Lingaliro lakuti ulamuliro wa boma uyenera kuchepetsedwa . Nlopanda olamulira enieni ndi kuti nzika zilibe ufulu uliwonse umene ungaswedwe ndi [1] ndi limodzi la malingaliro apamwamba kwambiri m'mbiri ya ndale zadziko. Lamulo limeneli silinapangidwe mokwanira m'chikalata chimodzi kapena chilengezo; mmalo mwake, linayambika zaka mazana ambiri mwa makambitsirano a filosofi, zipanduko, malamulo a malamulo, ndi kufufuza kochitidwa ndi malamulo. Kumvetsetsa maziko a mbiri yakale a boma lokhala ndi malire kuli kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa maluso a democracyism amakono ndi kulimbana kopitirizabe kulingana ndi ufulu. Kuchokera ku mayiko akale a malamulo a malamulo a , kuyesayesa kumasulira ndi kuchirikiza malire a mphamvu za boma kumakhala chitoko chachikulu cha kudziyesa.

Maziko Akale a Kuletsedwa kwa Malamulo

Kalekale dzina lakuti "boma lokhala ndi malire" lisanaloŵe m'nkhani ya ndale zadziko, anthu akale anayesa kufufuza ndi maulamuliro. M'Baibulo lachihebri, lingaliro la lamulo lapamwamba logwirizanitsa ngakhale mafumu likuwonekera m'chiyeneretso chakuti olamulira atsate Torah (Deuteronomy 17:18-20). Chotero ufumu wa Israyeli unali wogonjera ku lamulo laumulungu, lingaliro lotsimikizirika lakuti palibe wolamulira waumunthu amene anali woposa kuŵerengera kwa makhalidwe abwino kapena kwalamulo.

Ku Greece, chigawo cha chigawo cha Athens chinayambitsa mabungwe a democracy amene anabala mphamvu pakati pa misonkhano, mabungwe, ndi makhoti. Pamene kuli kwakuti atedokrase ya Atene inali kutali ndi miyezo yamakono . "kudula akazi ndi akapolo .Ii imabzala mbewu zimene ulamuliro wandale ukanagawana ndi kupikisana. Aristotle, m'mabungwe ake , amagawa malamulo ndi kuchenjeza kuti mphamvu yosagawanika imapangitsa kuti anthu andale zadziko ayambe kuponderezana. Iye anachirikiza boma la "mixed" lomwe limagwirizanitsa mbali za ufumu, za ufumu wapamwamba, ndi democracy kuletsa mfundo iliyonse kuchokera ku ulamuliro. Aristotle kuti lamulo la lamulo likhale la munthu aliyense payekha la kumadzulo kwa maganizo andale.

Roma anapereka lingaliro la [[FLT: 0] public [[FLT: 1] ndi maulamuliro opatulidwa. Rome Republic inapanga aŵiri chaka ndi chaka osankhidwa kukhala oimira maconssion, khoti loimira akuluakulu, ndi misonkhano yotchuka. mos maiorum [1] (miyambo ya m'madera) [FLT] [miyambo] ndi malamulo olembedwa opangidwa ngati ma Table Tables adapanga maziko a malamulo alamulo. Woweruza wa Roma Cicero anatsutsa kuti boma lovomerezeka lachilengedwe limene limatsogolera lamulo la anthu, [1] Lan pambuyo pake linamvedwa ndi akatswiri a nzeru a m'zaka zapakati ndi zapamwamba. Kufufuza kwakalekuonetsa kuti mphamvu yochepa inali yosatheka koma yoyenerera kukhazikitsa, yolamulira.

Magna Carta ndi Chiyambi cha Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Kusaina kwa Magna Carta ku Runnymede mu 1215 kaŵirikaŵiri kumatchulidwa kukhala chikalata chimodzi chofunika koposa m'kupangidwa kwa boma lochepa. Chokakamiza Mfumu Yohane ndi arabi opanduka, chikalatacho chinavomereza poyera kuti mfumu sinali pamwamba pa lamulo. Claus 39 analengeza motchuka: "Palibe munthu waufulu amene adzagwidwa kapena kuikidwa m’ndende, kapena kulandidwa ufulu wake kapena katundu, kapena kuchotsedwa m'dziko, kapena kulandidwa kaimidwe kake m’njira ina iliyonse, kapena kutumizidwa ndi mphamvu kwa iye, kapena kutumiza ena kuchita tero, kusiyapo chiweruzo chalamulo la anthu ake ofanana kapena lamulo la dziko."

