Political Action Committee (PACs) imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri popereka ndalama ndi kuchirikiza ndawala zandale. Komabe, pamene ma PAC ambiri achita zinthu popanda kugwirizana kwalamulo ndi oyembekezera kapena zipani . Amadziŵika monga osakhala ogwirizana ndi ma PCs . Amapanganso vuto lovuta kwambiri ndiponso lotsutsana ndi . Kukwera kwa owononga ndalama odziimira okhawa kwasintha masankhoti a ku America, kudzutsa mawu pamene kukudzutsanso mafunso aakulu ponena za kuyenera, kuonekera bwino, ndi kuyankha mlandu.

Kumvetsetsa Maphunziro Osakhala Ogwirizana ndi Kukula Kwake

Ma PAC amene sagwirizana ndi magulu amene amakweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama paokha popanda wobatizidwa, chipani cha ndale, kapena komiti ya ndawala. Pansi pa lamulo la chisankho, "agwirizana" pamakhala bungwe, bungwe la antchito, mayanjano a malonda, kapena gulu la anthu. Mosiyana, ma PAC alibe kholo lotero. Iwo kwenikweni amaimira gulu lachisangalalo, malingaliro, maindasitale, kapena chochititsa, ndipo amapempha zopereka kuchokera kwa gulu la anthu onse kapena gulu lofotokozedwa la opereka mphatso ngati a anthu ena.

Malo amakono a PALIC anasinthidwa kwambiri ndi zigamulo ziŵiri za lamulo: 2010 Councins United v. FEC akulamulira ndi D.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FEC . . . . . . . . . [FLT.] Com. [] Cibitns United [ kulola makampani ndi mapangano kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosamaliretsedwa, pamene tsopano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kuposa pa PPACs, ma PAC ena osalumikizidwa amaphatikizapo makomiti a ndale zadziko (amene amayang'anizana ndi malire a zopereka) ndi "Hybrid PACs" (amene amasunga ponse paŵiri kandandalama yochepetsedwa ndi kulembedwa kwaufulu kopanda malire). Kusiyanasiyana kwa makampani pansi pa "opanda ogwirizanitsa" kumavuta kuyesayesa kutsimikizira mlingo wakuseŵera.

Kukulako kwakhala kodabwitsa. Malinga ndi chidziŵitso chochokera ku Federal Evolution Commission (FEC), yopanda ogwirizanitsa , PaCs [1] kuphatikizapo Super PACs j (mabiliyoni opitirira $2.9 panyengo ya chisankho yokha 2020. Kukwera kwa ndalama zaumwini kumeneku kwapyola pa kuwonongedwa ndi makomiti a zipani ndi makampani a osankha m'mafuko ambiri, kupatsa ma PAC amene sanagwirizanitsidwe mphamvu pa kutumiza mauthenga, kutsatsa malonda, ndi kuvota.

Mavuto Polimbana ndi Mpikisano Woyenera

Kuipa kwa Kuoneka Bwino

Chimodzi cha zitokoso zokhalitsa kwambiri ndicho kusoŵeka kwa nthaŵi yeniyeni, kuonekera kwatanthauzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma limafuna kuti APAC ambiri apereke malipoti awo odziŵidwa ndi FEC, malipoti kaŵirikaŵiri amaperekedwa miyezi yambiri pambuyo pa kuwonongedwa kwa ndalama, ndipo amavumbula zochepa ponena za magwero oyamba a ndalama m'nkhani zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, "Magulu a ndalama" "makampani" amene amathera pa kusatsatsa malonda kwa ndale zadziko koma osavumbula kwenikweni zopereka zawo koma osavumbula zigawo 501 (c) (4) (ubwino) ndi 501(c) (mabungwe) a malamulo a msonkho. Mabungwe ameneŵa angalandire zopereka zosamalitsa ndi zowonongedwa kwambiri pa masankhoti ogwirizana popanda kuvumbula zopereka zawo kwa anthu onse.

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amalandira zopereka kuchokera ku magulu a ndalama amdima ameneŵa, kupanga chophimba chophimba chochuluka pa kampani ya ndawala yoyenda. A POUT PAC anganene kuti alandira kusamutsidwa kwakukulu kuchokera ku 501(c)(4), koma oyambitsa enieni . anthu achuma, makampani, kapena zikondwerero zachilendo . Kukongola kumeneku kumalepheretsa kusanthula amene akuyesa kusonkhezera voti yawo ndi chifukwa chake.

