Table of Contents

Kukweza kuli chimodzi cha zoyenerera zazikulu m'magawo a democracy kuzungulira dziko. Kumaimira mawu a anthu ndipo kumagwira ntchito monga maziko a boma loimira. Komabe, kuyenera kofunika kumeneku sikuli kokha nkhani ya kuonekera pamalo ofufuza pa tsiku la chisankho. Kuvota kumalamulidwa ndi malamulo ovuta, malamulo, ndi chitetezo cha malamulo zimene zasintha zaka mazana ambiri. Kumvetsa ufulu wosankha n’kofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kukhala ndi phande mu ntchito ya democracy ndi kuonetsetsa kuti mawu awo amveke.

Malamulo a kuvota amakhudza mbali iliyonse ya kachitidwe ka voti, kuchokera ku kutsimikizira amene ali woyenera kuponya voti ku mmene mavoti akuŵerengedwera ndi kutsimikiziridwa. Malamulo ameneŵa alipo kutetezera umphumphu wa masankho, kuletsa chinyengo, kutsimikizira kulowa m'bokosi losankhira, ndi kuthetsa mikangano pamene ibuka. Kaya muli wovota woyamba kapena amene akhala akutenga nawo mbali m'masankho kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kukhala ndi chidziŵitso chozama cha ufulu wanu wosankha ndi zofunika zalamulo zimene muyenera kukwaniritsa nkofunika kaamba ka kutengamo mbali kothandiza kwa boma.

Wotsogolera wodziŵa bwino ameneyu akufufuza mbali zosiyanasiyana za lamulo la kuvota mu United States, kupenda zonse kuyambira pa zofunika zoyenerera ndi njira zolembera ndi kutetezera ufulu wa kuvota ndi chigamulo cha mikangano ya osankhidwa. Mwakumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa, mungakhoze bwinopo kuyendetsa ntchito yosankha, kutetezera ufulu wanu, ndi kuthandizira ku thanzi la dongosolo lathu la democracy.

Kumvetsetsa Zofunika Zosagonja

Kuyenera kwa kuvota sikumapatsidwa mwangozi kwa nzika zonse za dziko. Mmalomwake, miyezo yakutiyakuti ya kukhala woyenerera iyenera kufikiridwa munthu asanatengemo mbali m'masankho. Ziyeneretso zimenezi zakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la boma, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo a boma, kupanga dongosolo limene limasankha amene angagwiritsire ntchito franchise.

Zofunika pa Ukalamba

Chikalata cha Agiriki ndi Mipingo 20 cha United States, chomwe chinavomerezedwa mu 1971, chinatsimikizira kuti nzika za zaka khumi ndi zitatu kapena kuposa sizingamanidwe kuyenera kwa kuvota pausinkhu wa zaka. Chiyeneretso cha boma chimenechi chimagwira ntchito pa masankho onse, kuphatikizapo boma, boma, ndi mipikisano yakumaloko. Kuchotsa, kuvota m'mayiko ambiri kunali makumi aŵiri ndi mmodzi, ngakhale kuti mayiko angapo anali atachepetsa ufuluwo pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya Vietnam.

Maiko ena amalola anthu amene adzatembenuza khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu mwa masankho a onse kuti avote m'masankho aakulu, ngakhale ngati akali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri panthaŵi yapadera. Zimenezi zimavomereza kuti zisankho zazikulu ndizo mbali ya kasankhidwe kotsogolera ku chisankho cha onse. Kuwonjezera apo, maulamuliro ena ayesa kuchepetsa nyengo yosankha pa masankho a kumaloko, ndi mizinda yochepa yokhayo yomwe imalola anthu khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi ndi aŵiri a zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi kuvota mpikisano wa boma, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zakhala zosapezekapo.

Ufulu wa Unzika

Unzika wa United States ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti munthu asankhe pa masankho a boma, komanso pa masankho a boma ndi a m'dzikolo pafupifupi m’madera onse. Chiyeneretso chimenechi n’chozikidwa pa malamulo ndipo chachirikizidwa ndi makhoti nthaŵi zonse. Kuti munthu akhale woyenerera kuvota, ayenera kukhala nzika yachibadwa kapena nzika yachibadwa imene yamaliza ntchito ya nzikazo.

Nzika zalamulo, zodziŵika kwambiri monga osunga makadi obiriŵira, siziyenera kuvota m'masankho a boma kapena a boma, mosasamala kanthu za utali wa utali umene akhala ku United States. Kutumiza monga munthu wosakwanira kungakhale ndi zotulukapo zowopsa za lamulo, kuphatikizapo kuthamangitsidwa ndi zipilala zokhalitsa ku chilengedwe. Komabe, maulamuliro angapo a kumaloko alola anthu osasankha m'masankhoti ena a kumaloko, onga ngati mpikisano wa mabungwe a sukulu, ngakhale kuti kachitidweka kakhala kotsutsana ndi kosadziŵika.

Mayiko ena amafuna umboni wolembedwa wa unzika wa unzika, ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma ayesa kuletsa anthu kulembetsa.

Zofunika za Kukhalabe Olimba

Ziyeneretso za kuvomereza zimatsimikizira kuti ovota ali ndi kugwirizana kwenikweni ndi ulamuliro umene iwo ali ovota. Kuvota m'boma, m’chigawo, kapena m'boma, munthu ayenera kukhala nzika ya ulamuliro umenewo. Mafotokozedwe apadera a malo okhala angasiyane ndi boma, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kuti munthu akhazikitse nyumba yake pamalo amenewo ndi cholinga chofuna kukhalabe kumeneko.

Maboma ambiri amafuna kuti ovota akhale nzika kwa nyengo yakutiyakuti chisankho chisanachitike, ngakhale kuti zofunika za kukhala kwa nthaŵi yaitali zimenezi zakhala zochepetsedwa kwambiri ndi zigamulo za boma ndi khoti. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti maboma sangafune masiku oposa makumi atatu okhalako chisankho chisanachitike, popeza kuti zifuno zazitali zikanalemetsa ufulu wa kuvota ndi kuyenera kwa kuyenda.

Makonzedwe apadera alipo kaamba ka magulu ena amene angakhale opanda mwambo wa kukhala. Ofesi zankhondo ndi nzika za kumaiko akunja zingavotere m'masankho a boma kupyolera mwa mavoti a kuchotsedwa kwa anthu pansi pa Bugsee Voing Act. Ophunzira a koleji angasankhe mwachibadwa kulembetsa kaya kaya pa keyala yawo ya sukulu kapena nyumba yawo, kudalira pa malo amene iwo amalingalira kukhala. Anthu opanda nyumba ali ndi ufulu wa kuvota ndipo angalembetse kugwiritsa ntchito keyala ya nyumba, paki, kapena malo ena kumene amakhala nthaŵi zonse.

Kulingalira Bwino za Maganizo

Komabe, malamulo ameneŵa akhala otsutsidwa ndi kusintha m’zaka zaposachedwapa. Malamulo ndi zigamulo za khoti zakhala zikuyenderana ndi kuganiziridwa kwa anthu aluso losankha, osati kusokonezedwa chifukwa cha kupunduka kapena kutetezedwa.

Maiko ambiri achotsa kapena kuchepetsa kusiyanitsa kwawo maganizo, kuzindikira kuti kukhala ndi chilema kapena kuyang'anira sikumatanthauza kwenikweni kuti munthu alibe mphamvu ya kuvota. Maiko ena tsopano amafuna khoti kupeza kuti munthu ali ndi mphamvu ya kuvota asanachotse ufulu umenewo. Kufikira kumeneku kumayenderana ndi Amereka ndi Act Yakuti ali ndi Ulema ndi malamulo ena a ufulu wolemala amene amagogomezera kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi udindo ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi phande m’moyo wa anthu onse.

Kulemba Malo Opangira Mtengo wa Zovala

Kulembetsa kolembedwa m’zipinda kumathandiza kuti munthu atenge nawo mbali m’masankho. Kayendetsedwe ka boma kameneka kamachititsa kuti anthu oyenera kuvota alembetse bwino ndipo kamathandiza akuluakulu a masankho kuyang’anira ntchito yovota, kuletsa chinyengo, ndiponso kuonetsetsa kuti munthu aliyense avote kamodzi kokha. Kumvetsa malamulo ovomerezeka ndi njira zimene inuyo mukutsatira n’kofunika kuti mugwiritse ntchito ufulu wanu wosankha.

