama ku maboma ndi zigawo za sukulu kudzera m'maprogramu onga Thet I (a masukulu apamwamba), anthu okhala ndi Chilema cha Education Act (IDEA), ndi maprogramu osiyanasiyana opereka. Maboma ayenera kubwerera, ayenera kugwirizana ndi zofunika za boma, kuphatikizapo kuŵerengera mlandu, kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, ndi kupereka chidziŵitso.

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Boma la boma limakhazikitsanso malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe omwe amatetezera ophunzira ku tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, kugonana, kupunduka, ndi msinkhu. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights imafufuza madandaulo ndi nkhani zotsogolera pa nkhani za kugonana ndi kupezeka kwa ophunzira Chingelezi.

Boma ndi Kulamulira Kwawo

Mayiko ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa maphunziro, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa maphunziro, kuphunzitsa aphunzitsi, kukhazikitsa njira zoperekera ndalama, ndi kukhazikitsa zofunika za kumaliza maphunziro. M’mayiko ena, zambiri zimene zimalamulira tsiku ndi tsiku zimaperekedwa ku zigawo za sukulu zakumaloko, zimene zimayang’anira sukulu, kulipira aphunzitsi, ndi kupanga malamulo a m’dzikolo.

Dongosolo loyenerera limeneli limatulutsa kusiyana kwakukulu. Maboma amasiyana m'kuwononga kwawo ndalama pa mlingo uliwonse (kuyambira pafupifupi $7,000 mu Utah kufikira ku zoposa $200,000 mu New York), miyezo yawo ya maphunziro (monga ngati agwiritsira ntchito Common Core), ndi njira zawo za ku sukulu, kuyesa, ndi kupenda aphunzitsi. Kusintha kumeneku kungatsogolere ku kusiyana kwa maphunziro ndi zotsatira zake m’mizera ya boma, chitokoso chosatha m'kazeze mu malamulo a maphunziro a ku America.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo ndi Kugwirizana m’Magulu a Maphunziro

Kugwirizana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma pa maphunziro kaŵirikaŵiri kumaonekera ndi kusagwirizana. Maboma ena amatsutsa malamulo a boma, akutsutsana kuti amatsutsa ulamuliro wa kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, zoyesayesa za oyang'anira Obama zolimbikitsa maboma kutengera miyezo ya Common Core kupyolera m'kupikisana kumapatsa mawonekedwe a Kumwamba odzutsa kwa aja amene anaiwona kukhala yochenjera. Mofananamo, makambitsirano onena za kugwiritsira ntchito kwa boma kupereka ndalama kuti aike mikhalidwe pa maboma [1] Monga chiyeneretso chimene chimavomereza madongosolo akuti auphunzitsi ofufuza zinthu.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, boma limalola kugwirizana kopindulitsa. Mayiko angaphunzire kwa wina ndi mnzake chipambano ndi kulephera, ndipo boma lingapereke zinthu ndi chithandizo chaluso kuthandiza maboma kuwongolera njira zawo zamaphunziro. Kusintha kokhala m'ESA kumalola maboma kulinganiza madongosolo oŵerengera zinthu zofunika za kumaloko, pamene akukwaniritsabe zofunika za boma kuti aonetse ndi kuoneka bwino.

Kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, chifukwa chakuti ulamuliro wa boma umakhudza zinthu, malamulo, ndi mwayi umene uli m’madera amene akukhala.

Kutsutsana kwa Patsogolo pa Kulimbana kwa Mafuko

Kuchokera pa kusamala zaumoyo kufika pa zamwadzidzidzi, kugawa ulamuliro pakati pa boma ndi maboma kudakali magwero a mkangano ndi kusintha.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu Kosavuta

CHA, yochirikizidwa mu NFIB v. Sebelius [1], idakali poyambira pa mikangano ya boma. Chosankha cholola maboma kusankha ngati angafutukule Medicaid kufutukula ntchito yopitira dziko lonselo. Kuyambira 2025, pafupifupi maboma khumi sanakulitse Médiaid , kusiya achikulire ambiri otsika m’maikowo popanda kukhoza kupeza inshuwalansi ya thanzi yopereŵera. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene mgwirizano wa boma ungapangire mapindu osayenerera kwa anthu onse potengera pa moyo wa munthu.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ikulongosola kuti Medicaid wagwiritsira ntchito kusinthika koperekedwa ndi boma kukhazikitsa maprogramu atsopano ogwirizana ndi nzika zawo. Maboma ena akhazikitsa zofunika za ntchito, pamene kuli kwakuti ena asumika maganizo pa kulankhula ndi oletsa zaumoyo wa anthu. Dongosolo la kusinthana la ACA la ACA lalolanso maboma kuyendetsa misika yawoyawo kapena kutseguka ku pulatifomu ya boma, kuyambitsa mbali ina ya malamulo a boma pankhani ya zaumoyo.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Dongosolo la malo okhala ndi malo ena kumene boma limachita mbali yaikulu. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa miyezo ya malo okhala pansi pa malamulo onga Clean Air ndi Clean Water Act , koma maboma angapereke malamulo okhwima. California, mwachitsanzo, yakhazikitsa miyezo yowonjezereka yotulutsa mpweya wa galimoto, ndipo maboma ena ali ndi chosankha cha kutsatira miyezo ya California pansi pa Discoo Air Act.

Makonzedwe ameneŵa angatsogolere ku mkangano, makamaka pamene maboma atsutsa malamulo a boma kapena pamene boma la boma lifuna kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma. Mkati mwa ulamuliro wa Trump, boma linachotsa ulamuliro wa California kukhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake yotulutsa galimoto, kusamuka kumene pambuyo pake kunasinthidwa ndi oyang'anira Biden. Kusinthaku kumasonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa kupululidwa kwa boma ndi kuyesa kwa boma m'lamulo la malo okhala.

