Chiyambi cha Ufulu wa Ukwati: Mbiri Yaifupi

Gawo lamakono la kulingana kwa ukwati silinayambike mwadzidzidzi. Ndilo linayamba m'zaka makumi ambiri za kuvomereza zimene zinasintha pang'onopang'ono malingaliro a anthu ndi malamulo. M'zaka zapakati pa 20, kugwirizana kwa kugonana kumodzimodziko kunachitidwa kuupandu m'mayiko ambiri, ndipo lingaliro la kukwatira pakati pa anthu aŵiri a ziwalo zofanana linali lopanda nzeru. Kusintha kwa lamulo koyamba kunachitika mu 2001 pamene dziko la Netherlands linakhala dziko loyamba kulembetsa ukwati walamulo. Kuyambira pamenepo, maiko oposa 30 atsatira, kufalikira ku Ulaya ku America, Africa, ndi Asia. Kusintha kumeneku kuzungulira dziko lonse sikunangochitika mwangozi. Kusintha kumeneku kunali chotulukapo cha, lamulo lamphamvu laudzu wogwirizana ndi udzu ndi luso la zalamulo ndi ndale zandale.

Kusintha Malamulo Okhudza Udindo Waukulu

Policy kuyesayesa kwadala kwa anthu, mabungwe, ndi magulu ogwirizana kusonkhezera kulenga, kukonzanso, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndi malamulo. M'nkhani ya ufulu wa ukwati, opanga malamulo auchigawenga, oweruza, ndi mabungwe a boma kusungitsa kuvomerezedwa kwalamulo kwa maukwati amodzi. Mosiyana ndi kutsutsa wamba kapena ndawala zodziŵira, lamulo limafuna pangano lakuya ndi makina a ulamuliro: kupanga zikole, kupereka umboni wa kumvetsera, kutembenuza nduna zosankhidwa, ndi kukonza mapepala achidule m'milandu ya khoti. Mphamvu yake ikutembenuza anthu kukhala zitetezero zogwirizana za lamulo.

Kungodzikakamiza Kuchita Zinthu Mobisa ndi Kudziloŵetsa mu Usilikali

Imodzi ya mitundu ya malamulo alamulo yachindunji kwambiri ndiyo kusonkhezera. Akatswiri ochirikiza ufulu ndi odzipereka amakumana ndi opanga malamulo kuti apereke kufufuza, kugawana nkhani zaumwini, ndi kulongosola mphamvu ya munthu ya malamulo aupompho. M’maiko kumene ukwati walamulo umodzi sunali walamulo, ochirikiza kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito kubweretsa mafaindi, kusungidwa kwa makomiti omvera, ndi kuvotera kwamphamvu kuti apite. Mwachitsanzo, ndawala yachipambano ya kulembetsa ukwati wa munthu mmodzi mu Argentina mu 2010 inaloŵetsamo kukakamizidwa kwakukulu kwa ziŵalo za Congress, ndi ochirikiza lamulo limodzi lokambirana za ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi lamulo la banja. Zomwe zinaperekedwa: Argentina anakhala dziko loyamba la Latin America kuti alinganize ukwati.

Kupha Anthu ndi Kumenya Nkhondo ya Maluwa

Policy kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito makampani sikuchitika popanda kutchuka. Ku Ireland, makampani amalimbikitsa anthu zikwizikwi kuti aitane, intayi, kapena kuyendera oimira awo. Mamembala, madzoma, madeshoni onyada, ndi pa Intaneti amafalitsa manyuzipepala ndi zizindikiro zakuti ukwati ndi wofunika kwambiri. Ku Ireland, mameseji a ukwati amodzimodzi audzu a m'dziko anachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kusintha maganizo awo.

Kulemba Malamulo ndi Malamulo Abwino

Pamene mabwalo alamulo safuna kapena sangathe kuchitapo kanthu, ochirikiza kaŵirikaŵiri amatembenukira ku makhoti. Malamulo apamwamba amagwiritsira ntchito milandu yoyesa kutsutsa malamulo aupandu monga kuswa malamulo alamulo ndi kulingana, chinsinsi, kapena ulemu. Zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. [[FL:] Obergefeb v. Homes [200] [195] [Hodques . Homes [[Foct:1]v] [[FLT] [1] [1] [malamulo] [malamulo] [malamulo] ovomerezedwa ndi zigamu zalamulo]) osankhidwa ndi mabungwe a ku American [FULT] [AK] [AK] [AGUF:3] (ma] (2005] (analidi]) (anali ndi zigamu la chigamu chachikulu chalamulo, ngakhale chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu chachikulu, chikhoza kukhazikitsa chigamu chotsutsa chigamu cha chigamu cha chika, chika, chikane chikane chi