Njira Zolembera ndi Zolembedwa

National Voter Bribaptist Act ya 1993, yodziŵika kwambiri monga Mor Voter Act, inakhazikitsa njira zambiri zolembera pa mavoti a boma. Lamulo lapadera limeneli limafuna kuti boma liperekere mavoti ovomerezeka ku madipatimenti a galimoto, mabungwe othandiza anthu, ndi mwa njira zolembera makalata. Lamuloli linakonzedwa kuti lipangitse kulembetsa ndi kuwonjezera wovotayo.

Lerolino, ovota angalembetsere ku njira zingapo. Olembetsa amapezeka ku maofesi a boma odziŵika, kuphatikizapo madipatimenti a galimoto, maofesi a masankho, ndi makampani ena a boma. Maboma ambiri amavomerezanso kulembetsa pa makampani olembetsa ochitidwa ndi mabungwe a boma, zipani za ndale, ndi magulu a anthu. Kulembetsa kolembedwa ndi pepala pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa boma kapena mtundu wa boma wa chigawo cha dziko lonse kudakali chosankha m'mayiko ambiri.

Komiti ya Makina ya kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya kampani yayamba kufala kwambiri, ndipo mayiko ambiri tsopano akupereka njira yolembera pa Intaneti imeneyi. Kulembetsa kumafuna kuti anthu akhale ndi laiseji ya dalaivala, pamene njirayi itsimikizira kuti ndi yofala chifukwa cha kusavuta kwake ndipo yasonyezedwa kuti ikuchepetsa zolakwa ndi mtengo wotsatira mafomu a foni a boma.

Pamene munthu alembetsa, ayenera kupereka chidziŵitso china, kuphatikizapo dzina lawo lonse lalamulo, maadiresi awo, deti la kubadwa, ndi m'mayiko ambiri, madigiti anayi omalizira a nambala yawo ya Social Security kapena laisensi ya dalaivala. Mayiko ena amafuna chidziŵitso chowonjezereka kapena mapepala. Olemba ayeneranso kutsimikizira kuti akwaniritsa zofunika zofunikira, kuphatikizapo kukhala nzika, zaka, ndi kukhala ndi moyo.

Malo Olembedwamo Akufa

Maboma ambiri amakhazikitsa masiku otsatizana olembetsa ovota asanavote, makamaka masiku khumi ndi asanu mpaka makumi atatu tsiku la chisankho lisanafike. Malo ameneŵa amapatsa akuluakulu a chisankho nthaŵi ya kukonza mafomu, kukonzanso mapepala opangira voti, ndi kukonza zinthu zofufuzira. Kulephera nthaŵi yolembetsa kumatanthauza kuti munthu sangavote m'chosankha chimenecho, ngakhale kuti angalembetse masankhoti amtsogolo.

Komabe, mayiko ambiri avomereza kulembetsa tsiku limodzi, lomwenso limadziwika kuti kulembetsa tsiku la chisankho, kumene kumachititsa nzika kulembetsa ndi kuvota tsiku lomwelo. Lamulo limeneli lasonyezedwa kuti liwonjezere ovota, makamaka achinyamata ndi amene angosamuka kumene. Mayiko amene alembetsa tsiku lomwelo amafuna kuti anthu avotedwe kuti apereke umboni wosonyeza kuti ali ndi malo oonera kapena malo opangira mavoti a poyamba.

Mayiko ena alembetsa anthu ovota okha, kumene anthu oyenerera amalembetsa kuvota pamene agwirizana ndi mabungwe ena a boma, monga dipatimenti ya magalimoto, pokhapokha ngati asankha.

Kulembetsa ndi Kukonzanso

Kulembetsa kwa Voter si chochitika chimodzi. Ovota olembetsa ali ndi udindo wosunga chidziŵitso chawo chamakono cholembetsa, makamaka ngati asamukira ku adiresi yatsopano, kusintha dzina lawo, kapena kufuna kusintha gulu lawo. Kulephera kukonzanso chidziŵitso cholembetsera pa tsiku la chisankho, monga ngati kuuzidwa malo oonera kapena kusapezeka pa ndandanda ya ovota.

Posamukira m'dziko lomwelo, ovota ayenera kukonzanso kulembetsa kwawo ndi adiresi yawo yatsopano. Mayiko ambiri amalola kuti izi zichitike pa Intaneti, potumiza makalata, kapena pa munthu. Posamukira ku boma latsopano, ovota ayenera kulembetsa m'dziko lawo latsopano, monga mmene kulembetsa kovota sikukupitira ku madera a boma. Kulembetsa kwa boma lakale kudzatha potsirizira pake kuchotsedwa kudzera m'madongosolo a interstate-data kapena njira zosungira zinthu.

Akuluakulu a chisankho nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi amasunga kusungidwa kwa ovota olondola ndi kufikira lero. Njira imeneyi ingaphatikizepo kuchotsa ovota amene adafa, kuchotsedwa ku boma, kapena kupezedwa ndi mlandu wa upandu wosayenerera. Komabe, ndandanda ya njira zosamalira zakhala zikutsutsana, ndi nkhaŵa yakuti kuchotsa mwamphamvu kukhoza kuchotsa osankhidwa oyenerera m'marolotte. Federal, kuphatikizapo National Voter Britage Act, kukhazikitsa njira ndi ziletso pa mmene ndi pamene ovotawo angachotsedwere pa mindandanda ya kulembetsa.

Kuzindikira Zofunika

Ngakhale kuti si mbali ya kalembera, wovotayo ali ndi ziyeneretso zapadera zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kulembetsa ndipo akhala nkhani yapadera ya lamulo ndi ya ndale zadziko. Maboma amasiyana kwambiri m’zofunika zawo, ndi zina zofuna kudziŵikitsa zithunzi, zina kulandira zikalata zosakhala zaphoto, ndipo zinanso zilibe zikalata zolembedwa zodziŵira.

Maboma a ID a kujambula kwenikweni amafuna ovota kupereka chizindikiritso cha boma cholunjikitsidwa ndi mafoto, chonga laisensi ya woyendetsa galimoto, khadi la boma, pasipoti, kapena tchati ya asilikali. Ngati wovota satha kupereka idi yofunikira, iwo angaloledwe kuponya pepala logawira, limene lidzaŵerengedwa kokha ngati wovotayo pambuyo pake apereka chizindikiritso chovomerezeka kapena masankhoti angatsimikizire kuyenerera kwawo kupyolera ku njira zina.

Zikalata zolembedwa ndi anthu osankhidwa, kuphatikizapo mapepala a magetsi, mapepala a kubanki, kapena macheke a boma amene amasonyeza dzina la wovotayo ndi adiresi yake. Maboma angapo alibe ndandanda yodziwitsa, m’malo mwake amadalira njira zochitira specination zofanana ndi zimenezi kapena zina zotsimikizira.

Malamulo a Voter akhala ovomerezeka kwambiri, ndi otsutsa akutsutsa kuti amasenzetsa mtolo wapamwamba osankhidwa ochepa, nzika zokalamba, anthu olandira zotsika, ndi ena amene angakhale ndi vuto la kupeza chizindikiritso chofunikira. Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti ziyeneretso za ma ID nzofunika kuletsa chinyengo cha wovota ndi kusunga chidaliro cha anthu pa masankho. Makhoti afikira zigamulo zosiyanasiyana pa malamulo ameneŵa, limodzi ndi ena kuwachirikiza iwo ndi ena kuwamenya kukhala osagwirizana ndi lamulo kapena kuswa Chikalata cha Zogamutsira ufulu wa Ufulu.

Kuteteza Malamulo pa Kulandira Ufulu

Ngakhale kuti malamulo oyambirira anasiyira mayiko kuti asankhe mavoti, kusintha ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma kwakhazikitsa chitetezo chofunika kwambiri pa tsankho ndipo kwachititsa kuti munthu wosankhayo apeze ufulu wochuluka.

Mpukutu wa 15 wa Nkhani

Kukonzedwanso kwa zinthu mu 1870 kunachitika pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, ndipo Communist (Kusintha kwa Zaka Khumi ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu) kumaletsa boma ndipo kumaletsa nzika kukana kuvota munthu chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wa ukapolo wakale. Kukonza kumeneku kunali kofuna kusungitsa ufulu wosankha anthu amene kale anali akapolo ndipo kunaimira kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa kukhala ndi phande m’demokrase.