Ndiponso, pulogalamu ya magetsi ya FEC yakhala yachikale kwambiri. Makomiti ambiri amalemba malipoti a mapepala, kutsogolera ku kuchedwa, zolakwa, ndi kusadziŵa zinthu zosakwanira. Kusoŵa kwa pulogalamu kwa nyengo yaitali kwalepheretsanso kusungidwa kwa malamulo oulukira. Ngakhale pamene malipoti aikidwa, kuonetsa maunansi pakati pa ma PC, kupyola m'mabungwe, ndi mabungwe a akaundula amafuna ntchito yapamwamba imene otembenuza ambiri sangathe kuchita. Mabungwe onga ngati [FLT: 0] A Gufungura SSEC amagwira ntchito yoyendera ndi kutumiza chidziŵitso chimenechi, koma zolembedwa zolembedwa zikutsala.

Kusiyana m’Ziŵerengero ndi Kupezeka

Si ma PAC onse amene sanagwirizanitsidwe ndi opangidwa molingana. Opereka ndalama ndi makampani otchuka angapereke mamiliyoni kwa Super PAC, pamene magulu aang'ono oimira maprojekiti a udzu ochititsa kapena mafakitale akulimbana kukweza ndalama zochepera. Mpata wa ziŵiya umenewu umatembenuza mwachindunji m'zinthu zopikisana: Ndalama zambiri zimalola ma PAC kugula mauthenga anthaŵi yapamwamba a pa wailesi yakanema, kutumiza ntchito yofufuza ndi yochita zinthu zaching'ono, kulemba alangizi odziŵa bwino, ndi kusefukira kwa anthu ndi zinthu zokopa. Nthaŵi zambiri, Smaner PACs amangolola kuti agulitse malonda ambiri pa Intaneti kapena kutsatsa malonda ongodzipereka.

Kusalinganizikako kuli kwakukulu makamaka m'mabwalo apamwamba a bwalo la Malamulo ndi m'mafuko a pulezidenti, kumene kuŵerengeka kwa mamega-donor , monga ngati magulu ochirikizidwa ndi mabiliyoni kapena makampani ogwirizana ndi [1] kukhoza kukhala ndi ndalama imodzi yomwe imayenderana kapena kupitirira kuthera kwa makomiti onse a zipani. Mwachitsanzo, m'masankho apamwamba 2020, ma stempho 10 Super PAC anawononga $1.2,000,000 pamodzi, kuchepetsa kuwonongedwa kwa makomiti ambiri a woloŵa m’gulu la zamalonda. Kuchuluka kumeneku kwa ndalama kungamira pa mawu ena ndi kulephera kutsutsana kwa ndale zadziko kulinga kwa zinthu zofunika zapamwamba.

Komanso, kusiyana kwa zinthu sikumangokhudza nthawi yopuma, koma kumasinthanso luso lofufuza zinthu zokhudzana ndi chitsutso, kukonza malamulo okhwima, ndi kuyendetsa malo ovomerezeka.

Mipata ndi Mabowo

Mkupiti wa zachuma wa Federal EFormulation Act (FACA) monga momwe inasinthidwira ndi Bipartisan Champaign Reform Act (BCRA), inalinganizidwira dziko kumene makomiti andale adakhala olamulidwa ndi ofunsira kapena ogwirizanitsidwa mokulira ku magulu opitirizabe. Kuphulika kwa PACICs . Pafupifupi pambuyo pa Citisansans United

  • Malamulo okhazikitsa: Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PACIOP akuletsedwa kuchokera ku "kugwirizanitsa" ndi oyembekezera, malamulo olongosola kugwirizana ndi mapangano ngochepa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ngovuta kutsatiridwa. Madansi angaonekere pa Super PAC quorageers, mavidiyo amene amalembapo kuti PaC commun, kapena kufunsa akatswiri amene pambuyo pake amagwira ntchito kwa magulu odziimira paokha . FEC yakhala ikuyesayesa nthaŵi zonse kukhazikitsa malamulo osungitsa ntchito m'dera lino, kusiya mzera pakati pa kudziimira ndi kugwirizana.
  • Ndalama zapamtunda kachiŵirinso: BCRA ingakhale yoletsedwa "ndalama" yosaletsedwa kwa makomiti a chipani, PCs , makamaka Super PACs ndi 501 (c) magulu [1] tsopano amatumikira monga machekezero a zopereka zazikulu, zosatha zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusonkhezera masankho a boma. Zimenezi zimabwezeretsa njira yofeŵa ya ndalama imene BCRA inafuna kuichotsa, koma popanda zifuno zofananazo.
  • Kusiyana kwa mlingo wa chigawo chadziko:[[FLT :1] A PAC akugwiranso ntchito pansi pa malamulo a boma omwe amasiyana kwambiri. Mayiko ena amaletsa zopereka zosamalitsa kwa magulu odziimira okha, pamene ena alibe. Ntchito imeneyi imapanga mipata ya kukonzanso arbitge, kumene PC imalonja kapena kuyendetsa ndalama kudzera ku ulamuliro wololera.
  • Nkhaŵa za ndalama zachilendo: lamulo la Federal limaletsa maiko akunja kupereka chopereka ku ndalama zogwirizanitsidwa ndi masankho, koma kulephera kwa ndalama za mdima kumapangitsa kusungidwa kukhala kovuta. Zigawo za kusanthula ndalama kochitidwa kunja kupyolera mwa makampani a zidutswa za ziphanga kapena 501(c) magulu alembedwa, kukweza chisungiko cha dziko ndi umphumphu.