Nyumba Zomangirana ndi Maunansi Ogwirizana

Zifukwa za ukwati sizimapambana kulekana. Zimapambana kwambiri pamene LGBTQ ipanga mgwirizano ndi magulu ena a chilungamo. Maadine angaphatikizepo magulu aufuko, mabungwe a ufulu wa akazi, maukwati a antchito, ndi zipembedzo zimene zimachirikiza kuphatikizidwa. ku United States, ndawala ya kulingana kwa ukwati inalimbitsidwa ndi NaACP, Bungwe la National for Adom, ndi magulu opita patsogolo a chikhulupiriro onga United Church of Christ. Mabungwe ameneŵa abweretsa chuma chowonjezereka, kukhulupirika, ndi kufikira kwa ndale zadziko. Iwo amatsimikiziranso kuti ukwati wa chivokizo sukhala chochepa, chopanda unzake, chogwirizana koma chigwirizano chachikulu ndi kumenyera ulemu ndi kufanana kwa anthu. Kulatini kwa Alatini, magulu a zipembedzo za United Church of Christand ndi magulu a ufulu wa anthu a ku Colombia m'dziko la Colombia ndi Costa Rica.

Kufufuza za Kumwa Mwambo Kwachipambano

United States: Obergefell v. Hodges ndi M’tsogolo

Njira ya kulingana kwa ukwati ku United States inatenga zaka zoposa makumi aŵiri a kulinganiza. M'ma 1990, ochirikiza anasumika maganizo pa kupambana mayanjano a m'banja ndi kulimbana ndi Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Kupambanako kunabwera kupyolera mwa njira yogwirizana ya boma ya ligalamu ndi maphunziro a anthu. Mu 2004, Massachusetts anakhala boma loyamba kulembetsa ukwati umodzi pa khoti lolamulira. Maboma ena anatsatira, koma kupita patsogolo kunali kosagwirizana. Pamenepo analimbana ndi kutetezera kwa boma kwa Act, kupambana kwapadera mu [[FT: 0] United States v. Wisson [FFFFFFFFF. "FFFOLD:1], ndipo wowonjezereka, adalephera kutetezera kwa anthu. Malamulowo, omwe analephera kuteteza Gawo 3 ndi boma kuti adziŵe kuti adziŵensone kuvomereza maukwati. [2]

Taiwan: Choyamba ku Asia

Mu 2019, Taiwan anakhala dziko loyamba kulembetsa ukwati wauchiŵanda ku Asia. Kukwaniritsa kumeneku kunali ntchito ya zaka za kuyenera kukwatira m'dziko la anthu ochepa a chipembedzo ndi a miyambo. M'nyengo imeneyo, khoti la Constitution linachita mbali yofunika kwambiri: mu 2017, Judge Yuan inagamula kuti malamulo oletsa ukwati wofanana ndi wa kugonana wofanana. Malamulo oletsa ukwati anaswa zigamulo za lamulo za ufulu ndi ufulu wa kukwatira. Khotilo linapereka malamulo aŵiri kuti likhazikitse malamulo atsopano. Panyengo imeneyo, ochirikiza chitsutso champhamvu kuchokera ku magulu osasintha zinthu amene anasonkhanitsa mazana ambiri a zikalata zoimira kulingana kwa ukwati. Malamulowo, omwe anachitidwa mu 2018, koma ufulu wachipembedzo ndi kutsutsa kwa anthu andale, angapambane ndi kulephera kutchula lamulo la lamulo lomveka lomveka bwino. [Malamulo a boma a boma a Taiwann]

South Africa: Chilakiko cha Khoti Loona za Malamulo

Ulendo wa South Africa wopita ku ukwati wolingana ngwodziŵika chifukwa chakuti mu 2002, Chikalata cha Lesbian ndi mabungwe ena odzipereka pambuyo pa ufulu wa anthu. Malamulo a m'dziko a 1996 anali oyamba kuletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana. Komabe, kwa pafupifupi zaka khumi, mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi satha kukwatira. Mu 2002, Lesbian ndi Gay Eastical Project ndi mabungwe ena anatsutsa kuti malamulo onse a ukwati ndi osalemekeza ufulu wa munthu. Mlandu, [[FLT:] Fiie v. Nduna ya milandu ya za ku Home [FLD:1], inafikira Khoti la Malamulo mu 2005. Khoti la lamulo lakulephera kuchepetsa ufulu wa ukwati. Khotilo linalamula kuti kuchotsa ufuluwo kuchepetsa ufulu ndi kuchepetsa ufulu. Limenelo linapereka lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lokhudza kugonana. Khoti lachiŵiri lakugoli inalo linathandiza kutsimikizira kuti mu ulamuliro lakukhazikitsa lakukhazikitsa lakukhazikitsa lakukhazikitsa lakukhazikitsa lakukhazikitsa lakuwonjezera lakugona kutsimikizira