Lamulo limeneli . kuti palibe munthu, kuphatikizapo mfumu, amene akanachotsa mwadala wina moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma . adakhazikitsa maziko a a dongosolo la ndi [[FLT:] lamulo la lamulo . Pamene kuli kwakuti Magna Carta poyamba anatetezera ufulu wa apamwamba okha, chinenero chake chinatsimikiziridwa kukhala chofeŵa kwambiri kwa zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake ndi ofala, a Palamente, ndi a ku America. Mkupita kwanthaŵi, malamulowo anachotsedwa ndi kufutukulidwa, kusonkhezera mapepala otsatitsatitsatitsatitsatidwe monga Chichemo cha Chingelezi cha Kumanja kwa Kumanja 1628) ndi Havas Corpus Act. Chikalata chake chimaoneka m'chikalata cha U. Chikalata cha US, chikalata chotsimikizira za lamulo la Universalself of Soursertic (F.F.F]

Kuunikiridwa: Ufulu Wachibadwa ndi Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

M’zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18 munachitika kusintha kwa malingaliro andale amene anasonkhezera mwachindunji kumanga boma lokhala ndi polekezera.

John Locke ndi Mgwirizano wa Mayanjano

John Locke’s [[FLT: 0] Ziyeneretso Ziŵiri za Boma [1689] zinapereka chilungamo cha filosofi cha kugawa mphamvu za boma mwa kukhazikitsa boma mwa kuvomereza kulamulidwa. Locke adatsutsa kuti anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa [[[FLT:] ku moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu , zomwe zilipo asanale ndi podziimira. Pamene anthu apanga chitaganya cha ndale zadziko, amapatsa mphamvu zokwanira kutetezera ufuluwo; boma lililonse limene limaswa pangano la kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu ndipo lingagwedwe mwalamulo. Malingaliro a anthu a ku America, makamaka Thomas Jeffem, amene anabwereza chikalata cha ufulu cha ufulu. [Foct: Foundation]

Montesquieu ndi Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Baron de Montesquieu, m'ntchito yake ya 1748 Mzimu wa Malamulo , anachenjeza kuti "mphamvu iyenera kuletsa mphamvu . Iye anawona kuti m'boma lirilonse, chikhoterero chiri cha mphamvu kusonkhanitsa ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa. Chigamulo chake chinali kugawa ulamuliro wa boma m'mantha atatu osiyana: malamulo, nduna, ndi chiweruzo. Mwakupanga nthambi iliyonse yodziimira payokha ndi yokhoza kuyang'anira ina, ufulu ukhoza kusungidwa. Kupatulidwa kwa mphamvu kunakhala maziko a U.S. Constitution, ndi James Magement adajambula poyera poyera pamene anali kupanga dongosolo la boma. Kulekanidwa kwa mphamvu kumakhala chimodzi cha ntchito yothandiza kwambiri ya boma yogwirizana.

Kusintha kwa America ndi Malamulo a Federal

Chipanduko cha ku America sichinali kokha nkhondo ya kudziimira; chinalinso kusintha kwa lamulo motsutsana ndi ulamuliro wopanda malire. Ochirikiza boma a Colonian anakhulupirira kuti Nyumba Yamilandu ya Britain ndi Mfumu inaswa zoyenera zawo zamwambo monga Angelezi . Makamaka kuyenera kwa kukhomedwa msonkho kokha ndi oimira awo. Pamene zidzudzulo zimenezi zinanyalanyazidwa, maikowo analengeza kulekana kwawo, kupangitsa kulungamitsidwa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe mu Lockean.

