Chiyambi: Chikalata Cholengeza za Malamulo

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha si chilengezo cha ndakatulo cha kugwiritsa ntchito zida kapena chisonyezero cha ndale zadziko. Chili chikalata chalamulo chimene chinalungamitsa bwino kusiyana kwa maiko a ku America ndi Great Britain ndi kuyala maziko a nzeru za dziko latsopano. Chomwe chinatengedwa ndi Thomas Jefferson ndi kutengedwa ndi Second Continental Congress pa July 4, 1776, chikalatacho chimagwira ntchito monga maziko a ulamuliro wa Amereka. Malamulo ake alamulo alamulo apadera, ufulu wotchuka, ndi ufulu wa kupanduka , ndi ufulu wa kuchotsapo kanthu. Iwo anatengera kuchokera ku zaka mazana ambiri a filosofi yandale ya ku Ulaya, lamulo lofala la Chingelezi, ndi ulamuliro wa ufumu. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi nkofunika chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa kwake kumene Chikalatachomwe chinkapanga ufulu wa Kudzilamulira chokha, ndi ufulu wonse wa ufulu wa ufulu wa dziko la America, ndi ufulu wa lamulo lonse la lamulo la lamulo la ku America.

Chilengezocho chapangidwa mofanana ndi kudandaula kwa lamulo. Chimayamba ndi mawu a malamulo oyambirira, chimayamba ndi mawu a chilolezo cha Mfumu George III, ndipo chimatha ndi chilengezo cha malo atsopano a maiko. Chikalatachi chimasonyeza mwambo wa lamulo la kuchonderera mlandu: kutchula lamulo, kuligwiritsira ntchito ku nsonga, ndi kulamula. Mwa kusamalira mkangano wonsewo monga nkhani ya ufulu walamulo, Oyambitsawo anasintha kupandukira kwa "Opentiness za anthu kukhala lamulo lalamulo. Nkhaniyi ikupenda ziphunzitso zazikulu zalamulo zoikidwa m'Chikalatacho, kutsata chiyambi chawo chanzeru, ndi kupenda chiyambukiro chawo chosatha pa lamulo la ku America ndi ulamuliro.

Mfundo za Ufulu Wachibadwa

Chikalatacho chimanena kuti anthu onse ali "opatsidwa ndi Mlengi wawo ndi Ufulu wosasinthika, kuti pakati pa awa pali Moyo, Ufulu ndi kulondola Chimwemwe . Zimenezi sizongolankhula chabe; ndi kutchula kwachindunji mwambo wachibadwa umene unayambitsidwa ndi afilosofi monga John Locke, Hugo Grotius, ndi Samuel von Puffendf. Mwa mwambo umenewu, ufulu superekedwa ndi boma lililonse kapena ulamuliro wa anthu; iwo ali ndi chibadwa cha anthu ndipo asanakhalepo anthu andale. Chotero chikalatacho chikalatacho chimanena kuti ufulu umenewu uli "osatha kusamutsidwa, kapena kutengedwa ndi boma lovomerezeka.

Jefferson anasankha "kufukula chimwemwe" mmalo mwa Wocke "kutchuka" kunali kwadala ndi kwapadera. Malo anali nkhaŵa yaikulu ya Locke's SECOND SEUTH of Boma [, koma Jefferson anafunafuna mawu owonjezereka, ofunitsitsa amene anaphatikiza pa kupambana kwa munthu. Mawuwo anali alamulo, mawu akuti "kusunga Chimwemwe" afotokozedwa ndi makhoti a ufulu wa zachuma, ufulu wa munthu payekha, ndi kuyenera kuchita ntchito zololedwa mwalamulo. Pamene kulibe lamulo lachidziŵitso, ufulu wawo wachibadwa watchulidwa ndi nkhani zazikulu za m'malamulo, monga ngati kukwatira, ana, ndi kukweza kuyenera kwa kuyenera kwa ana. [Forborbources]

Kuchokera ku lamulo, chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chimapereka chilungamo chotheratu cha kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma. Ngati ufulu wa munthu uli wachibadwa ndi wosalandirika, ndiye kuti boma lililonse limene limawaswa mwa njira yake limachotsa kuyenera kwake. Lamulo limeneli linakhala maziko a mfundo ya malamulo a ku America yogogomezera ufulu wa munthu ndi njira yoyenerera. Mpambo wa Ninth Amendment, umene umanena kuti kuikidwa kwa ufulu winawake m'Malamulo sikungalingaliridwe kukhala kukana kapena kuchotsa ena osungidwa ndi anthu, ndiko kubwereza kwachilamulo kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa ufulu wadziko.

