Bwana Waudindo wa Boma la United States ndi likulu la utsogoleri wa dziko ndi chiwiya chimene malamulo a boma amatsatiridwa ndi kuperekedwa. Mwaka II wa Malamulo, nthambi imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa mizati itatu yolingana ya ulamuliro wa America, kumbali ya nthambi za Malamulo ndi za Malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Congress ikulemba malamulo ndi mabwalo a milandu, nthambi ya Uyang'aniro wa tsiku ndi tsiku imapatsidwa ndi oyang'anira boma, kuperekedwa kwa malamulo a boma, ndi kuimira dziko m'nkhani zachilendo. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupendedwa kokwanira kwa mabwalo a nthambi, mphamvu, ndi mathayo, kuchokera ku udindo walamulo wa pulezidenti ku madipatimenti aakulu ndi mabungwe amene akuyendetsa. Ilo limapendanso kupenda ndi kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira mphamvu zamakono ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwake.

Maziko a Lamulo ndi Malamulo a Nthambi Yotsogolera

Bridge Bridge Ikulukulu la nthambi imapeza ulamuliro wake ku Mfundo II ya Malamulo a ku United States, imene imaikapo “mphamvu yophetsa” mu Pulezidenti wa United States. Olemba malamulo anapanga mkulu mmodzi, mosiyana ndi mabungwe amitundu yambiri m’mayiko ena, kutsimikizira mphamvu, kutsimikiza, kugamula, ndi mlandu wopereka malamulo. Pulezidenti amatumikira zaka zinayi ndipo amasankhidwa kudzera ku Electoral College, njira imene imaimira ulamuliro wotchuka ndi kuimira boma.

Nthambi ya Ofesimene Imayang'anira si ya Pulezidenti yekha. Imaphatikizaponso Pulezidenti Wamkulu, Kabinati, dongosolo lowonjezereka la madipatimenti a akuluakulu, mabungwe odziimira, ndi mabungwe ambiri. Onsewa pamodzi, amalemba anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a msilikali ndi asilikali ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bajeti ya boma yomwe imaposa $6,000,000,000,000 pachaka. Ukulu ndi kukula kwa nthambi kumasonyeza kuvuta kwa ulamuliro wamakono, kuchokera ku kupereka mapindu a Social Security kuyendetsa malonda a zachuma ndi kutetezera dziko ku ziwopsezo za maiko akunja.

Utsogoleri: Mphamvu ndi Udindo

Pulezidenti ali wamkulu wa boma panthaŵi imodzi, mkulu wa boma, ndi Mtsogoleri wa asilikali. Magawo ameneŵa amayambitsa maulamuliro osiyanasiyana a malamulo ndi malamulo:

  • Law Emporcement and Administration: Pulezidenti ayenera “kusamala kuti malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika,” ntchito yalamulo imene imapatsa kugamula kwaukali m'njira imene mabungwe a boma amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kupereka malamulo, ndi kutsogolera zosankha za oweruza kupyolera mwa Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo.
  • Commister-in-Chief:[FLT :1] Pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wotheratu pa gulu lankhondo la United States, kuphatikizapo Gulu la Nkhondo, Air Air Force, Marine Corps, Space Force, ndi Coast . Pamene kuli kwakuti ndi Nyumba za Malamulo zokha zimene zingalengeze nkhondo, Pulezidenti angalamulitse asilikali kumenya nkhondo, kuvomereza zida za nyukiliya, ndi kutsogolera kugwiritsira ntchito zida. Chigamulo cha Nkhondo cha 1973 cha kuyesa kuchepetsa mphamvu za Pulezidenti yochita popanda chivomerezo, koma kukangana pa ukulu wa maulamuliro ameneŵa chikupitirizabe.
  • Mgwirizano ndi Treaty Making: Pulezidenti akutsogolera njira zachilendo mwa kuvomereza maboma achilendo, mapangano (omwe amafunikira kupenyetsetsa), ndi kuloŵa m'mapangano a akuluakulu amene safuna chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pulezidenti amaikanso akazembe, amayang'anira Dipatimenti ya Boma, ndi kuimira United States pa misonkhano yamitundu yonse yonga United Nations General Assembly.
  • Count and Remover Power: ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo, Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma, alembi a Konsoli, akuluakulu a mabungwe, ndi akazembe. Pulezidenti angachotse ambiri a oikidwa ameneŵa pa chifuniro, ngakhale kuti mabungwe odziimira okha ndi oweruza a boma amatetezedwa ku kuchotsedwa kopanda lamulo.
  • Maulamuliro a Chilamulo: Pambali pa kukhazikitsa malamulo, Pulezidenti amachita mbali yachindunji m'malamulo. Pulezidenti angasaine ndalama m'lamulo kapena kuimbidwa. Aveto angasanduke ndi anthu aŵiri chitatu okha m’zigawo zonse ziŵiri za Congress. Pulezidenti amavomerezanso malamulo m'Boma la pachaka la Unity ndipo angagwiritsire ntchito “mpando wachifumu wa .
  • [[FLT: 0] Mphamvu ya Pardon: Mfundo II imapatsa Pulezidenti mphamvu ya kuperekanso ndi kukhululukira milandu ya boma, kusiyapo ngati kulibe lamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi ili yokwanira pamlingo wake ndipo yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuimika foni, kupatsa pepala, ndipo ngakhale kumasula.

