Raje Sabba, yemwe amadziwika kuti Msonkhano wa ku United States, ndi nyumba yapamwamba ya nyumba ya malamulo ya India ya badamaral . Imagwira ntchito monga bungwe lofunika kwambiri kuimira maboma ndi magawo a mgwirizano a dzikolo, kutsimikizira kuti zikondwerero za chigawo zikulingaliridwa m'malamulo a boma. Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabba, amene mamembala ake amasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu, Raja Sabba amasankhidwa kudzera m'njira yosankhidwira mosadziwika bwino yomwe imasinthasinthasinthana ndi anthu a boma ndi malamulo a dziko lililonse. Dongosolo limeneli linapangidwa kuti lipereke kupitiriza kukhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo, monga Ravya Sabbaha ndi thupi losayenera kutha, limodzi la mamembala ake amene amataya zaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Kumvetsa bwino Savya Sabba kumasankhana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kudziko la India, kulinganiza malamulo a malamulo a malamulo apamwamba a boma, ndi kuseŵera kwapadera.

Malamulo Osankha Raje Sabha

Kusankhidwa kwa Raje Sabba kuli ndi mamembala 250, amene 238 ali oimira maboma ndi magawo a mgwirizano, ndipo 12 amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti chifukwa cha luso lawo m’mamunda monga ngati mabuku, sayansi, luso, ndi utumiki wa anthu. Mphamvu yamakono ya Rajiya Sabba yaikidwa pa mamembala 250, amene 238 ali oimira maboma ndi magawo a mgwirizano, ndipo 12 amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti chifukwa cha luso lawo la magawo monga mabukhu, sayansi, luso, ndi ntchito ya kakhalidwe ka anthu. Mphamvu yogwira mtima iri 245% ya mamembala ogwirizana ndi masinthidwe.

Kugaŵidwa kwa mipando pakati pa maiko kumatsimikiziridwa ndi Seteji ya Malamulo , imene imaika mipando pa anthu a boma lililonse monga pa chigawo chaposachedwapa. Kugaŵira kumeneku sikumasinthasintha nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti asonyeze kusintha kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri monga Uttar Pradesh akugwira mipando 31, pamene kuli kwakuti maiko aang'ono onga ngati Sikkim ali ndi malo amodzi okha. Kachitidwe kachoti kachoti kamachitika pansi pa Kayendedwe ka Anthu, 1951, ndi kuyang'anira ndi Ecostation of India.

Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito Makina: Njira Yoyendera Yokha

Raje Sabra amagwiritsa ntchito chisankho chimodzi chosamutsidwa chimodzi cha kuimira modzi. Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti kupangidwa kwa Rajiya Sabba kumasonyeza mphamvu ya zipani zandale m'msonkhano wa boma. Panopo ndi mmene zimagwirira ntchito:

Mmene MML Imaikira Mitengo Yawo

Chiŵalo chilichonse cha bungwe la malamulo (MLA) la boma nloyenera kuvota m'chosankha cha Raje Sabha. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti imeneyi ndi njira yoyendera malire, MMLS samangofuna munthu mmodzi. MML , amaika oyembekezera pa gulu la obatizidwa mogwirizana ndi: 1, 2, 3, ndipo choncho. Colot imaphatikizapo onse oyembekezera kupikisana, ndipo wovotayo ayenera kusonyeza chinthu choyamba, chosankha chachiŵiri, ndi zina zotero. Ngati wobatizidwayo safika pa muyezo zofunikira pazosankha zoyambirira, wobatizidwayo ndi mavoti oŵerengeka amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amasamutsidwira ku chivoti chotsatira. Zimenezi zikupitirizabe kufikira mipando yonse itadzaza.

Kuŵerenga Mawu

Chiŵerengero cha osankha ndicho chiŵerengero cha osankha osankhidwa. Amaŵerengera mwa kugwiritsira ntchito njira yakuti:

Quota = (Mavoti ovomerezedwa) / (Nambala ya mipando + 1) + 1

Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lili ndi 403 MMS ndipo likusankha 10 Raje Sabba, + 1 = 37.6, lisonkhanitsa ngati kuli kofunika. Wosankha aliyense amene wapitirira chigawo pa zimene akufuna choyamba amasankhidwa mwamsanga. Mavoti otsala (otsala kupitirira malire) kuchokera kwa oyembekezerawo amaikidwa ku zikondwerero zina pamapepala a ballot. Zimenezi zikupitirizabe mpaka mipando yonse itadzaza.