Mgwirizano wa Anthu ndi Udindo wa Boma

Chikalata chachiŵiri cha lamulo nchakuti maboma amapeza “mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa . Ichi ndi chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wotchuka, chozikidwa pa nthanthi za mayanjano. Chipangano cha mayanjano, monga momwe chinapangidwira ndi Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, ndipo pambuyo pake Jean-Jacques Rousseau, posit kuti anthu avomereze kukhazikitsa chitaganya cha ndale zadziko ndi kupereka ufulu wawo wachibadwa posinthanitsa ufulu wawo wotsala. Motero boma ndilo lidali mbuye wa anthu, osati mbuye wawo.

Chilengezocho chimagwira ntchito molunjika chiphunzitso ichi ku mkhalidwe wa atsamunda: "Ngati Mtundu uliwonse wa Boma ukhala wowononga za malekezero ameneŵa, uli Kuyenera kwa Anthu kusintha kapena kuuchotsa, ndi kukhazikitsa Boma latsopano. Kuvomereza kumeneku kwa kuyenera kwa kusintha sikuli kuitanira ku chipwirikiti koma mankhwala alamulo ochepetsedwa mosamalitsa. Kufuna kuti nkhanza za boma zikhale "njira yaitali ya nkhanza ndi kulanda anthu" imene imasonyeza cholinga cha kuchepetsa anthu kukhala "absolute Depotiism". Olemba za m'makolone anatsutsa kuti iwo achotsa njira zonse zamtendere za kukonzanso zinthu . Zotsutsa, ndi kuchonderera ku Nyumba ya malamulo ndi Mfumu [1] Asanapatukire kulekana.

M'lamulo lamakono la malamulo a malamulo a boma, lamulo lachikhalidwe limawonekera m'chiyeneretso chakuti ulamuliro wonse wa boma uyenera kuikidwa m'lamulo lolembedwa limene limasonyeza chifuniro cha anthu. Malamulo amayamba ndi "Ife Anthu," osati "Ife Boma" kapena "Tchewa, ndi njira yolozera anthu yoloŵetsedwamo m’malo mwa mapangano okha. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi lingaliro lakuti kuyenera kwa lamulo kumadalira pa kugwirizana kwake ndi Malamulo, kumene kuli chisonyezero cha chifuniro cha anthu. Malamulo otchuka a pa lamulo limeneli pamene iwo adalira pa lamulo lalikulu la dziko. Mahasiti [FLT:] ndi "FLT:1] [1] [18] ndi [FLT:] [5] [6]

Kuvomereza Kochitidwa ndi Vuto la Kusavomereza

Imodzi ya mikangano yalamulo yokhalitsa yokhudza pangano la mayanjano ndiyo kaya chivomerezo chingakhale cholunjikitsidwa mmalo mwachindunji. Osaina Chikalatacho anavomereza poyera ufulu wawo, koma mibadwo yamtsogolo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi malamulo amene amaloŵa. Malamulo a ku America amagamula zimenezi kupyolera m'chiphunzitso cha "chivomerezo": mwa kukhalabe m’gawo ndi kusangalala ndi mapindu a boma, anthu amalingaliridwa kukhala ovomereza ulamuliro wake. Mfundo imeneyi imachirikiza zofunika zimene anthu onse amagonjera U.S. ulamuliro, kuphatikizapo osamukira dziko, kumvera malamulo a boma. Komabe, chikalatacho chikalatacho chakhala chovomerezedwa ndi ochirikiza ufulu wosankha ndi kugaŵa zinthu, kutsutsa kuti kuyenera kwaugwira ntchito, kuvomereza kochitidwa ndi olamulidwa.

Kuweruzidwa Mwalamulo Kaamba ka Ufulu Wakudziimira: Ndandanda ya Zigamulo

Chigawo chachikulu koposa cha Chikalatachi ndicho chikalata choimba mlandu Mfumu George III. Mndandanda umenewu suli chabe mpambo wa madandaulo a m'mbiri; uli umboni walamulo wakuti ufulu wa atsamundawo waswedwa kotero kuti kuukirako kunali njira yokha yovomerezeka. Zilangozo zalinganizidwa kusonyeza kuti Mfumuyo inanyalanyaza ulamuliro wake walamulo monga mfumu ndipo inapanga chiwembu ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti ilande ufulu wawo monga Angelezi.

