Maziko a Mphamvu za Boma

Mphamvu ya boma iri ulamuliro wa kupanga ndi kusungitsa malamulo, kugaŵira chuma, ndi kutsogoza nkhani za mtundu. Ulamuliro umenewu suli wodzilungamitsa; umadalira pa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino onga ngati pangano la kakhalidwe ka anthu, uchifumu wotchuka, ndi ulamuliro wa lamulo. M’madongosolo ademokrase, kuyenera kwa ulamuliro wa boma kumachokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa, osonyezedwa mwa malamulo ndi masankho ndi masankho okhazikika. Kumvetsetsa maziko ameneŵa nkofunika kwa nzika zimene zimafuna kuchita mogwirizana ndi boma lawo ndi kuli ndi kuŵerengera.

Malamulo akuluakulu a boma amaphatikizapo ulamuliro walamulo, ulamuliro wa malamulo, ndi ulamuliro wachiweruzo. Nthambi iliyonse ya boma imachotsa mphamvu zake ku magwero apadera, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la mabungwe ogaŵana maulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, Konsichushoni ya United States imakhazikitsa boma la boma lokhala ndi maulamuliro owerengedwa, pamene ikusunga maulamuliro ena onse ku maulamuliro kapena anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa munthu aliyense kukhala ndi ulamuliro wopambanitsa.

Chikalata cha ufulu chotetezera boma: " Lamulo la malamulo la dzikolo, lofotokoza kakonzedwe ka boma ndi kukhazikitsa maulamuliro a nthambi iliyonse. Nthaŵi zambiri chimaphatikizapo lamulo la ufulu umene umatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa kuloŵerera kwa boma. Mwachitsanzo, limapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo mphamvu ya msonkho, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi ndalama. Maulamuliro otchulidwaŵa ndi olondola, komanso amatanthauzanso mphamvu zina zofunika kuti apereke.

Chigwirizano cha Malamulo: Mabungwe Olamulira, onga ngati Congress ku United States kapena Nyumba Yachifumu mu United Kingdom, amapanga malamulo amene amapatsa maulamuliro apadera ku mabungwe a boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amalongosola ukulu wa kachitidwe ka ulamuliro, kulinganiza, ndi kuvomereza maprogramu. Kachitidwe ka lamulo kali kupenda mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka ka kazembe, monga momwe malamulo ayenera kudutsa zipinda zonse ziŵiri ndi kusainidwa ndi nduna (kapeto).

Ulamuliro wa Chigwirizano cha JW: Makhoti amamasulira lamulo ndi kugamula kuyenera kwa malamulo a boma. Mwa mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo, makhoti angagamule malamulo kapena malamulo a akuluakulu amene amaswa malamulo. Nkhani zachizindikiro zonga [[FLT:] Marbury v. Madison . [1803] adakhazikitsa mphamvu imeneyi, kupanga judiary selo lofufuza chofunika pa malamulo ndi pa mabwanalansi.

Mitundu ya Maulamuliro a Boma

Kumvetsa magulu ameneŵa kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira ulamuliro wa boma ndiponso malire ake.

Mphamvu Zokhalako

Mu United States, Gawo I, Gawo 8 limandandalika mphamvu 18 za boma la Congress, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa maofisala, ndi kukweza gulu lankhondo. Maulamuliro oikidwa a boma amaika boma pa ntchitozo moperekedwa, pamene maboma amasunga ulamuliro waukulu pansi pa Tenth Amendment.

Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito

Maulamuliro onse a boma sangalongosoledwe mwatsatanetsatane. Maulamuliro ofunikira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndiwo amene amafunikira kuchita maulamuliro oŵerengedwa, ngakhale ngati sanalembedwe mwachindunji. Chithandizo ndi Chilungamo cha Claus (chodziŵikanso monga Ellastic Claus) chimapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo zokhoza kupanga malamulo ofunika kuweruza maulamuliro ake otchulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulowo samavomereza mwachindunji banki yapakati, Congress anakhazikitsa Bank Yoyamba ya United States pansi pa mphamvu yake yofuna kupeka ndalama ndi kuyendetsa malonda.

Mphamvu Zimene Anazibadwa Nazo

Maulamuliro aakulu ndi awo amene amalingaliridwa kukhala a boma lolamulira lirilonse, monga ngati mphamvu ya kuchititsa maunansi achilendo, kupeza gawo, kapena kutetezera mtundu. Maulamuliro ameneŵa sandandandalikidwa m'Malamulo koma amaonedwa kukhala ofunika kuti mtundu ugwire ntchito. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lazindikira mphamvu zachibadwa m'madera onga malamulo achilendo ndi ulamuliro wa anthu oloŵa m’dziko.

Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo Ndiponso Zosatha

M'madongosolo a boma, maulamuliro amagawidwa pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma. Maulamuliro amakono amagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi magawo onse aŵiri, monga mphamvu ya msonkho, kumanga zigwirizano, ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Maulamuliro osungidwa ndi aja amene sanapatsidwe ku boma la boma la boma kapena oletsedwa ku maboma; iwo amasungidwa ku maboma kapena anthu. Maguluwa amapanga ulamuliro wachiŵiri umene umalamulira ulamuliro wapakati ndi kusungitsa ulamuliro wa kumaloko.