Mosasamala kanthu za chinenero chomvekera bwino cha Demeterment ya 15th, maboma ambiri, makamaka Kummwera, anagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zozembera chitetezo chake, kuphatikizapo kupima kuŵerenga ndi kulemba, misonkho yofunsira, zigamulo za agogo, ndi ma projectrial oyera. Njira zimenezi zotembenuza anthu a ku Africa zinachotsadi otembenuza kwa pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi kufikira bungwe la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi lamulo lolamulira pomalizira pake zinapereka kusungitsa kokhala ndi mfundo zachitsimikiziro za kukonzanso.

Mpukutu wa 19 wa Nkhaniyi

Demendment ya 19, yovomerezedwa mu 1920 pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kuvomereza kwa gulu la akazi, imaletsa kukana zoyenera zovota pamaziko a kugonana. Kusintha kumeneku kunaimira chipambano chachikulu m’kufalikira kwa kugawana kwa demokrase, mothekera kuŵirikiza kusankhidwa koyenerera mwa kupatsa akazi ufulu wa kuvota m’masankho onse.

Njira yofikira akazi inali yaitali ndi yovuta, ndi ochirikiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo ndawala za boma, kusonkhezera, kutsutsa, ndi kusamvera kwa anthu. Podzafika nthaŵi imene Demetrition ya 199 inavomerezedwa, maboma angapo anali atapatsa kale akazi ufulu wosankha wokwanira kapena wochepera, koma kukonzanso kogwirizana ndi lamulo kunatsimikizira kuyenera kumeneku m’dziko lonselo.

Mpumulo Wachinayi wa Malamulo

Mu 1964, Kusintha kwa Mabuku Achiwiri kumaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito misonkho ya kuvota pa masankho a boma. Potero anthu ankalipira ndalama kuti avote, ndipo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m’mayiko a Kum’mwera monga njira yochotsera anthu a ku African America ndi azungu osauka osankha. Mwa kufuna kuti apereke ndalama zochitira voti, misonkho yofunsira inapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri asamatenge nawo mbali m'masankhoti.

Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pa kuvomerezedwa kwa Lamulo la Malamulo la Ma 20 - Fourth Amendment, Bwalo Lapamwamba linawonjezera chiletso chake pa misonkho ya kuvota ku boma ndi zisankho za kumaloko m’nkhani ya Harper ndi Harper Board of Ecomments, likulamula kuti kupanga kuyenera kwa kuvota pa kupereka msonkho kunaswa Ecult Protection Claus of the 144th Amendment.

Mpumulo Wachisanu ndi Chiŵiri

Monga tanenera kale, Amisinkhu Yoposa Yokwana 20 , yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1971, inachepetsa zaka zovota kuchokera pa makumi aŵiri ndi mmodzi kufika pa 18. Izi zinasinthidwa makamaka ndi zitsutso zakuti ngati anthu a zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu anali achikulire kwakuti angalowedwe m'gulu ndi kumenyana m’nkhondo ya Vietnam, anali aakulu mokwanira kuti avote. Kusinthako kunavomerezedwa mofulumira kwambiri, kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi itatu kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha bungwe la Revition ku kuvomerezedwa ndi chiŵerengero chofunikira cha maboma.

Kutetezedwa Kofanana ndi Kutetezedwa ndi Kufunika Kwake

Kupyola pa kukonzedwa kwa ufulu wosankha, Gemendment ya 14th Experimence Protection and Bit Process Clauses yatembenuzidwa kupereka chitetezo chofunika kaamba ka ufulu wa kuvota. Khoti Lapamwamba lavomereza kuvota kukhala kuyenera kwakukulu, kutanthauza kuti malamulo amene amapondereza ufulu wa kuvota amayang’aniridwa mosamalitsa ndipo ayenera kukonzedwa kuti atumikire mokakamiza boma.

Kutetezera Claus Wofanana kumafuna kuti mavoti aŵerengedwe mofanana, monga momwe amafotokozera mfundo ya "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi". Mfundo imeneyi, yokhazikitsidwa m'nkhani zonga Baker v. Carr ndi Reynolds . Sims, ikufuna kuti zigawo za malamulo zikokedwe ndi anthu ofanana kwambiri kotero kuti voti ya munthu aliyense ikhale ndi ukulu wofanana. Oteteza Claus amaletsanso kusankhana mwadala pamaziko a fuko ndi makhalidwe ena otetezedwa.

Lamulo Lovomereza Ufulu ndi Malamulo Oyendetsera Ufulu wa Anthu

Ngakhale kuti kusintha kwa malamulo kwapereka njira yopangira ufulu wosankha, lamulo la boma lakhala lofunika kwambiri polimbikitsa ufulu umenewu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa tsankho. Lamulo lalikulu pa malamulo ameneŵa ndi la Kupereka Ufulu wa Anthu mu 1965, limene linasintha ufulu wa demokalase ya ku America.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Chikalata cha Voing Rights Act cha 1965 chili chimodzi cha zigawo zopambana za malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe m’mbiri ya Amereka. Choikidwa m’lamulo ndi Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson pamlingo wapamwamba wa gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe, Chikalatacho chinalinganizidwira kusungitsa ufulu wosankha wotsimikiziridwa ndi Malamulo a 14 ndi 15 ndi kuchotsa machitachita oletsa upandu amene adachotsa osankhidwa a mu Afirikan American, makamaka Kummwera.

Chigawo 2 chinkaletsa anthu kusankhana mitundu, mtundu, kapena kukhala m’gulu la chinenero cha anthu ochepa. Lamulo limeneli limagwira ntchito m’dziko lonselo ndipo limalola kuti lamulo liziletsa kuvota. Kusonyeza kuti kuphwanya Chigawo 2, kuyenera kusonyeza kuti khalidwe lovuta limachititsa kuti anthu a m’gulu lotetezedwa akhale ndi mwayi wochepa kusiyana ndi anthu ena osankhidwa kuti alowe nawo m’gulu la ndale ndiponso osankha a m’gulu la anthu osankhidwa.

Mwinamwake chida champhamvu koposa m'Chilamulo choyambirira cha Zotion Act chinali Chigawo 5, chimene chinafuna maulamuliro ena ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma, chodziŵika monga kudziŵidwa, asanagwiritse ntchito masinthidwe alionse a malamulo kapena njira zawo zovotera. Chiyeneretso cha kudziŵira chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku maboma ndi madera odziŵika ndi mawu ofotokoza m'Chigawo 4(b), omwe anazikidwa pa umboni wa mbiri wa tsankho, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito mayeso ofufuza kulemba ndi kulemba ndi kulembedwa kwapamwamba kapena kulembedwa kwa ovomerezeka.

Komabe, m'nkhani ya mu 2013 ya Shelby County v. Holler, khoti Lapamwamba linagamula lamulo lokhudza nkhani 4 (b) pomasulira Chigawo 5 m'nthawi ya ntchito. Khotili linavomereza kuti njirayi inachokera ku zinthu zakale ndiponso kuti zinthu zimene poyamba zinkagwirizana ndi malamulo a kukhazikitsa malamulo zinasintha kwambiri. Chigamulochi chinatsutsana ndi malamulo ambiri ovomerezeka.

Chigawo 203 chilinso ndi makonzedwe otetezera zinenero za anthu ochepa. Chigawo 203 chimafunikira maulamuliro ena opangira mavoti ndi chithandizo m’zinenero zina osati Chingelezi pamene nzika zambiri za anthu osankha zili ziwalo za gulu limodzi la zinenero zochepera ndipo zili ndi luso la Chingelezi lochepa. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amathandiza kutsimikizira kuti malire a zinenero samaletsa nzika zoyenerera kuchita mavoti awo.

Lamulo la Kulembetsa M’kaundula wa Dzikolo

National Voter Bribaptial Act ya 1993, yodziŵikanso monga Mor Voter Act, inalinganizidwa kupanga kulembetsa kovomerezeka ndi kuwonjezera kutengamo mbali m'masankho a boma. Monga momwe tafotokozera poyamba, Act imafuna kuti boma liperekere mavoti a kulembetsa madipatimenti a galimoto, mabungwe othandiza anthu onse, ndi mabungwe otumikira anthu opunduka. Imafunanso kuti maboma avomereze njira yolembera makalata ovomerezeka pa masankhoti a boma.

Chikalatachi chinakhazikitsanso chitetezo chofunika kwambiri pa kuchotsedwa kosayenera kwa ovota m'mapepala olembetsa. Chimafuna kuti programu iliyonse yosasinthika ikhale yofanana, yosagamula mlandu, ndi yochitidwa mogwirizana ndi makonzedwe a Chikalatacho. Mayiko sangachotse ovota chifukwa cholephera kuvota, ndipo ayenera kupereka chidziŵitso ndi mpata woyankha asanachotse ovota pa zifukwa zina monga kusintha kalankhulidwe.