Zidzudzulo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kukana kwa mfumu kuvomereza malamulo oyenerera, kuchotsa kwake misonkhano yoimira, kuletsa kwake kuyang'anira chilungamo mwa kuchititsa oweruza kudalira pa chifuniro chake yekha, kutumiza kwake asilikali m'nyumba za anthu popanda chilolezo, ndi kuvomereza kwake misonkho popanda kuimira. Zidzudzulo zonse zimafanana ndi kuswa lamulo lachindunji lachizungu, Magna Carta, kapena malamulo a Briteni osalembedwa. Mwachitsanzo, kudandaula za "timazembetsa kupyola pa Nyanja kuti tiyesedwe kuti tineneze mlandu wa mlandu wa khoti lakwalo, kuyenera kwa lamulo lachikhalidwe cha kumaloko. Mlaulo wonena za "kunyamula mitu ya asilikali yaikulu ya zida zankhondo pakati pathu" YolGenea, imene imaletsa chiletso cha m’nyumba yachiweruzo popanda chivomerezo cha mwiniwa.

Kwa lamulo, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa chikalatacho kumachita ntchito ziŵiri. Choyamba, kumasonyeza kuti atsamunda anayesa kukonzanso zinthu kudzera m'zikalata zalamulo . "malamulo, kuchonderera kwa lamulo , ndi kuti misewu imeneyo yatha. Ichi ndicho chiyeneretso cha kugwiritsa ntchito kwalamulo kwa ufulu wa kusintha. Chachiŵiri, chimakhazikitsa njira ya khalidwe ya Mfumu imene inaswa pangano la kakhalidwe. Monga momwe John Locke ananenera, pamene wolamulira achita zinthu kunja kwa lamulo ndipo ayesa kulanda katundu kapena miyoyo ya anthu popanda chivomerezo, kuti wolamulira wayamba nkhondo ndi anthu, ndipo anthu adzichinjiriza.

Kufufuza kwalamulo kokhudza zidandaulo zimenezi kudakali koyenera. Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kwambiri kwa magulu ankhondo oima popanda chilolezo cha lamulo, kuloŵerera pa ufulu wachiweruzo, kukana mlandu ndi ajuli, ndi kuchotsedwa kwa akwawa a kazembe, ndi mitundu ya zochita zimene bungwe la U.S. ndi Bill of Rights linakonza kuti ziletse. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la Third Amendment la kuletsa asilikali m’nyumba za anthu liyankha dala mlanduwo. Mchitidwe wachisanu wa Generation ndi zifunsi za bungwe la ajuli yaikulu za milandu yopanda chilungamo ndi milandu yopanda chilungamo.

Chiyambukiro pa Lamulo ndi Kulamulira kwa America

Chikalatacho chinali chalamulo kukhazikitsa maboma atsopano ndi kuvomereza Malamulo a U.S. Mwa kulengeza maufumuwo "Ufulu ndi Independent States," chikalatacho chinasungunula malamulo onse a Great Britain, kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa Palamente ndi korona. Omwe kale anali kontinentiyo anafunikira kukhazikitsanso boma lawolo mwaufulu ndi mwaufulu ndi mwaufulu ndi mwaufulu ndipo ali ndi ufulu wapadera wa ulamuliro. M’miyezi yambiri, maboma ambiri amatsatira malamulo atsopano olembedwa omwe anaphatikizapo ufulu wachibadwidwewo. Mwachitsanzo, Chikalata cha ufulu wa ufulu wa ku Virginia (1777) chinalengeza kuti anthu onse ayenera kukhala aufulu ndi odziimira paokhawo.

Chikalatacho chimakhudza kwambiri mfundo za malamulo a U.S. koma n’chakuya kwambiri. Chikalatacho sichibwerezanso chinenero chachibadwa cha ufulu wachibadwidwe, koma chimapanga maulamuliro opereŵera, ondandalika amene amayesa kukhalapo kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe. Zolinga za Pasadakhalezo n’zosiyana ndi zopitira kukhazikitsa Chigwirizano changwiro, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo, kukhazikitsa ufulu wa banja, kuchirikiza kutetezera, kuchirikiza Welfare, ndi kuteteza Madalitso a Lio" ndi kusungidwa bwino lomwe ndi zifuno za Chilengezo. Malamulo opatulira mphamvu ndi zopimira ndi zopimira ndi zolinganizidwa kuletsa mtundu wapamwamba, mphamvu yonyoza imene chikalatacho chimatsutsa.