Nkhani za Mseri ndi Zamba

Pamene kuli kwakuti Rajiya Sabba amachitidwa ndi chisankho chachinsinsi, lamulo lotsutsa kuchotsa silimagwira ntchito pa masankho ameneŵa m’njira yofanana ndi imene siingakhale yosadalirana. Komabe, zipani zandale kaŵirikaŵiri zimatulutsa zikwapu za mkati kutsimikizira MMLAS AS povwola ofunsira chipani. Cross-vont . Kusankha kwa MMMLAS motsutsana ndi mzera wa chipani [1] Kutsogolera ku kachitidwe kopereka chilango, kuphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa gululo, ngakhale kuti sikumaletsa kuletsa lamulo la bungwe la Grogion pa mtundu wotsutsa chisankhoti. Ili mfundo imeneyi yakhala ya mkangano, makamaka m'masankhoti.

Kusamukira ku madera a ku Central Africa ndi ku United States

Chiŵerengero cha mipando ya Raje Sabba chigawo chilichonse chimene chimakhalako n’chogwirizana ndi chiŵerengero chake, koma kugaŵidwa kwenikweni kumaikidwa ndi Sedyna Stemple ndi kukonzedwanso nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuŵerengera kwa mu 1971 kwagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuchepetsa, malo a Rajiya Sabha sanabwezeretsedwe kuyambira kukonzedwanso kwa maboma mu 2000. Pano pali mmene maboma osiyanasiyana ndi magawo amaimidwira:

Maboma okhala ndi chithunzi chapamwamba koposa

Mayiko okhala ndi anthu ambiri amalamulira Raje Sabba mogwirizana ndi ziŵerengero za mipando:

  • Uttar Pradesh : mipando 31 (yapamwamba kwambiri), yosonyeza chiŵerengero chake chachikulu cha anthu oposa 200 miliyoni.
  • Maharashtra: mipando 19, yoimira kulemera kwake kwa chuma ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu.
  • Bihar: mipando 16, ngakhale kuti anthu ake ndi aakulu kuposa mayiko ena, anagawidwa kachiwiri pasanabadwe 2011.
  • West Bengal [1]: mipando 16, kachiŵirinso yozikidwa pa anthu.
  • Tamil Nadu [1]: mipando 18, yosonyeza chiŵerengero chake cha anthu.
  • Madhya Pradesh [[FL:1]: mipando 11, ngakhale kuti anthu ake achuluka, mpambo wake susintha.
  • Rajastann: mipando 10, yokhala ndi malo ambiri koma osachulukitsa.

M’mayiko ameneŵa, zisankho zimakhudza anthu ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Uttar Pradesh asankha anthu ake 31, ntchito yonse imaphatikizapo kuyang'anira mavoti osiyanasiyana pakati pa magulu, chifukwa chakuti kugwirizana kungafunikire kugwirizanitsa zinthu zimene anthu amakonda kuti apeze malo okhala ambiri.

Linachokera ku gombe limodzi kapena zochepa

Maboma aang'ono ndi magawo a magawo okhala ndi misonkhano ya malamulo ali ndi mipando yochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri imodzi. Izi zimawapatsa mawu amodzi mu Msonkhano wa ku United States, koma kachitidwe ka chisankho kamakhala kofanana ndi kachiŵiri koimira ku STV. Komabe, pokhala ndi mpando umodzi wokha pamtengo, dongosolo limakhala lofanana ndi voti yoyamba ya m'mbuyo, pakati pa MMAA, popeza kuti chiŵerengerocho chimalingana ndi unyinji wa mavoti.