U.S. Constitution, yolembedwa mu 1787, inali kuyesayesa kwadala kupanga boma limene linali lolimba kwambiri kugwira ntchito koma losalimba kwambiri kwakuti liwopseze ufulu. Opanga mafreactive anamanga dongosolo la machecks ndi madirect [ . nthambi iliyonse ikhoza kutsekereza ntchito za ena. Pulezidenti angatulutse malamulo, Congress angatsungres, ndipo chigamu cha ja cha jajinicia chikalengeza ntchito za kusamulal [a mphamvu yokhazikitsidwa pambuyo pake mu [FLT:]. . [ka], kuwonjezerapo, kugaŵira mphamvu pakati pa dziko ndi maboma, kupanga ulamuliro wochuluka umene ukhoza kutsimikizira lamulo lina. Lamulo lapamwambalo lina lina lina analembapo lamulo, kuwonjezera kumbuyo kwa manthaneti onse a British (F.F.4).[Flvelve]

Mlanduwo wa Ufulu Waufulu wa Anthu

Ngakhale pamene Konsichushoni inali kuvomerezedwa, osuliza anafuna kutetezera ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi . Chotulukapo chinali Bill of Rights . Zobwezera khumi zoyambirira . Zinavomerezedwa mu 1791. Zisinthiko zimenezi zimatchula mwachindunji madera kumene mphamvu ya boma ili [ yolembedwa kuimbidwa:

  • Mpambo Woyamba: [[[FLT: 1] Nyumba ya Malamulo singathe kukhazikitsa chipembedzo kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwaufulu, kapena ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, msonkhano, kapena kupempha.
  • [[MML:0] Mpambo wa Malamulo: imatetezera kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida.
  • Demendment: Kuchinjiriza ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu; kumafunikira zilolezo zozikidwa pa chochititsa chothekera.
  • Fith Amendment: imatsimikizira njira yoyenerera, chitetezo cha kaŵiri, ndi chitetezo cha kudzivulaza.
  • Kusintha kwa Malamulo: Kupereka maliro opambanitsa, faindi, ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo.

Bill of Rights inasintha lingaliro losadziŵika la kuchepa kwa boma kukhala lamphamvu, ziletso zosungidwa. Mkati mwa zaka mazana ambiri, Bwalo Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito zitsutso zimenezi kuswa malamulo amene amaswa ufulu wofunika, kuyambira kusanthula ndi kuyang’anira kosatsimikizika. Bill of Rights ikutikumbutsa kuti boma lokhala ndi malire silimangonena za kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro koma limakhalanso ndi malo ofotokozedwa bwino kumene boma silingaloŵemo. ([FLT: 0]] Kuŵerenga Bill of Rights ).

Mavuto a M’zaka za m’ma 1800: Kupita Patsogolo pa Ntchito Zaulimi Ndiponso Ufulu Wochita Zinthu

Zaka za zana la 19 zinayesa malire a boma lokhala ndi malire m’njira zatsopano. Kusintha kwa Maindasitale kunayambitsa kusalingana kwakukulu kwa zachuma, kusonkhezera boma kukhazikitsa kachitidwe ka kuyang'anira mikhalidwe ya ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito ana, ndi ulamuliro wa dziko limodzi. Kaŵirikaŵiri mikangano imeneyi inalimbana ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa okonzanso zinthu amene anatsutsa kuti ufulu weniweni unafunikira kutetezedwa ku mphamvu yaumwini ya zachuma ndiponso ku ulamuliro wa boma.

Gulu loletsa kutha kwa ulamuliro linatsutsa mwachindunji kugwirizana kwa boma mu ukapolo. Chigamulo cha Dred Scott cha Khoti Lapamwamba la United States (1857) chinasonyeza mmene makhoti angaperekere malamulo a boma opereŵera mwa kuchirikiza ufulu wa eniake aukapolo pa ufulu wachibadwa wa anthu akapolo. Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Reconstantion ammentations (kubwezanso zitsutso za 13, 14, 15, 15) zinayesa kutsimikizira ntchito ya boma kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi boma.

Pakali pano, gulu la akazi linamenya nkhondo kufutukula lamulo, akumanena kuti boma loimira ndilo lamakeŵe pamene limachotsa opitirira theka la anthu. Kulimbana kumeneku kumavumbula kuti boma lokhala ndi malire silingalingaliridwe koma kuti liyenera kufotokozedwa mosalekeza, kutsutsidwa, ndi kufutukulidwira ku magulu atsopano. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, lamulo la boma lokhala ndi malire linali litagwirizana ndi kufunidwa kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wandale.