Pulezidenti Wothandiza

Pulezidenti wachiŵiri ndi nduna yachiŵiri yoyang'anira nthambi ndipo amaloŵa mmalo Pulezidenti pa chochitika cha imfa, kuchotsedwa, kapena kuchotsedwa pa ntchito. Pulezidenti Waudindo amatumikiranso monga Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, kuswa mavoti aupoti pamene kuli kofunika. Ngakhale kuti m'mbiri, Pulezidenti wamakono amatumikira monga otsogolera apamwamba, kutenga lamulo lapadera la pa dokopo, ndi kuchita monga magwirizanitsira a pakati pa Nyumba ya White ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Malamulo 20-Filmetic Reformation a dongosolo la preziden ndi kutumiza mphamvu kwa kanthaŵi pamene Pulezidenti satha kuyendetsa ntchito.

Madipatimenti a Kabinabi ndi Otsogolera

Kabinet ndi bungwe la akulu adipatimenti yaikulu ya boma amene amalangiza Pulezidenti pankhani za malamulo ndi za uyang’aniro. Lerolino, pali madipatimenti 15 a akuluakulu, aliyense akutsogozedwa ndi Mlembi (kusiyapo Mkulu wa Attney, amene amatsogolera Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo). Madipatimenti ameneŵa ali mabungwe aakulu a Oyang’anira Oyang’anira Oyang’anira ndipo ali ndi thayo la madera aakulu a malamulo a boma.

DepartmentSecretaryCore Functions
StateSecretary of StateForeign relations, diplomacy, international treaties
TreasurySecretary of the TreasuryEconomic policy, taxation, public debt, financial regulation
DefenseSecretary of DefenseMilitary operations, national security, armed forces management
JusticeAttorney GeneralLaw enforcement, prosecution, legal representation of the U.S.
InteriorSecretary of the InteriorFederal lands, natural resources, indigenous affairs
AgricultureSecretary of AgricultureFarming, food safety, rural development
CommerceSecretary of CommerceEconomic development, trade policy, census data
LaborSecretary of LaborWorkplace regulations, wages, unemployment benefits
Health and Human ServicesSecretary of Health and Human ServicesPublic health, Medicare, Medicaid, FDA regulation
Housing and Urban DevelopmentSecretary of Housing and Urban DevelopmentHousing policy, community development, fair housing enforcement
TransportationSecretary of TransportationInfrastructure, aviation, highways, transit systems
EnergySecretary of EnergyNuclear security, energy production, scientific research
EducationSecretary of EducationFederal education policy, student financial aid, civil rights in education
Veterans AffairsSecretary of Veterans AffairsVeterans healthcare, benefits, memorial affairs
Homeland SecuritySecretary of Homeland SecurityBorder security, counterterrorism, disaster response

Mabungwe Odziimira Okha

Kupitirira madipatimenti 15 a akuluakulu, nthambi ya bungwe la Administrate imaphatikizapo mabungwe ambiri odziimira okha amene amayendetsa magawo osiyanasiyana a ufulu kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa pulezidenti. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), ndi Federal Reserve Board. Mabungwe a Independec amapangidwa ndi bungwe la Congress kuti ayang'anyetse ntchito zina kapena kuchotsa ntchito zina ndi pulezidenti. Pamene mitu yawo imaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti, ambiri amatumikira zikalata zotsimikizirika ndipo amatumikira chifukwa chake, kugamula chisontho cha White House.