Chithandizo cha America Chipereka Njira

Popita mu 2002 poyankha mikangano yokhudza chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2000, bungwe la Help America Vote Act (HARVA) linakhazikitsa malamulo ochepa a mavoti ndi osankha. Act inakhazikitsa bungwe la Ecomment Application Commission kuti lithandize mayiko pokwaniritsa malamulo amenewa ndi kuti likhale malo ochotseramo nkhani zokhudza masankho.

HAVA amafuna maboma kulowa mmalo mwa zikalata za nkhonya ndi njira zovotera, kukhazikitsa ma datalogiya ovomerezeka a boma, kupereka mavoti ovomerezeka kwa ovota amene afunsidwa, ndi kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso za kupezeka kwa ovota okhala ndi zopunduka. Act adakhazikitsanso ziyeneretso zodziŵira osankha anthaŵi yoyamba amene amalembetsa ndi makalata ndipo samatsimikizira kuti ali ovomerezeka ndi kulembetsa kwawo.

Malamulowa anapereka ndalama zothandizira mayiko kutsatira mfundo zimenezi, ngakhale kuti anthu akhala akutsutsana kwambiri pankhani yopereka ndalamazo, ndipo akuluakulu ambiri a masankho ananena kuti pakufunika ndalama zambiri kuti pakhalenso masankho abwino ndiponso oteteza.

Kusintha Zinthu kwa Nzika za M’nyanja

Chikalata cha Act (UOCAVA) chimateteza ufulu wosankha wa asilikali, mabanja awo, ndi nzika zina za ku United States zimene zimakhala m’mayiko ena. Lamuloli likufuna kuti anthu ovotawa avomereze kulembetsa ndi kuvota pa masankho a boma, ndipo limakhazikitsa njira zothandizira kuti azichita nawo ntchitoyi ngakhale kuti ali kutali ndi mayiko awo.

UOCAVA covota angagwiritsire ntchito Federal Post Card Ipply kulembetsa ndi kupempha pepala la wolephera kugawa kampani panthaŵi imodzi. Maboma ayenera kulandira ndi kukonza maseŵero ameneŵa ndipo ayenera kutumiza mavoti ku UOCAVA masiku makumi anayi ndi asanu chisankho cha boma. Ngati boma lilephera kukwaniritsa nthaŵi imeneyi, liyenera kupereka njira yothandizira osankha ameneŵa kulandira ndi kuponya ma blackot awo, monga ngati kutumiza kwamagetsi.

Malamulo Onyoza

Chimodzi cha ziletso zazikulu kwambiri pa ufulu wosankha mu United States ndicho kutha kwa anthu okhala ndi zikhululukiro zauchimo.

Kusiyana Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo a boma onena za ufulu wosankha amasiyanasiyana. Pambali imodzi, masilamu aŵiri . .Maine ndi Vermont . Maboma ameneŵa sanaletse ufulu wosankha wozikidwa pa zikhulupiriro za upandu, akumati ufulu wosankha ndi wofunika kwambiri kwakuti suyenera kuchotsedwa ngakhale kwa awo amene achita milandu yaikulu.

Malamulo ameneŵa angapangitse kuti milandu ina ikhale yolakwika kwa moyo wawo wonse, ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa maboma ameneŵa ali ndi njira zobwezera ufulu, zimene zingangochitika zokha pa zolakwa zina kapena zingafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuvomereza.

Mayiko ambiri amagwa pakati, kubwezera ufulu wovota pomaliza chilango, kuphatikizapo nthaŵi ya ndende, kuchotsedwa chilango, ndi kuikidwa m'ndende. Mayiko ena amabweza ufulu mwamsanga munthu akamasulidwa m’ndende, ngakhale ngati munthuyo adakali pa chilango kapena kuikidwa m’ndende.

Kucholoŵana ndi kusiyana kwa malamulo ameneŵa kungapangitse chisokonezo kwa anthu okhala ndi zikhulupiliro zaupandu amene sangamvetsetse ngati ali oyenerera kuvota.

Mavuto a M’malamulo Ndiponso Kusintha Zinthu

Malamulo otsutsa malamulo osiyanasiyana atsutsidwa, kuphatikizapo kunena kuti amaswa Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Claus, makamaka pamene ali ndi chiyambukiro chosayerekezereka pa mafuko aang’ono. Komabe, Bwalo Lapamwamba lanena kuti Kusintha kwa 14 ndilo lolunjika kumapereka chilolezo cha kutsutsa anthu kaamba ka "kugawana m’chipanduko, kapena upandu wina," ndi makhoti aang'ono achirikiza mwachisawawa malamulo otsutsa malamulo oletsa malamulo a boma.

Mosasamala kanthu za kulephera kwa lamulo kwa malamulo ameneŵa, pakhala gulu lomakulakula la kukonzanso kapena kuchotsa kutha kwa malupanga. Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti malamulo ameneŵa ngozikidwa m’malamulo a fuko lolinganizidwa kutsendereza mphamvu ya kuvota ya Akuda pambuyo pa kukonzansonso, kuti amachepetsa kubwezeretsedwa kwa anthu omwe kale anali m’ndende m’chitaganya, ndi kuti amawononga mamiliyoni a Aamereka, kuyambukira mopambanitsa mitundu ya anthu.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma ambiri asintha malamulo awo kuti awonjezere ufulu wosankha anthu okhala ndi zigamulo zaupandu. Ena ayamba kubwezeretsa ufulu wawo akamasulidwa kundende kapena kumaliza chilango. Ena achepetsa kubwezeretsa ufulu woyenerera kapena kuchotsa nyengo zoyembekezera. Mavoter m’maiko ena avomereza njira zobwezeretsera ufulu wovota, kusonyeza kuchirikiza kwa anthu kusintha m’dera lino.

Chiyambukiro pa Anthu

Malamulo otsutsa asintha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America. Chiyambukirocho chimagwera kwambiri anthu a ku Africa America chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mafuko m'dongosolo la chiweruzo. M’mayiko ena, chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu a ku Africa kuno chimachotsedwa chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zolakwika, zimene zingayambukire mphamvu ya ndale ndi kuimira madera ameneŵa.

Kusiyapo chiyambukiro chachindunji pa anthu amene sangathe kuvota, kusokoneza mlandu kumayambukira mabanja ndi anthu a m'madera ena. Pamene anthu ambiri a m’mudzimo sangathe kuvota, zingachepetse mgwirizano wa ndale ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya anthu pa ndale zadziko. Zimenezi zingayambitse kusintha kumene anthu ambiri amene akhudzidwa ndi malamulo achilungamo satha kukhudza malamulowo kudzera m’bokosi la olemba mapepala.

Njira Zopangira Zinthu ndi Kupezeka

Malamulo okhudza kuvota saphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana zimene anthu angaponyere mavoti. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, mayiko agwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zovotera, ndipo njira zina zosavuta ndi zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito pamene ena apitirizabe kuchita zimenezi.

Mu Peresson Voting

Chikhalidwe cha wovota pa tsiku la chisankho chidakali njira yofala koposa ya kuvota mu United States. Ofufuza amapita ku malo awo ofunsira, kuyang'anira ndi antchito a chisankho, kulandira chisankho, kuŵerengera zosankha zawo, ndi kutumiza chilolezo cha kuŵerenga. Njira imeneyi imalola chithandizo chamwamsanga ngati ovota ali ndi mafunso ndi kupereka chokumana nacho cha anthu onse chimene anthu ambiri amaŵerengera.

Malo opangira mayeso ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo malamulo a kupezeka pansi pa lamulo la ku America lokhudza kupunduka ndi Lamulo la Kuthandiza America Vote. Malamulo ameneŵa amafuna kuti malo oonera akhale otheka kwa ovota ndi opunduka ndipo zipangizo zovotera zopezeka. Ogwira ntchito yopanga mavoti ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuthandiza anthu opunduka powasamalira ndi kusamala zachinsinsi ndi ufulu wawo.

Malo ndi chiŵerengero cha malo oonera zikhoza kukhudza kwambiri ovota. Zitokoso za lamulo zabweretsedwa m'milandu kumene kutsekedwa kwa malo ofunsira kapena kusamuka kwawo kukuchititsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kwa anthu ena, makamaka anthu ochepa, kuvota. Makhoti amafufuza ngati kusintha kumeneku kumasemphana ndi lamulo la Boma Act kapena chitetezo cha malamulo.