Malire pa Mphamvu ya Boma

Mphamvu ya boma njofunika koma yaupandu ngati sisamaledwa. Demokalase ya malamulo imaika malire otetezeredwa ndi mabungwe, njira, ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha.

Malire a Malamulo

Malamulo amakhazikitsa ziletso pa zochita za boma kutetezera ufulu wa nzika. Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Ufulu wa nzika za United States chimatetezera ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi pembedzero. Chikalata cha Act Procession Claus chimaletsa boma kulanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma popanda njira zoyenerera. Chitetezo cha Exvincial Claus chikufuna boma kuti lichitire anthu onse molingana. Chiyeneretso choyenerera chimaletsabe boma kuletsa ufulu wofunika wonga ngati kuletsa munthu aliyense, ukwati, ndi kulera ana.

Kupatukana ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Mantha atatu a boma .gsilitive , mkulu, ndi judge . Dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana limalola nthambi iliyonse kuchepetsa mphamvu za ena. Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress; Congress angachotse lamulolo ndi anthu atatu aŵiri; Nyumba ikhazikitsa mapangano a pulezidenti; judicia khoza kulengeza malamulo osagwirizana ndi boma; ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ingaletse prezidenti kapena oweruza a boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa amaletsa nthambi iliyonse kuyang'anira boma.

Magulu Ogwirizana

Federalism imagawanitsa mphamvu pakati pa boma lalikulu ndi maboma a chigawo (boma, zigawo, kapena zigawo). Magawo ameneŵa amapereka kupenda kowonjezereka pa mphamvu, monga momwe nzika zingafunikire chitetezo kuchokera ku mlingo umodzi wa boma pochenjeredwa ndi wina. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma angapereke chitetezo chachikulu kuposa lamulo la boma. Lingaliro la ulamuliro wa limatanthauza kuti maboma atha kugwira ntchito monga makompyuta a democracy, kuyesa ndi malamulo a boma pamene akulemekeza miyezo ya dziko.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko mphamvu ya makhoti kupenda lamulo la malamulo ndi zochita za akuluakulu. Ngati lamulo liswa malamulo, makhoti angaititsidwe. Mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa motchuka mu Marbury v. Madison ndipo yavomerezedwa m'mademokrase ambiri. Kupenda komaliza pa malamulo ndi maupandu a akuluakulu, kutsimikizira kuti machitidwe akhalabe m'mipambo yalamulo.

Kusankha ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu Wandale

Kuopa kuti anthu asankha kuti azisankha anthu oimira boma, malamulo oletsa anthu kuchita zinthu zina, malamulo a zachuma, ndiponso malamulo a makhalidwe abwino, kumathandiza anthu kuti azidziimba mlandu.

Chigwirizano cha Anthu ndi Manyuzipepala

Makampani ofufuza zinthu a boma, mabungwe a zaulimi, magulu a anthu ongoyang’anira anthu, amafufuza zochita za boma, kudziŵitsa anthu, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kuti atsutse anthu ochenjerera.

Ntchito ya Nzika Pochepetsa Mphamvu za Boma

Nzika siziri kokha nzika; izo ziri okangalika m’chitaganya chodzifunira. pangano lawo nlofunika kusungitsa malire pa mphamvu ya boma ndi kutsimikizira kuŵerengera mlandu.

Kusankha

Kulankhula ndiko njira yachindunji kwambiri imene nzika zimasonkhezera boma. Mwa kusankha oimira amene amalemekeza malamulo alamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu, ovota amatumiza uthenga wonena za mtundu wa ulamuliro umene akuyembekezera. Wovota wapamwamba angalole zikondwerero zapadera kapena zikhoterero za ulamuliro kukwaniritsa kusoŵako.

Kuphunzitsa Anthu ndi Nkhani ya Onse

Nzika zingalembetse m'makalata opita kwa akuluakulu a boma osankhidwa, kupezeka pamisonkhano ya m’holo ya m’tauni, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’kutsutsa kwamtendere. Nkhani yapoyera . "Ngakhale munthu kapena pa Intaneti" imasonkhezera maboma kulungamitsa zochita zawo. Magulu ochirikiza ngati Civil Rights Movement ndi zitsutso zotsutsa nkhondo zaletsa malamulo a boma oonedwa kukhala osalungama.

Kupatsidwa Udindo ndi Kuŵerengeredwa Kwalamulo

Kutumikira pa juli kuli kupenda mwachindunji kwa ulamuliro wa boma. Juries amagamula mlandu kapena kupanda liwongo m’milandu yaupandu, ndipo m’maiko ena, ajuli angakane kuweruza ngati akhulupirira kuti lamulolo nlopanda chilungamo (kutha mphamvu). Nzika zimatumikiranso monga ajuli aakulu amene amapenda umboni asanaimbidwe mlandu, kuletsa kuzenga mlandu kodzifunira.