  • [[FLT: 0] SIKkim [1]: mpando 1 ndi 32 ML , muyezo ndi (32 / 2) + 1 = 17 voti. Wofuna kusungitsa zochuluka za zokonda zoyambirira amapambana, koma zimene amakonda ngakhale zilibe kanthu ngati palibe munthu amene wafika pa chigawo choyamba.
  • Goa : mutu 1. Ndi 40 ML AS, muyezo uli 21.
  • Uttankand: mipando 3. Ngakhale ndi mipando itatu, dongosolo limagwira ntchito ndi chigawo chotsikirapo, kupatsa zipani zazing'ono mpata.
  • [[FL:0] [1] Mpando wa magetsi [1]: mipando 3.
  • [[FLT: 0] Meghalaya [1]: mpando 1. M'mayiko akumpoto koma chakummaŵa, chiŵerengero chochepa cha ML chimapangitsa voti lililonse kukhala lofunika.
  • Manipur , Tritura , Nagaland , Mizoram , Runachal Pradesh [1]: Iliyonse ili ndi mpando umodzi, kusiyapo Manipur amene ali ndi 1. Maboma ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amawona ziganizo zamphamvu zandale mkati mwa chisankho cha Rajiya Sabba chifukwa cha madanga ochepera.

Magawo a Mgwirizano

Pakati pa magawo a mgwirizano, Delhi ali ndi mipando itatu yokha, ndipo Pudukerery ali ndi mpando 1. Magawo ena (Chandigarh, Andaman ndi Nicobarry Islands, Farra Haver ndi Nagal Daman ndi Diu, Ladakh, Lahadseat, ndi Jamush ndi Kamir (tsopano UT) sasankha oimira mu Rajab Sayaha. M’malo mwake, zikondwerero zawo zimaimiridwa ndi ziwalo 12 zosakhala ndi Nagar Dari ndi Diu, ngakhale kuti zigawero zakhala zotsutsa zimenezi, ngakhale kuti zikhale zoimira zenero za boma la boma la Lakkh, Ladahadse, ndi Jamirme ndi Kamir (tsopano UT) siziribe osankhidwa m'Chijamba.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu za Boma

Ngakhale kuti njirayi ndi yofanana, mayiko osiyanasiyana amasiyana kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu za zipani, kugwirizana kwa ndale, ndiponso kuchuluka kwa mipando imene ili pa ngozi.

Makoleji Amitundumitundu m’Maboma Aakulu

M'maboma onga Uttar Pradesh, gulu lolamulira kaŵirikaŵiri liri ndi MMA yokwanira kupata mipando yambiri popanda vuto lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati gulu liri ndi 300 MM A m'nyumba ya mamembala 403 ndipo likufuna kusankha mamembala 31, lingafikire mosavuta muyezo wa oyembekezera. Komabe, mkati mwa gulu la ma monimu likhoza kutsogolera ku kuwoloka, monga momwe zimawonedwa m'masankhoti aposachedwapa a Rapya Sabba kumene ena a MML As Movote kwa otsutsa mosasamala kanthu za zikwaputi. Magawo a maphunziro kaŵirikaŵiri owonjezereka oyembekezera kutsimikizira kuti zofuna zawo zonse zigwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino.

Makoleji a M’mimba Imodzi m’Magulu Ang’onoang’ono

M’nkhani za mpando umodzi wokha wa Rajiya Sabba, chisankho chimakhala kuyesa mphamvu ya chipani mu msonkhano wa malamulo. Popeza kuti chiŵerengerocho ndi chisankho chaching'ono, chipani chimene chimalamula unyinji wa anthu a MML Monga momwe nthaŵi zambiri amapambana. Komabe, ngati palibe chipani chimene chili ndi chiwinji, kugwirizana kumapanga, ndipo njira ya kusamutsira ya STV ingachititse zotsatira zodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, m’dziko monga Sikkim, kumene gulu lolamulira lili ndi anthu ambiri, Rajiya Sabha ndi chisankho. Koma m'mayiko onga ngati Manipur, ndi maboma a mgwirizano, MML, monga momwe zingafunikire za malonda, kuchita zinthu mosatsimikizira.

Ziŵalo Zokhala ndi Mlandu Wachijaji Za Sabha

Pansi pa Article 80 (3) . Pulezidenti wa India amasankha mamembala 12 a Raje Sabba . Awa sasankhidwa ndi bungwe la boma koma amasankhidwa kaamba ka zopereka zawo zapadera m'magawo: mabuku, sayansi, luso, ndi utumiki wa anthu. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amasonkhezeredwa ndi Nyumba ya Amboni ya Britain ndi kubweretsa mawu ndi osakhala a mbali ina. Samani siikusankhidwa ndi ziŵalo za boma. Sangh (asanakhale nduna yapamwamba), filimuyo Hemani, ndi kuvina kwapamwamba kwa Rukn Avidalen. Kusankhako kumachitidwa pa malamulo a a a apamwamba a a a Kazembe, ndi zaka zomalizira, osasankhidwa ndi ziŵalo zachikazi. Sana, sagwirizana ndi mamembala a bungwe la Puside, kapena mapangano a Pusidensieon, omwe amavomereza kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo.