Mavuto ndi Zomwe Zimayambitsa Vutoli

Ngakhale kuti pali zipambano zimenezi, malamulo a kuletsa ufulu wa ukwati amayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu. M'madera ambiri, chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo chitsutso chimakhalabe choopsa. Nthaŵi zambiri ogwirizana ndi mabungwe a mayiko osunga mwambo . Akugwira ntchito kulepheretsa kapena kulepheretsa kulingana kwa ukwati. M’mayiko monga Russia, Hungary, ndi Poland, maboma akhazikitsa malamulo amene amalimbitsa tsankho ndi kuletsa LGBTQ+ + . Ngakhale m’mayiko amene ukwati waumodzi ndi wovomerezeka, ochirikiza mfundo zofananazo ziyenera kuchotsedwa, oyenera kuteteza ku milandu yalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, pambuyo pa 2022 [FL:0] Chitetezero cha Malamulo a Jackson’s Health Organization , Jaclective ananena kuti kuyendetsa kuchotsa mimba kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ufulu wa ku United States. Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chingelezi cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata chakunja chaku

Chitsutso cha Chikhalidwe ndi Chachipembedzo

Chimodzi cha zopinga zosalekeza kwambiri ndicho chitsutso cha chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo. Magulu ambiri akuona kuti ukwati ndi mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi, wozikidwa pa chiphunzitso chachipembedzo. Umbeta m'nkhani zotero uyenera kulongosola zikhulupiriro zimenezi zokhala zozama popanda kugwirizana ndi ena. M'maiko ambiri achikatolika monga Italy ndi Poland, magulu a ukwati akukumana ndi chitsutso champhamvu kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a Tchalitchi. Ochirikiza avomereza mwa kugogomezera kulekana kwa ukwati wa boma ndi ukwati wa chipembedzo, ndi mwa kumanga mayanjano ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo opita patsogolo. M'nkhani zina, monga ku Malita ndi Portugal, kukambitsirana kwaulemu, kuphatikizana ndi kuvomerezedwa kwalamulo kwalamulo.

Kusintha Ndale ndi Mkangano

Ufulu wa ukwati ungakhale nkhani ya ndale zadziko yogaŵikana, makamaka m'maiko okhala ndi zipani zamphamvu kapena mabungwe otchuka. Mwachitsanzo, ku Brazil, ukwati wa kugonana ndi munthu mmodzi unavomerezedwa bwino lomwe kupyolera mwa chigamulo cha 2013 National Justice Council , koma mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko wakhala wotsutsa LGBTQ+. Wolamulira Jair Bolsoonaro, amene anatumikira kuyambira 2019 mpaka 2022, mobwerezabwereza kutsutsa kulingana ndi kuikidwa kwa oweruza apamwamba. Ochirikiza dziko lino ayenera kutetezera malamulo ku malamulo a boma ku bungwe la Grouges kapena kugwede kapena kugwedetsedwa kwa milandu. Zimenezi zimafuna kuti anthu akhalebe maso, maphunziro a anthu onse, ndi kuwonjezera ufulu pakati pa Ulaya ndi Hungary, monga kulongosola ukwati pakati pa munthu ndi mkazi, kukhazikitsa kochitidwa ndi lamulo kochitidwa ndi lamulo. [FGUl]

Zopinga za Malamulo ndi Zopinga za Lamulo

M'maiko ambiri, lamulo la malamulo la kulingana kwa ukwati limatsekerezedwa ndi malamulo amene amalongosola ukwati kukhala mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Kusintha malamulo kumafuna kuti pakhale kuyenera kwapamwamba m'nyumba ya malamulo, kuimira, kapena zonse ziŵiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Japan, Mfundo 24 ya Malamulo amanena kuti ukwati “udzakhala wozikidwa pa kuvomerezana kwa amuna ndi akazi okhaokha. Ngakhale kuti makhoti aang'ono akhazikitsa malamulo otsutsana ngati nkhaniyi imaletsa ukwati wauchigamulo, kukonza malamulo alamulo kumaonedwa kukhala kofunika kwambiri kuti ukhale wolingana kotheratu. M'maiko onga Ghana, Nigeria, ndi Uganda, malamulo ogwirizana ndi ochitidwa chatsopano ndi “malamulo auchiŵandana auchimo. Malamulo oletsa upandu, ngakhale kuchititsa kutha kwa ufulu wa kuthamangitsa ufulu wa anthu.

Malamulo a Afarisi Otsatira

Kusintha kwa malo padziko lonse kuyenera kuchitika kuti anthu asinthe.