Chikalatachi chinkanena kuti: “Chilamulo chachiwiri chowonjezera chija chikhale ndi ufulu wonena za ufulu wa anthu. Chikalata choteteza anthu otsata ufulu wa anthu. Chikalata cha Olamulira Chilamulo cha First Conflinecription chimathandiza kuti anthu asamavutike kulankhula, kusindikiza, kufalitsa nkhani zachipembedzo, kusonkhana, ndi kupempha kuti ateteze ufulu wa onse wofuna kulowa m’banja. Chitetezo chachiŵiri cha Kukonzanso zinthu zankhondo chimathandiza kuyankha milandu ya Mfumuyo popanda kuchitapo kanthu. Mfundo zachikalata zachigamuwenga zachi "okha" zovomerezeka za anthu, zimene sizikudziwika bwino ndi ufulu wachibadwa wa kufunafuna ndi kufunafuna nyumba.

Kumasulira Kwachiweruzo ndi Chikalata Chovomereza Mwalamulo

Ngakhale kuti Chilengezocho si chikalata chalamulo chalamulo m’lingaliro lakuti chimapanga lamulo lolamulira, makhoti anena kuti Chikalatacho nchachikulu kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri kuti chimvetse tanthauzo la Malamulo ndi kuchirikiza kuvomerezedwa kwa ufulu wofunika. United States v. Cruikshank[[FLT] [184] [186], Khoti linatchula ufulu wa anthu kusonkhana mwamtendere ndi kuchonderera ufulu wa kuufulumizira ufulu wa boma la United States. [Mu [FLT:]] Mu [1] Zomwe zinapindula ndi mbali yake posachedwapa [Hocle:] [FLT:] [1] [1] [1] [7] [7], Bwalo linalo linaloza ku ufulu wa anthu onse woperekedwa ndi ku chigamuyere cha m’chimo cha m’chimo cha chikalata cha chikalata cha chikalata cha Revisedviced Revition (10) cha Malamulo cha Malamulo onse.

Chikalatachi chimathandizanso pa nkhani ya malamulo a mayiko ndiponso nkhani zokhudza ufulu wa anthu. Mfundo zake zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu okonza Chikalata Cholengeza za Universal of Human Rights (1948) ndipo zikupitirizabe kusonkhezera mapangano pa ufulu wa anthu ndi wandale. Mayiko ambiri amene ayamba kulamulidwa ndi atsamunda atsatira zigamulo zawo za ufulu wawo pa chitsanzo cha U.S.

Mapangano a Malamulo ndi Maupandu

Ngakhale kuti chikalatacho chili ndi maziko ake, Chikalatachi sichopanda malamulo olakwika ndiponso nkhani za mbiri yakale. Chosiyana chachikulu ndi mawu ake akuti "anthu onse analengedwa olingana" pamene wolemba wake wamkulu, Thomas Jefferson, anali ndi anthu aukapolo, ndipo chikalatacho sichinatsogolere ku kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo. Chidani chimenechi chakhala nkhani ya kusanthula kochuluka kwa lamulo ndi mbiri yakale. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti malamulo a Chikalatacho anali achilengedwe chonse ndipo kuti ukapolo unaswa mfundo zake zalamulo. Ena amatsutsa kuti oyambitsawo mwadala anachotsa anthu akapolo ku gulu la "men" kaamba ka ufulu wachilengedwe, lingaliro lakuti kumasulira koyambirira kwa malamulo a malamulo a boma kunathandiza kwambiri kufikira kukhazikitsa Amecramente.

Chiphunzitso chalamulo cha "ufulu wosalandirika" chimadzutsanso mafunso opindulitsa. Ngati ufulu uli wosasinthika, kodi ungachepetsedwe ndi lamulo? Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti ngakhale zoyenerera zazikulu ziri zogonjera ku lamulo lomveka, ngati boma lili ndi chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira zochepetsetsa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti Chikalatacho chikutanthauza kuti chinenero chonse chomveka bwino chiyenera kuyanjanitsidwa ndi zinthu zenizeni za chitaganya chovuta. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wa ufulu sutanthauza kuyenera kuchita chilichonse chimene munthu akufuna; chimatanthauza ufulu wa kuletsa zinthu mosalingalira. Chilengezocho chimazindikira kuti maboma akhazikitsidwa "sokha" ufulu umenewu, chikuonetsa kuti boma lolinganizidwa bwino liyenera kuteteza ufulu wa onse.