Malamulo Olamulira ndi Malangizo a Pulezidenti

Malamulo auyang'aniro ali zitsogozo zalamulo zoperekedwa ndi Pulezidenti kuyang'anira ntchito za boma lolamulira. Ngakhale kuti sanatchulidwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo, iwo amachokera ku mphamvu yalamulo yalamulo ya Prezidenti ndi kwa nthumwi za ulamuliro. Malamulo auyang'aniro ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo kaamba ka mabungwe a boma ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo popanda kufuna chivomerezo cha bungwe, kuwapanga iwo chiŵiya champhamvu kaamba ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka munthu ndi mmodzi.

Malamulo a malamulo anatsimikiziridwa kuchiyambiyambi kwa mbiri ya U.S. Pulezidenti George Washington anapereka lamulo loyamba la akuluakulu mu 1789 ponena za khalidwe la madipatimenti a akuluakulu. Chiyambire pamenepo, malamulo zikwizikwi aperekedwa, kuchotsa nkhani za chisungiko cha dziko ndi ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, malamulo a akuluakulu ayang'anira ayang'aniridwa ndipo angagwetsedwe ngati asemphana ndi malamulo a boma kapena malamulo omwe alipo. Nyumba ya malamulo ingatsutsenso lamulo lapamwamba mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo limene limaletsa zimenezo, ngakhale kuti lamulolo lingaperekedwe ku prezidenti wa dzikolo.

Malangizo Otsogolera Dziko

  • Proclation (1863): Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln analengeza anthu aukapolo ku Confederate m'maboma aulere, kusintha malo alamulo a mamiliyoni ambiri ndi kutsegula njira ya Demetria.
  • Upo wotsatira 906 (1942): Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt analoleza kugwirizanitsa kwa Ajapani a Amereka mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Dziko II, pambuyo pake kuvomerezedwa kukhala chisalungamo chakuthwa.
  • Exective Order 9981 (1198): [[FLT :1] Pulezidenti Harry S. Truman desective son , chochitika chachikulu m'gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe.
  • Executive Order 11246 (1965): Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson analetsa tsankho ndi omanga a boma ndipo anakhazikitsa zofunika zovomereza.
  • Anachitapo kanthu kaamba ka Kufika kwa Mwana (DACA) (20: Pulezidenti Barack Obama anachinjiriza osamukira ena osalembedwa omwe anafika monga ana kuchokera ku ku kusamutsidwa, kuyambitsa nkhondo zokhalitsa za lamulo ndi zandale zadziko.
  • Extutive Order 13769 (2017): Pulezidenti Donald Trump’s “chiletso cha kutembenuza” analetsa kuloŵa m'maiko angapo a Chisilamu ndi otchuka, kutsogolera ku zitokoso za khoti zimene zinachirikiza matembenuzidwe okonzedwanso.

Malire pa Malamulo a Olamulira

Malamulo a akuluakulu saali mayeso opanda kanthu. Khoti Lapamwamba lagamulapo malamulo amene amaposa ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti wa lamulo kapena amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Mlandu wa 1952 Wachichepere mee Commentap & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawyer [1] adalamulira kuti lamulo la Pulezidenti Truman logwira zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea silinali lovomerezeka chifukwa chakuti Congresstion sanalozere kachitidwe koteroko. Ma nduna zamakono zakhala zikukumbukira chitsanzo chimenechi, ndipo malamulo amakono amatchula chiganizo cha ulamuliro.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira Utsogoleri wa Dziko: Kusamalira ndi Kusamalira Mavuto

Nthambi ya Oyang'anira ndi yofunika kwambiri pokhazikitsa mapulani a dziko. Mwa kuonekera kwa Pulezidenti, nthambi imapanga nkhani yapoyera, imatchula zofunika za bajeti, ndi kutsogolera bungwe la pulezidenti kuti akwaniritse zolinga za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Ntchito ya Pulezidenti monga mkulu wa zachuma, mkulu wa boma, ndi mkulu wa asilikali pamalo aakulu Oyang'anira nthambi pa nkhani yaikulu iliyonse imene ikuyang'anizana ndi dzikolo.