Kuyatsa M’manja Kudakali Pang’ono

Maboma ena amavota mwamsanga masana ndi mavoti awo ovomerezeka. Ena amafuna kuvota mwamsanga, pamene ena amalola wovota aliyense wovomerezeka kuti achite zimenezo.

Kuvota koyamba kungawonjezere kupezeka kwa munthu mwa kupereka mipata yambiri ya kuvota ndi kuchepetsa mizera ndi kudikira nthaŵi patsiku la chisankho. Kungakhale kopindulitsa kwambiri kwa anthu amene amagwira ntchito kwa maola ambiri, amene ali ndi ndandanda yosasinthika, kapena amene amayang’anizana ndi mavuto a zoyendera.

Mkangano wa lamulo wabuka pa malamulo oyambirira ovota, makamaka pamene maboma achepetsa nyengo kapena malo a kuvota mwamsanga.

Kusiya Ntchito ndi Kutumiza Makalata

Wovota wa abusiree amalola ovota olembetsedwa kulandira ndi kuponya mapepala awo mwa makalata mmalo mwa kuvota. Mwamwambo, kuvota kwa wolephera kunalipo kokha kwa ovota amene anali ndi chodzikhululukira chotsimikizirika, monga ngati kukhala kutali ndi ulamuliro wawo patsiku la chisankho, kukhala ndi chilema, kapena kukhala wosakhoza kuvota mwa munthu pazifukwa zachipembedzo. Komabe, maboma ambiri asamukira ku "okha opatula, zimene zimalola wovota aliyense wovomerezeka kupempha ndi kutaya wochotsedwa ntchitoyo popanda kupereka chifukwa.

Maboma angapo achitanso chivoti cha onse, kumene ovota onse olembetsedwa amalandira pepala loitanira mwa modzifunira pa masankho alionse. Maboma ameneŵa achotsa kwakukulukulu malo oonera amwambo, ngakhale kuti iwo amasungadi ena mwa ovota, monga ngati malo ovotera kumene wovota aliyense m’chigawocho angapereke pepala lovomerezeka, ndi kuponya mabokosi otetezeka kumene ovota angabwezere mavoti awo.

Kusankha makalata kunakula kwambiri m'mliri wa Chovid-19 pamene maboma anafuna kupereka njira zovotera zodalirika. Kukula kumeneku kunatsogolera ku mkangano walamulo ndi wandale, ndi mikangano ya zachitetezo cha chilolezo, kusaina zofunika, kukwaniritsa nthaŵi zobwezera, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mabokosi oponya pansi. Makhoti anamva zovuta zambiri potumiza njira zovota, ndipo zotsatira zake zinalipo mogwirizana ndi nkhani zachindunji ndi malamulo a boma oloŵetsedwa.

Abregie ndi maposit amagonjera ku ziyeneretso zalamulo zotsimikizirika zolinganizidwa kutsimikizira chisungiko ndi kuchinjiriza chinyengo. Izi zimaphatikizapo kutsimikizira, kumene akuluakulu a chisankho amayerekezera kusaina pa envulopu ya chisankho ndi kusainidwa pa fayiro kuchokera ku kulembetsa kwa wovota. Mayiko ena agwiritsira ntchito "kusanthula" njira zimene zimalola ofufuza kuwongolera mavuto ndi zikalata zawo zochotsedwa, zonga ngati zikalata zosoweka kapena zosagwirizana, kutsimikizira kuti mavoti awo aŵerengedwe.

Kupezeka kwa Makampani Opunduka

Lamulo la ku America lokhudza kupunduka kwa anthu ndi la Help America Vote Act limalamula kuti malo oonera akhale ofikirika ndi kuti makampani ovota azikhala ndi zofooka zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kulephera kuona, kuyenda bwino, ndi kulephera kuganiza bwino.

Ziŵiya zovota zopezeka ziyenera kulola ovota opunduka kuponya mapepala awo paokha ndi paokha, popanda thandizo la ena ngati afuna. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zipangizo zomangira zilembo zonga ma meseji, makompyuta oyendera, ndi zisonyezero zowongola. Kwa ovota amene sangapite kumalo oonera, kuvotako kumapereka chinthu china chofunika, ngakhale kuti kutsimikizira kuti kuvota kwa munthu amene wachokako kuli kofikirika kungakhalenso kovuta.

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo ofunikira, ovota opunduka akupitiriza kuyang’anizana ndi zopinga za kuvota. Malo ochitiramo mavoti angakhale ndi zopinga zakuthupi, zipangizo sizingagwire ntchito bwino kapena zingasaikidwe bwino, ndipo ofufuza angakhale osaphunzitsidwa mokwanira kuthandiza ovota ndi kulumala. Mabungwe a opanga makampani a kuchipatala akupitiriza kugwira ntchito kukakamiza kuti anthu apeze njira zowapezera ndi kuwongolera kuvota kwa anthu opunduka.

Chithandizo cha Chinenero

Monga tanenera kale, Chigawo 203 cha Voing Rights Act chimafunikira maulamuliro ena kupereka zovotera ndi chithandizo m’zinenero zina osati Chingelezi. Chifuniro chimenechi chimagwira ntchito pamene gulu la anthu ochepa a chinenero chimodzi likupanga chiŵerengero choposa zisanu peresenti cha nzika zosankha pa dziko, kapena nzika zoposa 10,000 zovota, ndipo zili ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu odziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga m’Chingelezi chimene chili chotsika kuposa avareji ya dzikolo.

Maboma a boma ayenera kupereka ziŵiya zolembetsera, mavoti, malangizo ovota, ndi zipangizo zina zosankhira m’chinenero cha anthu ochepa. Ayeneranso kupereka chithandizo cha pakamwa, monga antchito ofufuza a zinenero ziŵiri kapena omasulira. Zifuno zimenezi zimathandiza kutsimikizira kuti malire a zinenero samaletsa nzika zoyenerera kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu wawo wa kuvota.

Kutsatira zofunika za chinenero kungakhale kovuta, makamaka m’zigawo za magulu a zinenero za anthu ochepa kapena chuma chochepa.

Chisungiko ndi Umphumphu

Malamulo oonetsetsa kuti masankho asungidwe a boma amathandiza kuti anthu asamachite zachinyengo, aziteteza anthu kuti asasokoneze, ndiponso kuti anthu azidalira masankho.

Kuletsa Kuba M’malaiti

Bodza la Voter .N.Nkhani zoletsedwa ndi anthu osaloledwa kapena kuponyeredwa kwa munthu mmodzi ndi [1] ndi mlandu waupandu pansi pa malamulo a boma ndi a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti kunyenga kwa wovota kumachitika, kufufuza kwapeza kuti kuli kosachitika. Komabe, nkhaŵa za kugawana kwa wovota wachita mavoti yasonkhezera makambitsirano osiyanasiyana a lamulo ndi zifuno za lamulo.

Mayiko amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuletsa chinyengo, kuphatikizapo kutsimikizira kwa wovota, zofunika za wovota, kusaina mogwirizana ndi mapepala a otsatsa malonda ochotsedwa, ndi mapikica a pambuyo pa chisankho. Vuto ndilo kugwiritsa ntchito njira za chitetezo zimene zimatetezera motsimikizirika popanda kupanga zopinga zosafunikira zimene zimaletsa ovota oyenerera kuponya mapepala.

Lamulo la boma limapanga kukhala mlandu kuvota m’chosankha cha boma ngati wina ali wosayenerera, kuvota kaŵiri, kudziyerekezera kukhala wovota wina, kapena kudziloŵetsa m’ntchito zina zachinyengo zogwirizana ndi kuvota. Maboma ali ndi malamulo ofanana okhudza boma ndi masankho a kumaloko.

Kuloŵererana kwa Zisankho ndi Kudzitetezera

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, anthu ambiri akuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi nkhani ya masankho oteteza boma ndiponso kusokoneza mayiko ena.

Malo ovomerezeka a chisankho amaphatikizapo mapepala ovomerezeka ovomerezeka, makina ovota, makampani osamalira masankho, ndi makompyuta amene amagwirizanitsa makampaniwo. Kuteteza madongosolo ameneŵa kuti asawonongedwe ndi kuponderezedwa nkofunika kuti asungebe masankho. Boma la boma lakhazikitsa maziko a masankho kukhala maziko ofunika kwambiri, amene amathandiza kupeza zinthu ndi chidziŵitso chogawana.