Funso lina la lamulo ndi lakuti kaya Chikalatacho chikhazikitsa ntchito yabwino ya boma yopereka "kupezera Chimwemwe". Ofufuza ena a zamalamulo opita patsogolo atsutsa kuti mawuwo akutanthauza thayo la boma kutsimikizira mikhalidwe imene anthu angalondole chimwemwe, kuphatikizapo maphunziro, kusamala zaumoyo, ndi mwaŵi wa zachuma. Komabe, lamulo la lamulo lachilamulo silinatenge kumasulira kumeneku, kuwona Chikalatacho kukhala kuletsedwa kwa boma mmalo mwa chilolezo.

Chikalata Chopitiriza Maphunziro a Malamulo

Lerolino, Chikalata cha ufulu chidakali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya maphunziro a lamulo. Ophunzira malamulo onse ku United States amavomerezana ndi maphunziro a lamulo, osati monga gwero la chitsanzo chogwirizana koma monga maziko a nzeru pamene dongosolo lonse la malamulo la America likukhala. Kumvetsetsa malamulo a Chikalatacho kumathandiza maloya ndi oweruza kumvetsa nzeru yaikulu ya Malamulo: kuti boma ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi anthu kuti atumikire, ndi kuti pamene lalephera kuchita zimenezo, anthu amasunga mphamvu yotheratu ya kuchisintha.

Malamulo amaphunziranso Chikalata cha malamulo kaamba ka njira yake yofuna kudziŵa zambiri ndiponso yomveka. Chikalatachi chimachoka ku mfundo zazikulu za choonadi kufika ku chilengezo chotsimikizira cha ufulu . Chitsanzo cha lamulo chimene chikugwiritsidwabe ntchito m’mawu alamulo amakono ndi malingaliro. Chikalatachi chimathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ndi mfundo zogwirizana. Chikalatachi chimathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ndi malamulo ofanana otsatizana ndi ena onse.

Ndiponso, Chikalatachi chimagwira ntchito monga gwero la mabungwe olimbikitsa anthu ofuna kukulitsa ufulu wa anthu. Chinenero cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oletsa ufulu wachibadwidwe, olembetsa, ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi ochirikiza LGBTQ + kulingana. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro [1954])) Sanatchule Chikalatacho mwachindunji, koma kuchirikiza kwake kuti kutetezera kwa fuko kumaswa Clausleascle n’kogwirizana ndi mfundo ya chikalata cha chikalata cha anthu onse. Ndithudi, Dr. Martin Luther Jr. Anakhazikitsa ufulu wake wotchuka m'malonjeza, akutcha "promis" kuti anthu onse a ku America ndi chodziŵika cha chikalata chawo cha chikalata cha zikalata cha ku America.

Mapeto ake: Chikalata Cholembedwa Mwalamulo

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha kaŵirikaŵiri chimafotokozedwa kukhala chikalata cha ndale zadziko, koma choyamba ndicho chikalata chalamulo. Chimapereka chiphunzitso cha boma lozikidwa pa ufulu wachibadwa, ulamuliro wotchuka, ndi kuyenera kwa kusintha. Chimapereka chinenezo chatsatanetsatane cha korona wa Britain amene amatumikira monga umboni walamulo losweka la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Chimapanganso masomphenya a boma lovomerezeka limene likupitiriza kutsogolera lamulo lalamulo la America. Pamene kuli kwakuti Chikalatacho sichikusungidwa monga lamulo wamba, malamulo ake aikidwa m’nthambi ya malamulo a malamulo, Bill of Rights, ndi zigamulo zosaŵerengeka za chiweruzo. Chidziŵitso chake chalamulo chimakhala chogwirizana ndi anthu a ku America pamene akutsutsana ndi tanthauzo la ufulu, ufulu, kulingana, ndi malire oyenerera a boma. Kumvetsetsa malamulo alamulo si kuyamikira chabe kwa mbiri yakale; kumvetsetsa kwake kwa lamulo la dziko ndi kugamu.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, National Archives imapereka textula ndi nkhani za m'mbiri. Libungwe la Congress limapereka mapepala olembedwa ndi zikalata zochokera ku dongosolo la kukonza zinthu. Kuloŵa pansi kwambiri m'mafilosofi alamulo, onani Constitution ya National Center ya madandaulo ndi [FLT:] ndi