Lamulo la Pabanja ndi Utsogoleri wa Ndalama

Pulezidenti akupereka pempho la ndalama la chaka ndi chaka kwa Congress, akumafotokoza zofunika za kugwiritsa ntchito boma lonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo imayang'anira kukambirana kwa boma lonse, bajeti ya pulezidenti imagwira ntchito monga pulani yokonza zinthu zimene zikugwirizana. Office of Management and Baccount (OMB), bungwe la mu Office Directure Administration of Presidential , limagwirizanitsa ntchito imeneyi ndi kuyang'anira ntchito ya bungwe. Kudzera kwa akuluakulu a boma ndi malangizo otsogolera, Pulezidenti angayang'anitsenso mabungwe kuti atsatire malamulo ena, monga malamulo a za malo okhalako, malamulo osamalira anthu, kapena mfundo zofunika za kukhazikitsa dziko.

Kuletsa Kupita Kudziko Lina Ndiponso Kuteteza Dziko

M'nkhani zachilendo, Pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa malamulo. Dipatimenti ya Boma imayang'anira ubale wa mayiko, Dipatimenti ya Zotetezera imalamula magulu ankhondo, ndi mabungwe a luntha monga CIA ndi NSA amasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso ndi ntchito zobisa. Mapangano amene Pulezidenti anakambirana ndi Pulezidenti amafuna chilolezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo, koma mapangano a akuluakulu a boma ayamba kufala kwambiri kuyambira pa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse. Pulezidenti alinso ndi ulamuliro wokha wakuzindikira maboma achilendo ndi kukwaniritsa mapangano a mayiko. Mtsogoleri atha kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira, kutumiza asilikali, kapena kukhazikitsa zikalata zaudindo zaudindo.

Utsogoleri wa Mavuto ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu za Ngozi

Bhaadi ya Adminif Branch ili ndi udindo wapadera wothandiza pa ngozi, kuyambira pa masoka achilengedwe mpaka zigawenga. Stafford Act imapatsa pulezidenti ulamuliro wolengeza tsoka lalikulu ndi chithandizo cha boma kuti chikhudzire. Pulezidenti alinso ndi mapangano a mphamvu zangozi, ogwirizana ndi malamulo oposa 100, amene angagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa nthawi ya ngozi. Maulamulirowa akuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kuumitsa chuma, kutumiza magulu a chigawo, kuyang'anira malire, ndi kukhazikitsa boma. National Emerdiation Act ya 1976 ikufuna kuti Pulezidenti anene kuti mphamvu zimene zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kukonzanso mwamsanga chaka chilichonse.