FEC yeniyeniyo imafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala bungwe lofera. Ndi akuluakulu asanu ndi mmodzi kuchokera ku gulu lalikulu lirilonse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chiyambukiro pa Mpikisano wa Zandale ndi Kudalirana kwa Anthu

Chiyambukiro chowonjezereka cha zitokoso zimenezi ndicho mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko kumene ndalama [1] makamaka kuchokera ku dziŵe laling'ono, lopereka chuma . Ma PAC, chifukwa cha kudziimira kwawo ndi kulolera, angadzaza msika wa manyuzipepala ndi malonda otsutsa, kukonzanso chithunzi cha woloŵa pamtengo wokhala ndi mlandu wochepa, ndi kusintha makambitsiranowo ku nkhani zoyanjidwa ndi ochirikiza. Zimenezi zingagonjetse kulembedwa kwa otsutsa ochepa ndi kuphimba modzipindu la wofunsirayo.

Kudalira anthu onse pa kachitidwe ka voti ka zinthu kasokonekera chifukwa cha zotsatirapo zake. Maganizo akusonyeza kuti anthu a ku America amakhulupirira kuti msonkhano uyenera kuchepetsa ndawala yogwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndiponso kuti ndalama zimakhudza kwambiri ndale. Osankha akazindikira kuti zotsatira zake n’zotsatira zachinsinsi za anthu opereka ndalama zazikulu m’malo mothandizidwa ndi udzu, iwo amayamba kukayikira ndi kukana kulowa m’gulu. Kubwerera kumbuyo, makamaka kwa anthu amene amaona kuti mawu awo safunika kanthu.

Ndiponso, kuchuluka kwa ma PC osakhala ogwirizana kwasokoneza kachitidwe ka kuŵerengera. Otsatsa malonda angadzipatule okha ku kusatsa malonda oukira oulutsidwa ndi ma PPAC ochirikiza, akumati alibe ulamuliro pa zimene zilimo. Kulephera kwanzeru kumeneku kungateteze andale zadziko kumbuyo pamene akulola ndawala yoipa kufalikira. Oimbawo amasiyidwa osatsimikizira kuti amene alidi kumbuyo kwa uthenga ndi amene akufuna kulowa ntchito.

Njira Zothetsera Vutoli: Njira Yothandiza Kwambiri

Kuthetsa mavuto a mpikisano wapamwamba pakati pa ma PC amene sakugwira ntchito, kumafuna kusintha zinthu pa malo osiyanasiyana olimbana ndi anthu ambiri.

Kupimikiza Kuwunikira kwa Nthaŵi Yeniyo

Sitepe la maziko ndilo kutsegulira. Malamulo monga ngati DSCLOSE Act afuna kuti mabungwe onse amene amawononga ndalama za mavoti odzisankhira okha . Kuphatikiza 501(c) (6) ndi (c) (6) kuvumbula anthu amene apereka mphatso pa nthawi yake, kufunafuna. Malamulo monga DSCLOSE Act aperekedwa mobwerezabwereza koma sanapatsidwe. Kulimbikitsa pulogalamu ya magetsi ya FECC (mu maora 48) ndi kufuna kuti aperekere lipoti la ndalama zambiri (pansi ndi maola 48) kungathandizenso. Kufikira kwapo poyera ku chigawo chapakati, intaneti yaubwenzi ikanalangiza atola nkhani, ofufuza, ndi ofufuza, ndi olandira ndalama.

Kusintha Malamulo a Kugwirizanitsa

FEC iyenera kupereka chitsogozo chomvekera bwino, chamakono cha zimene zimagwirizana. Njira zingaphatikizepo ogulitsa ena, ntchito ya kampeni, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zolunjika ngakhale ngati sanapemphedwe mwachindunji. Osintha zinthu ena achirikiza chiletso chachikulu: ndalama zilizonse zimene zili "zolingaliridwa kusonkhezera" chosankha chenicheni zingadziŵidwe kukhala zogwirizanitsa pokhapo ngati PaC ndi wofuna kulowa m'gulu la ofufuzawo angatsimikizire kuti ali odziimira okha. Pamene kuli kwakuti muyezo wotero ungadzutse nkhani za kuwonjezera kukhazikitsa malamulo a Oyamba kuwonjezera, kusintha kochepa kungapeze chikalata chopezerapo mwayi.