Mayiko ndi madera athandiza kuti masankho a zisankho akhale otetezeka mwa njira monga kuchotsa makina ovota opanda mapepala n’kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira mapepala, kuonetsetsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wa pambuyo posankha, kuteteza mapepala olembetsera ovomerezeka, ndiponso kuphunzitsa akuluakulu a masankho pa njira zabwino kwambiri zochitira masankho. Makampani a makampani a boma apereka ndalama zothandizira ntchito zimenezi, ngakhale kuti akuluakulu a masankhoti amanena kuti pakufunika ndalama zambiri.

Kupenda ndi Kufotokoza kwa Pambuyo pa Chisankho

Mapilo a pambuyo pa chisankho ndi chiwiya chofunika kwambiri chotsimikizira zotsatira za masankho ndi kutsimikizira anthu. Mapilo a masankho amaphatikizapo kupenda mwa manja zitsanzo za mavoti kapena zolembera zina za masankho kutsimikizira kuti makampani ovota amaŵerengera bwino mavoti. Makampani aupandu, amene amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoŵerengera kuti apereke umboni wamphamvu wakuti zotsatira zosimbidwa n’zolondola, amalingaliridwa kukhala muyezo wagolidi wa masankho.

Zikalata zimachita pamene zipambano za chisankho ziyandikira kwambiri kapena pamene pali zinenezo za mavuto ndi kuŵerengera kwa voti. Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa mikhalidwe imene kujambula kuli kodzifunira ndi njira zofunsira. Zitsanzo zingachitidwe ndi manja kapena ndi makina, zikumadalira pa lamulo la boma ndi mikhalidwe.

Miyezo yalamulo yochititsa nkhani ndi kuthetsa mikangano pa nkhani za masamu yakhala nkhani ya mlandu waukulu, makamaka m’nkhani ya chisankho ya pulezidenti wa 2000 ya Bush ndi Gore. Mlandu umenewo unadzutsa mafunso ofunika kwambiri onena za chitetezo chofanana m’kulongosola njira zoyendetsera zinthu ndi mbali ya makhoti pothetsa mikangano ya masankho.

Mavuto a M’malamulo ndi Mikangano ya Zisankho

Pangakhale mikangano imeneyi yokhudza kuyenerera kuvota, kuvota, kuŵerengera, kapena kuswa ufulu wovota. Malamulo amathandiza kuthetsa mikangano imeneyi, ngakhale kuti njira imeneyi ingakhale yovuta ndi yochititsa mikangano.

Kusankha

Zitokoso zambiri za lamulo zogwirizana ndi chisankho zisanachitike. Milandu imeneyi ingatokosa malamulo atsopano ovota, makonzedwe a kukonzanso, zofunikira zopereka, kapena mbali zina za kuyang'anira masankho. Kugamula kwapasadakhale kumalola makhoti kugamulapo asanayambukire chisankho chenicheni, chimene chiri choyenerera ku mikangano ya pambuyo pa chisankho imene ingakayikire zigamulo za kusankhidwa.

Mitundu yofala ya kuvomereza kusanasankhani imaphatikizapo zitokoso za malamulo a voti, ziletso pa kulembetsa kwa wovota kapena kuvota koyambirira, malo otsekera, ndi makonzedwe opendutsira zinthu onenedwa kukhala osonkhezera fuko kapena osonkhezera. Nkhani zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo mafunso ovuta a lamulo lalamulo, kumasulira kwa malamulo, ndi kusanthula moona mtima kwa mmene machitachita otsutsa amayambukirira osankhidwa.

Makhoti ayenera kulinganiza kulingaliridwa kosiyanasiyana m'milandu ya chisankho chisanagamulidwe, kuphatikizapo kufunika kwa kutetezera zoyenera zovota, kulemekeza ulamuliro wa boma m’kutsogoza masankho, ndi zenizeni zenizeni za masankho. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa "Purcell pulinsipulo," limene limachenjeza za kupanga masinthidwe ku malamulo a chisankho pafupi kwambiri ndi chisankho, monga momwe kusintha koteroko kungayambitse chisokonezo ndi mavuto a kulamulira.

Kukambirana kwa Pambuyo pa Chisankho

Mipikisano yapambuyo pa chisankho imatsutsa zotulukapo za chisankho, kutchula kuti zolakwa, kapena khalidwe losakhala la lamulo zinayambukira zotsatirapo. Milandu imeneyi imalamulidwa ndi malamulo a chisankho cha boma, amene amakhazikitsa maziko otsutsa chisankho, njira zochitira chisankho, ndi mankhwala opezeka.

Kuti apambane m’mpikisano wa chisankho, wotsutsayo ayenera kutsimikizira osati kokha kuti zinthu zosalongosoka zinachitika, komanso kuti zinali zokwanira kusintha kapena kupangitsa chikaikiro pa chotulukapo. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amazengereza kugwetsa zotulukapo za chisankho, akumazindikira kufunika kwa kumaliza ndi kufunika kwa kulemekeza chifuno cha ovota monga momwe chasonyezedwera m’bokosi la chisankho.

Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2020 chinachititsa chigamulo chachikulu chokhudza kugamula pambuyo pa chisankho, ndipo milandu yambiri inatsutsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za chisankho m’mayiko ambiri. Makhoti anakana zambiri mwa zitokoso zimenezi, ndipo anapeza kuti sanapeze umboni wokwanira wa kusagwirizana kumene kukanakhudza zotsatira. Kutsutsa kumeneku kunadzutsa mafunso ofunika kwambiri okhudza chitetezo cha masankho, ntchito ya makhoti pothetsa mikangano ya masankhoti, ndi kufunika kwa kukhalabe odalira anthu pa masankho.

Mabale Okonza Zinthu

Maloti opereka mphatso amapereka njira yothetsera mafunso okhudza kusanthula pa tsiku la chisankho. Ngati wovotayo satsimikizira , mwachitsanzo, ngati dzina lake silikupezeka pa pepala la wovota kapena ngati alibe chizindikiritso chofunikira, amapatsidwa pulogalamu ya kakonzedwe. Wosankhayo amaikidwa pambali, ndipo akuluakulu a voti pambuyo pake amafufuza kuti aone ngati wovotayo anali woyenera. Ngati wovotayo apezedwa kuti ndi woyenera, woŵerengedwa, ngati sapezeka, amamukana.

Help America Vote Act imafuna maboma onse kupereka mapepala ongopereka, ndipo imakhazikitsa miyezo yochepera kaamba ka njira zovotera zoikidwiratu. Komabe, imanena zosiyana m’malamulo awo apadera ponena za pamene opanga mapepala oikidwa ayenera kuperekedwa ndi zimene oyenera kuchita kuti mavoti awo aŵerengedwe.

Maloti opereka mafomu akhala nkhani ya kugawira, makamaka ponena za zimene ovota afunikira kupereka kuti mavoti awo aŵerengedwe ndi kaya ovota ayenera kudziŵitsidwa ngati mavoti awo a kakonzedwe kakanidwa. Nthaŵi zambiri milandu imeneyi imaphatikizapo mafunso a za kulinganiza kwa chisungiko cha masankho ndi kutsimikizira kuti mavoti oyenera kusankhidwa akuŵerengedwa.

Kulimba Mtima ndi Kupondereza

Malamulo a boma ndi a boma amaletsa chiwopsezo cha wovota ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kupondereza ovota. Chikalata cha Voting Rights chimapangitsa kuwopsa, kuwopseza, kapena kukakamiza aliyense kuvota kapena kuyesa kuvota. lamulo la Federal laupandu limaletsa kuwopa ovota m’masankho a boma, ndipo maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo ofanana ophatikizapo masankho onse.

Kuopseza anthu m’njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira kuopseza anthu pa malo ofufuzira, kufika pa zochita zachinyengo zolepheretsa anthu kuvota, monga kupereka chidziŵitso chonama cha masiku ovota kapena osankha.

Akuluakulu a zigamulo ndiponso mabungwe oonetsetsa kuti malamulo a boma athandiza kuti anthu asamachitepo kanthu akawaopseza, ndipo makhoti angapereke malamulo oti asiye khalidwe lochititsa mantha.

Kukonza ndi Kuimira

Ngakhale kuti si zachindunji ponena za kachitidwe ka kuvota kokhako, kupendanso malire a chigawo cha voti ndizo zimakhudza kwambiri ufulu wosankha ndi kuimira ndale zadziko. Malamulo ozungulira kuvomerezako amaphatikizapo malamulo alamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo a boma.