Mbali ya Mapwando Andale ndi Kugawana

Raje Sabba saha mobwerezabwereza amakambirana za machenjera andale monga momwe alili a zalamulo. Zipani zandale m'boma zimapenda mphamvu ya mzera wawo wa MML akadali ndi gawo la oyembekezera kulingana ndi chiŵerengero cha mapale amene angapambane motsatira . M'maboma a mgwirizano, makonzedwe a mpando-auve amachitidwa asanasankhe. Mtanda-opanga. Kusankhako ndi " kumene kuvota kutsutsana ndi gulu la MMLA / ndi nkhani yosatha. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo la kuukira kuliko, lamulo loletsa kugaŵana ndi zigawenga samagwira RAVYA SAHA chifukwa chakuti lamulo lakonzedwa kuti apeŵe kusunkhidwira ku gulu la pansi pa nyumba, osati pa kholiji yovota. Khoti lalikulu la ASMLAI likuchirikiza kuti kutha kulowa mtandala kwa Aski, ngakhale kuti gulu la anthu la Aska angatulukiretule bwino kwambiri.

Zochita Zaposachedwapa ndi Kusuliza

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Rajiya Sabba wayang'anizana ndi kusulizidwa kwapatsogolo. Choyamba, kuimira anthu kofanana ndi kwa anthu kuli kodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti malo okhala azikidwa pa kuŵerengera kwa 1971, akunena kuti akula mofulumira (monga Bahar ndi Uttar Pradesh), pamene maiko ena aang'ono ali ndi mipando yambiri pa munthu mmodzi. Zimenezi zikuswa lamulo la kuimira anthu. Chachiŵiri, fance ya mphamvu ya ndalama m'sankho, makamaka kudzera mwa kudutsa mtanda, atsogolera kutsutsa mahatchi owonjezereka. Nkhani za ku Media mobwerezabwereza zimaperekedwa kwa chiphuphu cha ku polisi. Monga momwe kuliri chivomerezo cha chivomerezo.

Chachitatu, pali kusoŵa kwa kuimira kwachindunji kwa nzika. Chiyambireni MMLS RABYA Sabha, wovota wachikatikati sanena mwachindunji kuti ndani amakhala m’nyumba yapamwamba. Opereka ndemanga zandale ena atsutsa za chisankho chachindunji kwa Rajiya Sabba, chofanana ndi United States Complate, kuwonjezera thayo. Komabe, ochirikiza a dongosolo lamakonoli amatchula kuti limatetezera zikondwerero za maboma ndi kupereka kuyang’anira masitepiti a populist. Potsirizira pake, [[FLT:]] mamembala oikidwawonetsedwa adaneneredwa chifukwa cha kukhala opanga mapangano andale mmalo mwa kukhala akatswiri a zandale. Masinthidwe, monga anthu osatchuka, monga gulu la anthu osavomerezedwa, koma osavomerezedwa ndi masinthidwe.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza kwa Raje Sabra

Kusankhidwa kwa Rajiya Sabba m’maiko osiyanasiyana a India kuli kuphatikizidwa kovuta kwa lamulo la malamulo a boma, njira zandale, ndi zochitika za anthu. Dongosolo limodzi loti lipatsidwe limatsimikizira kuti nyumba yapamwamba imasonyeza mphamvu ya zipani za ndale zadziko mu msonkhano uliwonse, pamene kugawidwa kwa mipando yozikidwa pa anthu kumachititsa maufumu aakulu. Komabe, kulimba kwa malo okhala kuyambira 1971 ndi mavuto a mtanda atsogolera ku kupangitsa masinthidwe amakono. Mabungwe a boma a India a Chijaya Sabba akhalabe gulu lalikulu la kuimira chigawo, ndi mmene ziŵalo zake zimasankhidwira kukhala zofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense wokondwerera mu demokrase. Kuposa tsatanetsatane, kutanthauza [FLD: 0] Bungwe la India: [FLT] kapena: FT]