Kupenda, Kulinganizika, ndi Malire pa Mphamvu za Olamulira

Opanga malamulowo anakhazikitsa dongosolo la maulamuliro olekanitsidwa kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kulamulira boma. Nthambi ya Authority imayang'aniridwa ndi macheke ambiri ndi nthambi za malamulo ndi zachiweruzo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kulamulira kwa Pangano: Congress angafufuze ntchito za nthambi za akuluakulu kupyolera m'mayeso, tipopeya, ndi Boma la Kuŵerengera. Ikhozanso kukana mapangano a pulezidenti, kuchotsa maprogramu osangalatsa, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amakakamiza kuweruza kwa mkulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kufufuza: Nyumba ya Oimira ingachotse Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti, kapena maofesala ena a boma kaamba ka “maupandu aakulu ndi ophophonya. [1] Ngati Nyumbayo imavotera kutsutsa aliyense, Nyumba ya Malamulo imachita mlandu; voti iŵiri chitatu imafunidwa kuchotsa. Ma nduna za boma Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump anazengedwa ndi Nyumbayo, ngakhale kuti palibe amene anaimbidwa mlandu ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review: [[FULT:1] Makhoti a Gawo angalengeze machitidwe a maulamuliro popanda lamulo kapena motsutsana ndi lamulo. Milandu ya kugamula monga United States v. Nixon [19974]) anatsimikizira kuti Pulezidenti sali pamwamba pa lamulo ndipo ayenera kugwirizana ndi mapena achiweruzo. Mphamvu ya kupenda kwa chiweruzo monga choletsa chachikulu pa mkulu wa ntchito .
  • Kutsimikizira : Khoti liyenera kutsimikizira akuluakulu a nthambi ambiri aakulu, kuphatikizapo alembi a Kabinati, oweruza a boma, ndi akazembe. Zimenezi zimapereka ntchito yeniyeni kukhazikitsa utsogoleri wa akuluakulu.
  • Chigamulo cha Nkhondo: Kudutsa pa Pulezidenti Nixon’s vento mu 1973, lamulo limeneli limafuna kuti Prezidenti adziŵitse Nyumba ya Malamulo mkati mwa maola 48 akulimbana ndi kuchepetsa ntchito zogwirizana zotero kukhala masiku 60 popanda chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Nthambi Yotsogolera

Mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu yake yaikulu, Nthambi Yotsogolera imayang’anizana ndi zitokoso zosalekeza zimene zimayambukira kukhoza kwake kutsogolera bwino:

  • Kusintha kwa Chigamulo: nkhondo yaikulu ingatsogolere ku kutseguka kwa malamulo, kuchedwetsa kutsimikizira, kutsekereza zinthu zofunika za malamulo, ndi kugwetsa chidaliro cha anthu m'mabungwe akuluakulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malingaliro a Chiputuki ndi Media Scrutiny:[FLT ] Ziyeso zovomerezedwa ndi Pulezidenti zimakhudza mphamvu za malamulo ndi kukhoza kuchirikiza. Zoulutsira nkhani za anthu ndi maola 24 zimakulitsa kachitidwe kalikonse, kukuchititsa kukhala kovuta kulamulira nkhani.
  • Bureaucratic Resistance : Bungwe la boma ndi lalikulu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri limakana kusintha kofulumira. Ogwira ntchito ya boma angachedwe kapena kukana malangizo a pulezidenti amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo kapena mafotokozedwe alamulo.
  • [[NT.0] Zoweruza za Makhoti: zigamulo za khoti zingatseke kapena kuchedwetsa maulamuliro a mabwana. Kukwera kwa malamulo a dziko lonse kumatanthauza kuti woweruza mmodzi wa boma angaletse lamulo kuchititsa kulikonse m’dzikolo.
  • Upandu wa Chisungiko cha Dziko: [[FT:1] Upandu wa Chiŵembu, uchigaŵenga, ndi kupikisana kwa zandale kumafuna kukhala maso ndi kupanga zosankha mofulumira. Nthambi ya Administrala ya University iyenera kulinganiza kubisa ndi kufulumira ndi kuŵerengera ndi kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu.

Kumaliza

Nthambi ya Administrate iri nthambi yowoneka ndi yokangalika kwambiri ya boma la United States, yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu m'kusungitsa malamulo, malamulo akunja, chisungiko cha dziko, ndi ulamuliro wa pabanja. Kuchokera pa ntchito zalamulo za Pulezidenti kuntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya antchito mamiliyoni ambiri a boma, nthambi imeneyi imaumba mbali zonse za moyo wa Amereka. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, imagwira ntchito m'gulu la machekecheke ndi auchikatikati olinganizidwa kuletsa kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi kusungidwa mlandu wa demokrase. Kumvetsetsa maulamuliro, ndi malire a nthambi ya Unduna wa Unduna kuli kofunika kwa nzika zimene zikukhumba kuchita ndi boma lawo ndi atsogoleri awo. Pamene dziko likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu a zachuma ku kusalingana kwa moyo wa dziko lonse lapansi ndi mavuto, nthambi ya nthambi idzakhalabebe ntchito yaikulu ya utsogoleri ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwa ulamuliro, kulongosola kuletsa ulamuliro ndi kuletsa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la America.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya:[[Kusintha:1]