Munthu Mmodzi, Mfundo Yachilamulo Imodzi

Monga tanenera kale, chigawo cha Auncime Protection Claus chikufuna kuti zigawo za malamulo zikhale ndi anthu olingana kwambiri kotero kuti voti ya munthu aliyense ikhale ndi kulemera kofanana. Mfundo imeneyi imagwira ntchito ku madera a msonkhano, omwe ayenera kukhala ofanana kwenikweni kwa anthu, ndi ku boma ndi zigawo za boma, zimene zimaloledwa kulakwa kwakukulu koma kuyenera kukhala kofanana.

Kusintha zinthu kumachitika pambuyo pa kalembera wa zaka zapachaka uliwonse kuti akonze kusintha kwa anthu. Njira imeneyi imayendetsedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, ngakhale kuti mayiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito makampani kapena njira zina. Munthu mmodzi, amathandiza kuti anthu asinthe n’kukhala anthu m’madera osiyanasiyana kuti azikhala ogwirizana.

Kumenyana ndi Ufulu wa Mafuko ndi Kusintha Ufulu

Chigawo 2 cha Act chikhoza kuletsedwa ndi zolinga zochepetsa mphamvu zovota za anthu ochepa, monga kugaŵanitsa madera ochepa m’zigawo zosiyanasiyana (kupasula) kapena kuwaika m’zigawo zochepa kuti achepetse mphamvu zawo.

M’mikhalidwe ina, Chikalata cha Voing Rights Act chingafune kupangidwa kwa zigawo za anthu ambiri . "magawo ambiri kumene gulu la anthu a fuko lochepa limapanga chiŵerengero cha anthu audindo wosankha. Komabe, Khoti Lalikulu lanenanso kuti fuko silingakhale chinthu chachikulu chochititsa kujambula mizera ya chigawo, popeza kuti zimenezi zingaunjike kutsutsana kwa mafuko. Kulinganiza ziyeneretso zimenezi kungakhale kovuta ndipo kwachititsa kuti anthu ambiri apeze chisankho.

Ziyeneretso zalamulo zotsimikizira kululuza chivoti pansi pa Gawo 2 zinakhazikitsidwa m'chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Thorburg v. Gingles. Kukhazikitsa chilengezo cha kupeputsa, mapoto ayenera kusonyeza kuti gulu laling'ono nlalikulu ndi la malo oyenerera kupanga unyinji wa anthu m’chigawo, kuti gulu laling'ono nlogwirizana ndi ndale zadziko, ndi kuti mavoti ochuluka monga gulu logonjetsera kuti agonjetse osankhidwa ndi ochepa.

Kudya Majeremusi

Partisan gerrymanidering . Kujambula mizera ya chigawo kuti ipeze phindu pa chipani chimodzi cha ndale zadziko kuposa china n’kumene kwakhala nkhani yotsutsana m’ndale za ku America. Pamene kuli kwakuti ofufuza ambiri amavomereza kuti kuukira kopambanitsa kungafooketse kuimira kwa demokrase, kuvomerezedwa kwa lamulo kwa machitachita oterowo sikukudziŵika.

Mu 2019, Khoti Lalikulu linasungirira m’Chimake cha Rucho ndi Chifuno Chachisawawa chimene chimanenetsa kuti ochirikiza otsutsa boma akupereka mafunso andale osakhoza kufikiridwa ndi makhoti a boma. Khotilo linagamula kuti palibe miyezo yokhoza kulamuliridwa yogamula pamene ogaŵawo akuswa Lamulo, ndipo chotero zinenezo zoterozo sizingasankhidwe ndi makhoti a boma.

Komabe, chosankha chimenechi sichimaletsa makhoti a boma kuyang’anira makhoti ogaŵanitsa pansi pa malamulo a boma, ndipo makhoti ena a boma atsutsa makonzedwe osintha zinthu monga osakhala a boma osintha. Ndiponso, maboma ena asintha njira zawo zopeputsa mphamvu ya ogaŵa, monga ngati kupanga makomiti odziimira okha.

Kampeni ya Ndalama ndi Chisonkhezero cha Kupambana

Lamulo la zandalama ndi la zachuma lili mbali yosiyana ndi lamulo la ufulu wosankha, koma malamulo a zachuma m’ndale amakhudza amene angagwire ntchito, amene ovotawo amamva, ndi mmene amasankhira masankho.

Ntchito Yopanga Malamulo

Bungwe la Supreme Court Amendment linkanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama posankha anthu pa chisankho n’kumene kumateteza boma kuti lisamayendetse ndalama za boma.

Pankhani yapadera ya nzika za United ndi Federal Enchomment Commission, Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti boma silingaletse ndalama zandale zaumwini zowonongedwa ndi makampani, mabungwe a antchito, ndi mabungwe ena. chigamulo chimenechi, limodzi ndi milandu ina yogwirizana nacho, chaumba kwambiri ndawala ya ndawala yamakono, kuchititsa kuti pakhale ma PCs aakulu kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zowonongedwa ndi magulu akunja m’masankhoti.

Komabe, Khotili laona kuti malamulo ena a zachuma, kuphatikizapo malamulo oletsa kupereka ndalama mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera, kuulula malamulo a kampeni, ndi ziletso za kugwirizana kwa opita kunkhondo ndi magulu ena.

Kubwezera Kunali Koyenera ndi Boma

Lamulo la zandalama la Federal Ecommuntment Act ndipo lotsogozedwa ndi Federal Ecommution Commission. Lamulolo limakhazikitsa malire a zopereka kwa oyembekezera kusankhidwa ndi boma, limafuna kuvumbulidwa kwa zopereka za mkupiti ndi ndalama zowonongedwa, ndipo limathandizira kuchirikiza machitachita a pulezidenti.

Mayiko ali ndi malamulo awo a zachuma olamulira boma ndi zisankho. Maboma ena amasiyana kwambiri, ndipo maboma ena ali ndi malire okhwima opereka ndi zofunika zoululiratu, pamene ena satsatira malamulo okhwima.

Nkhani Zobuka ndi Mavuto Amtsogolo

Malamulo a kuvota akupitirizabe kusintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndiponso kutsutsana kopitirizabe kwa mmene angalinganizire chitetezo cha masankho, kupezeka kwa mavoti, ndiponso kukhulupirika.

Luso ndi Kusinthasintha kwa Zinthu

Zipangizo zamakono zikusinthabe mmene amachitira masankho, kuyambira m’mabuku oonera a pakompyuta ndi zipangizo zotumizira mauthenga pa Intaneti mpaka pa kulembetsa mavoti ndi makompyuta. Ngakhale kuti zipangizo zamakono zingathandize kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino komanso zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, zimawonjezeranso nkhawa za chitetezo ndiponso mafunso a boma a mmene angatsimikizire kuti makompyuta ndi odalirika, otetezeka, ndiponso osavuta kuwapeza.

Komabe, mayiko ena amalola kuti anthu abwerenso pa Intaneti kuti asankhe anthu a m’mayiko ena ndiponso kuti asilikali ayambe kuvota, ndipo pakufunika kufufuza kuti pakhale kuvota kodalirika kwa pa Intaneti.

Kusadziŵa Zinthu Molakwika Ndiponso Kusamvana

Kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso chonyenga chonena za njira zovota, zotulukapo za masankho, ndi kachitidwe ka voti kamodzi kokha kakhala chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu. Mishformation ingasokoneze ovota ponena za mmene, liti, ndi kumene angavote, zingaletse nzika zoyenerera kuponya mavoti. Ndalama zotsutsa zikhoza kufalitsa dala chidziŵitso chonyenga kutsendereza kapena kufooketsa chidaliro m’masankho.

Kulankhula zinthu zabodza zokhudza masankho kumadzutsa mafunso ovuta a lamulo onena za kulinganiza pakati pa kutsutsana ndi chidziŵitso chonyenga ndi kuteteza ufulu wa kulankhula. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma lingapereke chidziŵitso cholondola chotsutsa nkhani zabodza, kukhoza kwake kuletsa kulankhula zonama kumalekezedwa ndi First Amendment. Makomiti a za mayanjano ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo kuti athetse nkhani zabodza za masankho, koma zoyesayesa zimenezi zikukhalabe zotsutsana ndi kupambana kwawo zikukangana.