Kulimbikitsa Ochepetsa Mabuku Otchuka

Akatswiri ambiri amatsutsa kuti chitsanzo cha kupereka ndalama zopanda malire kwa Super PACs ndicho muzu wa kusiyanitsa kwa zinthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Citimans United imatetezera ndalama zowonongedwa paokha monga kulankhula, sikunafunikire kuti zopereka ku mabungwewo zikhale zopanda malire. Nyumba zingapo: Nyumba zingapereke chopereka ku chuchuchuni cha PACI (m.g., $500,000 pa munthu aliyense pachaka), kapena maboma angayese kuyesa kuchepetsa malire. Khoti Lapamwamba silinalu la malamulo opanga malamulo ongo pa makomiti amene amapanga ndalama zaufulu zokha, kusiya chipinda kuti achite ntchito yaukwanitsa malamulo.

Kupatsa Mphamvu Oyendetsa Ntchito

FEC ifunikira kusintha kumanga kuti ithetse kupunduka kwake. Zosankha zimaphatikizapo kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha oimira boma kukhala atatu (osaposa mmodzi wa anthu a chipani), kukhazikitsa woyang'anira wodziimira yemwe angabweretse milandu popanda kufunsa, kapena kukhazikitsa njira ina yosungitsa kuchitika kwa lamulo. Monga ngati kampani ya zachuma yopatulidwa mu Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo. Mtsogoleri wogwira ntchito angaletse kuswa ndi kupereka tsatanetsatane kwa makomiti oyesa kuvomereza lamulolo.

Kuyenderana kwa Ntchito za Anthu Onse ndi Zopanga Zochepa

Imodzi ya njira zogwira mtima kwambiri zopangira maseŵero ndiyo kukulitsa chisonkhezero cha anthu aang'ono opereka ndalama kudzera m'madongosolo oyenderana ndi anthu. Maboma angapo ndi madera achita maprogramu kumene zopereka zazing'ono (m’chitsanzo, $50 kapena zochepera) zimayendera limodzi ndi ndalama za anthu ambiri (mphindi, 6:1). Izi zimapangitsa kuti mizu ya udzu ikhale ndi adani aakulu a PC kudzera mwa njira ya boma, njira ya opatula zopereka zazikulu zapansi pazokha zikhoza kuchepetsa chitsenderezo cha magulu akunja kupaka ndi ndalama zosamaliritsika. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza madongosolo ofanana ngati lamulo, monga momwe likuwonedwa mu [FL: 0] Freenpruc. Bennet .

Kuthandiza Anthu Kudziwa Bwino Nkhani ndi Maphunziro a Chiboliboli

Pomalizira pake, ovotawo amafunikira ziŵiya zopezeka ndi maphunziro kuti amvetsetse bwino za ndawala za ndawala. Mabungwe a Media, mabwana osapanga phindu, ndi magulu a zaumisiri angapitirize kumanga malo oyendera kuti apeze ndalama kuchokera ku gwero la masankho mpaka kutuluka. Kuwonjezeka kwa maphunziro a ofalitsa nkhani zandale . Makamaka pa Intaneti, anthu amazindikira ndalama ndi njira zamakono. Kufuna kusintha kwa anthu kumakula kwambiri pamene ofufuza amvetsa mmene dongosololi limagwirira ntchito ndi amene limapindulitsa.

Kumaliza

PCs yosagwirizanitsidwa tsopano ndi yosasinthika mu chisankho cha U.S. Ufulu wawo umawapatsa kusinthika ndi ufulu ku chisonkhezero cha pagulu, komanso kumapanga malo ozungulira ogwirizana ndi opikisana amene akuwonjezereka kuyanja mawu apamwamba. Mpikisano wapadera pakati pa ma PCs ameneŵa supezeka popanda kusintha kwadala: malamulo amphamvu, malamulo omveka bwino, malamulo oyenera, ndi bungwe losungitsa zimene zingathe kuchita. Kukhulupirika kwa masankhoti a democracy kumadalira pa kutsimikizira kuti liwu lirilonse [1] [FFOLT], osati kungomveka bwino. Monga momwe 2024 ndi nyengo zotsatira zake, kufulumira kwa kupereka mavuto ameneŵa kumakula. [FLD:] [F:] Malamulo olingana ndi njira ya kulankhulitsatsatsa . [FLD]