Kuvomerezedwa Mwalamulo ndi Kuyendera Mafuko

Chiwerengero cha chamba chidakali chogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, koma mayiko ambiri alola kuti chikhale chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chosangalatsa, kapena zonse ziŵiri. Kuyambira m’chaka cha 2025, 24 m’mayiko ndi ku chigawo cha Columbia, chakhala chovomerezeka ndi boma kuti anthu azisangalala ndi chamba, ndipo pafupifupi boma lililonse limalola kuti mtundu wina wa chamba chizigwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Zimenezi zimayambitsa mkangano waukulu pakati pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma. Boma la boma lakhala ndi njira yokhayikitsira, kukana kuweruza anthu kapena mabizinesi amene amagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma a chamba, koma kusinthasintha kumayambitsa kusatsimikizirika kwa lamulo ndi mavuto othandiza kwa mabizinesi, mabanki, ndi ogula. Motero khoti Lapamwamba lalephera kuyang'anitsitsa nkhaniyo, likusiya kusathetsa vutolo. Kulimbanaku kukupitirizabe kumasonyeza malire a boma pamene lamulo la boma likhalabe m’mabuku.

Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi ndi Thanzi Lachisawawa

Mliri wa Covid ndi19 unachititsa kuti boma likhale patsogolo pa anthu. Pamene boma linapereka ndalama, malangizo, ndi katemera kudzera ku Warp Speed, mayiko anatsogolera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaumoyo wa anthu monga kutsekera, kulamula, ndi kutsekedwa kwa mahachi a kusukulu. Zotsatira zake zinali zosagwirizana kwambiri, ndipo mayiko anatengera njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera malinga ndi mikhalidwe ya m’deralo, kukambirana zandale, ndi zigamu za milandu.

Federalism inalola maboma kugwirizanitsa mayankhidwe awo ndi mikhalidwe yawo, komanso inatsogolera ku chisokonezo ndi kusinthasintha. Malamulo a panyumba za anamwino, kuchotsa malo oyenera, ndi mapindu a ulova anasiyanasiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku boma ku boma ndi boma. Mliriwo unadzutsanso mafunso onena za malire a boma, kuphatikizapo kaya ngati boma la boma lingapereke chilolezo cha dzikolo kapena ngati chiyeneretso cha katemera chimene chinathetsedwa pomalizira pake ndi kuvomerezana kwa ndale zadziko kosinthasintha.

Chifukwa Chake Kugwirizana Kuli Kofunika kwa Aphunzitsi ndi Ophunzira

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kumvetsa mfundo za boma si nkhani yongophunzira chabe, koma ndi nkhani ya mmene sukulu zimagwirira ntchito, mmene ndalama zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, ndiponso mmene ophunzira amaphunzirira ntchito zawo monga nzika.

Federalism imayambukira maphunziro m’njira zothandiza: ndalama zimene sukulu imalandira, miyezo ya maphunziro imene imatsatira, ndi ziyeso zimene imafunikira kuchitidwa kuchokera ku kugwirizana kwa boma, boma, ndi maiko. Aphunzitsi amene amvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi ali okonzeka bwino kuchirikiza zinthu zofunika, kusintha kwa njira zoyendetsera zinthu, ndi kufotokozera ophunzira chifukwa chake sukulu zimasiyana kwambiri m’dziko ndi boma.

Komanso, mfundo za boma ndi zofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro a boma. Ophunzira ayenera kumvetsa mmene boma lawo limagwirira ntchito, komanso mmene boma lawo ndi maboma a m’deralo amagwirira ntchito.

Mwa kuphunzira milandu yotchuka ya Khoti Lalikulu, kufufuza mfundo za boma za panthaŵi ino, ndi kufufuza malembo alamulo enieniwo, ophunzira amakulitsa maluso osuliza ndi kuzindikira mozama za kuvuta kwa ulamuliro wa demokrase. Amazindikira kuti ulamuliro wa boma si makonzedwe okhazikika koma makambitsirano osatha, ndipo a ku America ndiwo amene ayambapo kukambirana, ndiponso kuti nawonso adzalandira.

Kumaliza

Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma limene limagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma, likumapanga kulinganiza kwamphamvu kumene kwakhalako kwasintha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Maulamuliro okhazikika a boma amapereka ulamuliro wa boma pa nkhani za mtundu, pamene kuli kwakuti Mpando wa Khumi Wokonzedwanso umapereka mphamvu zazikulu ku maboma. Maulamuliro anthaŵi zonse alola kugawana thayo, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba lachita mbali yaikulu m’kumasulira gawo limeneli.

Kuchokera ku zochitika zapadera za [[FLT: 0] Mcluch v. Maryland [1] ndi Gebbons . Ogden [1] mpaka ku mkangano wamakono wokhudza zaumoyo, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi kukhazikitsa chamba, upanishi umakhalabe mbali yaikulu ndi yopikisana ndi ulamuliro wa Amereka. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kumvetsetsa malamulo nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene United States imagwirira ntchito yake yopitiriza yokonza mtsogolo mwake.

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma sikuli chabe umboni wa mbiri yakale. Ndi dongosolo lamoyo limene likupitirizabe kusinthira ku mavuto atsopano ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe. Mwa kufufuza makonzedwe a Konsichushoni, chisinthiko cha maunansi a boma, ndi zitsanzo zazikulu zalamulo, nzika zingakulitse kuzindikira kozama kwa malamulo amene amachirikiza demokrase ya Amereka .