Kupereka Malamulo Oyenera

Kutsatira chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba mu Shelby County v. Holler, amene anathetsa bwinobwino chofunika chodziŵikitsa cha Lamulo la Kuyenera kwa Ufulu wa Anthu, kwakhala kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kubwezeretsa ndi kulimbitsa ufulu wa kuvomereza ufulu wa boma. Malingaliro osiyanasiyana ayambitsidwa m'Congress kukonzanso Chikalata cha Zotion, kukhazikitsa miyezo yatsopano ya boma ya kulowa m’malo ovota, ndi nkhani zimene zikuyambitsa ziwopsyezo za ufulu wa kusanthula ufulu wa kuvota.

Zoyesayesa za boma zimenezi zakhala zotsutsana, ndi mikangano yokhudza ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa chisankho, kulinganiza bwino pakati pa kupeza ndi chisungiko, ndi ngati lamulo loperekedwalo lidzathetsa mokhutiritsa zitokoso za kuvota.

Kusintha ndi Kuimira Zinthu m’Malo Okhala

Kusintha kwa anthu kumeneku kumakhudza ufulu wovota ndi kuimira anthu, kuphatikizapo mafunso okhudza chithandizo cha zinenero, kujambula zigawo kuti atsimikizire kuti anthu ochepa okha ndi amene akudziŵika, ndiponso kukhazikitsa zipani zatsopano ndi zimene zikubwera m’ndale.

Kuganizira kuti anthu onse ali ndi mwayi wofanana wosankha mapepala ndiponso wofanana wochita nawo zandale kumafuna kuti nthaŵi zonse aziona mmene malamulo ndi zochita za anthu osiyanasiyana zikukhudzira anthu.

Kuteteza Ufulu Wanu Wolankhula

Kumvetsa ufulu wanu wosankha ndi njira yoyamba yowatetezera, monga wovota, muli ndi ufulu ndi udindo wosankha malamulo ndi njira zoyendetsera ntchito yovota m’manja mwanu kumakupatsani mphamvu ya kukhala ndi phande logwira ntchito ndi kuzindikira ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa mavuto alionse amene mungakumane nawo.

Dziŵani Ufulu Wanu

Wovota aliyense woyenerera ali ndi kuyenera kwa kulembetsa ndi kuvota, kulandira chithandizo ngati chikufunika, kuvotera popanda kuwopseza kapena kuvutitsa, ndi kuchititsa voti lawo kuŵerengedwa molondola. Ngati mukumana ndi mavuto olembedwa kuti muvote kapena kuponya chisankho chanu, muli ndi kuyenera kwa kufuna chithandizo kwa akuluakulu a masankho ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, kuti mulondole njira zalamulo.

Ziyeneretso zapadera zingasiyane malinga ndi boma, choncho nkofunika kudziŵa malamulo amene mukuwalamulira. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kudziŵa masiku olembetsa, zofunika, njira zovotera zimene zilipo, ndi njira zothetsera mavuto. Maboma ambiri amapereka malangizo a wovota kapena mawebusaiti atsatanetsatane onena za njira zovota ndi zoyenera.

Chuma cha Anthu Opanga Zopanga

Malo ambiri alipo othandiza ovota kumvetsa ufulu wawo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yovota. Boma ndi maofesi a masankho akupereka chidziŵitso cha boma pankhani ya kulembetsa, malo ofunsira, ndi njira zovotera. Mabungwe a Nonpartis amapereka maphunziro, chithandizo kulembetsa, ndi chithandizo. Mabungwe alamulo amapereka chidziŵitso chonena za ufulu wosankha ndipo angapereke chithandizo ngati ufulu wanu wapotozedwa.

Ngati mukumana ndi mavuto osankha, mungalankhule ndi ofesi yanu ya chisankho, kuitana ovota otetezera ochitidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, kapena kupempha thandizo kwa maloya ovomereza ufulu wovota.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Malamulo Ogwirizana

Kuvota ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yochitira nawo ntchito yovota, kuteteza ndi kukulitsa ufulu wovota kumafuna kuti munthu angokhalira kulonjezana kuti adzalandira ufulu wosankha, kukambirana ndi akuluakulu a boma pankhani ya ufulu wovota, kuchirikiza mabungwe amene amathandiza kuteteza ufulu wovota, ndiponso kutumikira monga wofufuza kapena woonera masankho.

Pamene nzika zimvetsetsa zoyenera kuvota ndipo zikugwira ntchito zolimba kuti zitetezedwe, zimathandiza kuti anthu onse oyenera apitirizebe kusankha mwaufulu, mosakondera, ndi momasuka.

Kumaliza

Kuchokera ku kusintha kwa malamulo kumene kunawonjezera malamulo ku kutetezera ufulu wa chivoti, kuyambira pa malamulo a boma olamulira masankho kufikira pa zigamulo za khoti zomasulira malamulo osiyanasiyana ameneŵa, lamulolo limaumba mbali iriyonse ya mmene timasanthula ndi amene angatengemo mbali m’masankho.

Kumvetsa malamulo amenewa n’kofunika kwambiri kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wosankha ndi kukhala ndi phande mu ufumu wathu wa democracy.

Mbiri ya ufulu wosankha mu America ndi imodzi ya kufutukuka kwapang'onopang'onopang', ndi mbadwo uliwonse ukugwira ntchito kufutukula malamulo ndi kuchotsa zopinga kugawana. Kuchokera ku kuchotsedwa kwa zofunika za katundu kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19, kufikira ku kuperekedwa kwa Aafirika a ku Africa pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, kwa akazi okwiya mu 1920, mpaka ku Zoting Rights Act ya 1965 ndi kutsika kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, chigamulo chakhala cha kuloŵetsedwa kwakukulu ndi kufalikira.

Komabe kupita patsogolo kumeneku sikunakhale kogwirizana kapena kosapeŵeka. Kukula kulikonse kwa ufulu wosankha kwayang'anizana ndi chitsutso, ndipo mapindu atsatiridwa ndi kuvomerezedwa. Ngakhale lerolino, makambitsirano akupitirizabe ponena za kuvomerezedwa kwa ovota, zofunikira, njira zovotera, ndi kulinganiza koyenera pakati pa chisungiko cha masankho ndi kupezeka. Mikangano imeneyi imasonyeza mafunso ofunika ponena za demokrase, ulingana, ndi mbali ya boma m'kutengamo mbali m’chitaganya.

Pamene tiyang'ana kutsogolo, mavuto atsopano adzapitirizabe. Zipangizo zamakono zidzayambitsa mipata ndi maupandu onse aŵiri kwa oyang'anira masankho. Masinthidwe a democracy adzafunikira kusintha kuti agwire ntchito ya osankhidwa osiyanasiyana. Kuwopseza kutetezera masankho, kaya kuchokera ku ku kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena kapena ku zolakwika zapanyumba, kudzafuna kuti anthu azikhala tcheru ndi kusintha zinthu.

Pazovuta zonsezi, kufunika kwakukulu kwa ufulu wosankha sikusintha. Kuyenera kwa kuvota sikuli kokha nkhani yalamulo kapena nkhani yalamulo. Ndi maziko a ufumu wa democracy methodic, njira imene nzika zimagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro ndi kuchititsa oimira awo kukhala ndi mlandu. Kuchinjiriza kuyenera kumeneku, kutsimikizira kupezeka kolingana ndi wovota, ndi kusunga umphumphu wa masankho ndizo ntchito zofunika kwa mbadwo uliwonse.

Mwakumvetsetsa mbali za lamulo la kuvota, kukhala wodziŵitsidwa ponena za zoyenera zanu ndi mathayo, ndi kukhala ndi phande mokangalika m'dongosolo la demokrase, mumathandizira ku thanzi ndi mphamvu ya demokrase yathu. Kaya musankha kwanthaŵi yoyamba kapena mwakhala ndi phande m'masankho kwa zaka makumi ambiri, nkhani zanu za pangano. Voti lirilonse liri kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ufulu wolimba ndi chopereka ku ntchito yopitirizabe ya kudzilamulira kwa demokrase.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za ufulu wa voti ndi lamulo la chisankho, mungachezere [[FLT: 0] Chikhululukiro cha Chigawo cha Amereka cha Malo a Chigwirizano a Zoyenera za Voti , funsani U.S. Commotion Commission , pendani zinthu zochokera ku [[FLT:] Center ya Chigwirizano cha Chilungamo cha Voti, kapena lankhulani ndi boma lanu lakwanu kuti mudziŵe za ufulu wanu, zindikira njira yovotera m'dera lanu, ndi kuchitapo kanthu kuti muteteze ndi kuyenera kwanu kuvotera.