Kusintha Mogwirizana ndi Makhalidwe a M’deralo

Palibe njira imodzi yokha yopezera phindu pa ukwati. M’maiko okhala ndi dongosolo lachiweruzo lamphamvu, kuvomereza kungakhale njira yotsimikizirika kwambiri. M'maiko kumene malamulo ali okhoza kuvomerezedwa, kukhazikitsa malamulo ayenera kusumika maganizo pa kuchirikiza ndalama ndi kusonkhezera. M'madera okhala ndi kutsutsa kwa chikhalidwe kokhazikika, maseŵero a maphunziro a anthu anthaŵi yaitali amene apanga mabanja amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, ku South Korea, kumene kulingana kwa ukwati sikumadziŵika, ochirikiza kugwirizanitsa ndi kuimira kwa anthu kwa kanthaŵi kochepa kuti asinthe malingaliro a anthu. Kufufuza kwa anthu a ku South Korea kunasonyeza kuti maukwati amodzi, kuyambira 30%, kuyambira zaka 30 zikuyambiriro zapita patsogolo, kumbuyo, kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo, kuchirikiza maluso awo a za ndale, ndi kutsalira kwa za ndale zadziko, ndi kutsatakwakwakwa, kwa zaumoyo, kwa lamulo, ndi kutsatanthanthanthira kwa anthu 2023 kutsimikizira kuti 50% a kuchirikiza ukwati chakunja tsopano, kuyambira pa zaka zaunyiko.

Makampani Opanga Ufulu Waumunthu wa Mitundu Yonse Olimba

Lamulo la ufulu wa anthu lapadziko lonse limapereka chida champhamvu chothandizira kukhazikitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe. Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Council on Civil and Political Rights, ndi ziwiya za ufulu wa anthu monga European Convention on Human Rights ndi Inter American Convention on Human Rights yagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsutsa kuti tsankho la anthu okwatirana azaka za pakati pa 13 ndi 2018 n’lomwe liyenera kuvomereza kuti mayiko asunge ukwati waufulu. Pamene malingaliro ameneŵa sakhazikitsa chitsenderezo chalamulo, amayambitsa chitsenderezo chalamulo ndi cha ndawalansinsi. Ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse. Ogwirizana angabweretsanso milandu ya mayiko monga Komiti ya ufulu wa anthu. [F.]

Kumanga Ubwenzi wa Malo Onse

Kulingana kwa ukwati ndi gulu lapadziko lonse, ndipo kupita patsogolo m'dziko lina kumasonkhezera ndi kuthandiza ku . Mabungwe a mayiko monga International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans Trans and Interssex Association (ILGA) amagaŵana njira zalamulo, kusungitsa, ndi kuchirikiza ndale zadziko. Pamene Taiwan wololedwa ndi boma limodzi, ochirikiza ukwati a ku Japan, South Korea, ndi Thailand anapita ku Taipei ku Taipei kuti akaphunzire ku chigawocho. Mofananamo, ochirikiza a Latin America apanga chitaganya cha kupyola chigawocho, kubwezera zokumana nazo kuchokera ku Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, ndi Ecuador. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumawonjezera ndalama: maziko ndi mabungwe opereka chithandizo padziko lonse, koma n’ngofunika kwambiri kuti magulu akwane kuti athandize magulu a m’malo mwa magulu a anthu a m’malo mwa atsogoleri a m’malo mwa kuchirikiza.

Kumaliza: Nkhondo Yopitirizabe

Chigwirizano cha lamulo ndi madongosolo a ndale zadziko chasintha kukhala lamulo. Komabe nkhondoyo yakhala kutali. M'madera ambiri, okwatirana amodzi auchiŵanda omwe akuyang'anizanabe ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wa ukwati padziko lonse. Kuchokera ku makhoti a South Africa ndi United States kufikira ku makhoti a nyumba zoyamwira za boma ndi Argentina, ngakhale kumene ukwati uli wovomerezeka, anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amasoŵa chitetezo chochuluka cha kusakhala kwa lamulo m’nyumba, ntchito, chisamaliro cha za thanzi, ndi kulera ana. Mbadwo wotsatira wa gulu la anthu otchuka a m'dziko lachiŵembu uyenera kumanga zinthu zakale pamene akupitirizabe kuvomereza mavuto atsopano. Chipani cha LGBTQ si njira imodzi yotetezera, anthu owonjezereka, ndi kuchirikiza udzu, ndi kumanga, mphamvu zalamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa, kukhazikitsa mphamvu, ndi kukhazikitsa anthu onse, ngakhale anthu auchimuna, ngakhale kuti anthu achikondi, chitsimikiziro, chitsimikiziro cha kugonana cha kugonana cha kugonana.