Mikangano ya M’zaka za Zana la 20: Vuto ndi Ufulu

Nkhondo ziwiri za padziko lonse, nkhondo za mayiko akuluakulu, ndiponso Nkhondo Yoputana ndi Mawu, zinachititsa kuti ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma, kuyendetsa chuma, ndiponso zida za chitetezo za dziko, ziwonjezeke kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.

Pankhondo ya Dziko I, boma la United States linapatula Espionea Act (1917) ndi Sedition Act (18), likumasulira kutsutsa ndi kutsogolera ku kumangidwa kwa osuliza monga Eugene V. Debs. Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] Schenkck v. United States (1919) anachirikiza malamulo ameneŵa, kupanga "kuyesa ndi kuyambitsa tsoka" kumene kunafooketsa chitetezo cha ufulu wa kulankhula. Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya dziko inawona kutetezera kwa Ajapani pansi pa Dregnence 906 . [194] Kuopa kochitidwa ndi lamulo kukhoza kuonetsa kuti Khoti lina linatsutsa mwachindunji [Foct2:]

New Deal Era inazindikiritsa kusintha kosatha kwa ulamuliro wa boma. Khoti Lalikulu linagonjetsa maprogramu ofunika New Deac monga kupambana Commerce Claus , koma pambuyo pa "court-packing" chiwopsezo, chinafutukula kwambiri ulamuliro wa boma. Podzafika 1960, boma la boma linali litatenga thayo la kusungitsa ubwino wa anthu, malamulo a ufulu wa anthu, ndi ulamuliro wa zachuma . Maulamuliro a Civil Rights Movement anasonyezanso kuti boma lokhala ndi malire silikutanthauza boma lofooka: kuloŵerera m'boma kunali kofunika kuswa malamulo a Jim Crow ndi kutetezera zoyenera zovota.

Pambuyo pa 9 / 11 , mikangano yokhudza kuyang’anira, kutsekera, ndi makhoti ankhondo yadzutsanso mafunso ofunika kwambiri onena za malire a ulamuliro wa pulezidenti ndi kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu. Patriot Act, programu yotsatira manambala a NSA, ndi Chilolezo cha Useŵere wa Military Force zonsezo zayambitsa kugamula ndi lamulo loyesera kupendanso machitidwe a kaudindo.

Zimene Anthu Akuona M’tsogolomu Zokhudza Boma Lokhala ndi Malire

Lerolino, lamulo la boma lokhala ndi malire likutsutsidwa kwambiri. Ena amatsutsa kuti boma la boma ndi mabungwe ake aakulu, mphamvu zake zopanga malamulo, ndi mabureaucracy , ndi osasankhidwa ndi oimira mapeto otsatizana ndi malamulo alamulo. Ena amatsutsa kuti mavuto amakono monga kusintha kwa nyengo, miliri, ndi kufalikira kwa pa Intaneti kumafunikira kufulumira, kachitidwe kamphamvu ka boma kamene sikangakhazikitsidwe ndi nyumba zapakati pa 18 za malamulo a boma.

Komabe, chidziŵitso chachikulu cha mwambo wa mbiri yakale chikupitirizabe: mphamvu yopanda malire imaipitsa kotheratu, ndipo malamulo a boma amawononga , kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, boma, kuŵerengedwa kwa ufulu, makhoti odziimira paokha. Magulu amakono otetezera malamulo, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndi kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mawu ndi nzeru za oyambitsa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu ndi chilungamo cha anthu amapempha kuti boma likhale ndi moyo mogwirizana ndi malonjezo ake apamwamba otetezera ndi oyenera.

Kumaliza: Sungani Kulinganizika

Mbiri ya boma lokhala ndi malire si nkhani ya kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa ufulu waukulu. Ndi nkhani ya kusagwirizana kosalekeza pakati pa kufunika kwa dongosolo ndi ngozi ya kutsenderezedwa. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kutulukira ndi kutetezera malire a ulamuliro, kuphunzira pa zipambano ndi kulephera kwa kalelo. Magna Carta, Kuunika, kukhazikitsa kwa Amereka, ndi kulimbana kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi la 20 zonsezo zikusonyeza phunziro limodzi lokhalitsa: boma limene limalemekeza malire ake ndilo lodalirika koposa la ufulu wa munthu. Kwa aphunzitsi, ndi nzika, kuzindikiranso maziko ameneŵa nkofunika kuti asungirire ulamuliro wofooka ndi ufulu wa dziko losintha.