Ufulu wa Chidziŵitso ndi Kuonana Kwabwino

Malamulo monga la Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) amapatsa nzika mphamvu zopempha mafaelo a boma. Atolankhani ndi agalu oyang’anira amagwiritsa ntchito zida zimenezi kuvumbula zinyalala, ziphuphu, ndi kuzunza. Nzika zimene zimapempha zikalata kapena kupezeka pamisonkhano zimathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti pakhale malamulo osonyeza kuti zinthuzo n’zofunika.

Kuthamangira Ofesi

Anthu amene sakhutira ndi mmene zinthu zilili akhoza kulowa m’boma lakwawo, m’dzikolo, kapena m’dziko lawo.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Mphamvu za Boma ndi Malire Ake

Kupenda zochitika za m’mbiri ndi za m’nthaŵi yathu kumatithandiza kuona mmene ulamuliro wa boma ndi malire zimachitira.

Marbury vesi. Madison (103)

Mlandu wapadera wa Khoti Lalikulu la United States unasonyeza lamulo la kupenda zembe. Mwa kulengeza gawo la Chikalata cha Jadicary mu 1789 chosakhala ndi ufulu wa boma, khotilo linatsimikizira ulamuliro wake kuchotsa malamulo otsutsana ndi Malamulo. Chigamulo chimenechi chinalongosola ntchito ya jadiary monga nthambi yolingana yokhoza kuyang'anira ponse paŵiri Congress ndi pulezidenti.

Bungwe Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu (1950s - 1960)

Mkati mwa nyengo imeneyi, ochirikiza boma ndi maboma a kumalo amene anakakamiza tsankho ndi tsankho. Boma la boma poyamba linazengereza, koma kupyolera mwa zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba ([FLT: 0]Brown v. Board of Education[), lamulo (Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964), ndi machitidwe audindo, zigamulo zinaikidwa pa mphamvu ya boma yopatula milandu. Gulu limeneli linasonyeza mmene nzika zingakakamirire boma kulemekeza malonjezo alamulo ndi kutetezera zoyenera za munthu aliyense payekha.

Scandal Watergate (1972-1974)

Pulezidenti Richard Nixon anagwiritsa ntchito molakwa ulamuliro . kuphatikizapo kuswa ndi kutha kwa malikulu a Komiti ya Chigwirizano cha Democratic ndi chikuto cha pambuyo pake . Zinavumbulidwa ndi kufufuza manyuzipepala, mayeso a makomiti, ndi zigamulo za komiti. Dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana ndi malingana ndi mphamvu za maulamuliro linasungidwa kukhala ndi mlandu, kutsogolera ku ku kuleka kwa Nixon. Kusintha kochititsa manyazi konga ngati Ethics in Govern Act ndi kuwonekera kokulira m'zamalamulo a .

Kuthamanga ndi Patriot Act (Post-9/11)

Pambuyo pa zigaŵenga za pa September 11, Nyumba ya Malamulo inakhazikitsa lamulo lowonjezera komanso mphamvu zofufuza. Otsutsa ananena kuti malamulo monga kusonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri ndiponso malamulo achinsinsi anaswa malamulo achinayi oteteza ku kufufuza kosayenera. Makhoti komanso kukakamiza anthu kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuphatikizapo USA INFUX Act ya 2015, yomwe inachepetsa kusonkhanitsa ndandanda ya malamulo. Nkhani imeneyi ikupitirizabe ikuonetsa kuti kulephera kuchepetsa chitetezo cha dziko ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Malamulo a Olamulira ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

Mapresidenti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kuletsa malamulo oletsa lamulo, akumadzutsa mafunso onena za malire a mphamvu ya maulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, Prezidenti Donald Trump adayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zambiri za khoti pamaziko a lamulo, ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba potsimikizira kukonzedwanso. Mofananamo, zilengezo za ngozi za dziko monga Pulezidenti Trump .

Kulimbana ndi Magulu Olamulira M’kati mwa Chipani cha Covid - 19

Mliriwo unayesa malire pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. United States anakhazikitsa malamulo a nyumba, malamulo a kubisa, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malonda. Boma la boma lolamulidwa ndi Pulezidenti Trump linalola poyamba kukhazikitsa maboma, kenaka pansi pa pulezidenti Biden anapereka malamulo a katemera amene anayang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba linatseka malamulo ena pamene linachirikiza ena, kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya boma ili ndi malire, makamaka pamene iswa ulamuliro wa boma.

Mavuto Amakono Okhudza Malire a Boma

Luso lamakono, ziwopsezo za dziko lonse, ndi kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko zimapangitsa zitokoso zatsopano za kusunga malire pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Magetsi ndi Kuchuluka kwa Zinthu

Kupita patsogolo kwa tekinoloji yoyang'anira, kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana nkhope, kukumba migodi, ndi nzeru zopeka, kumatheketsa kuyang'anira kwa boma kosayerekezereka. Chitetezero cha Demetrimenti Yachinayi kusanthula kosayenera chinalembedwa m'zaka za zana la 18; makhoti tsopano akulimbana ndi kaya chidziŵitso cha makompyuta monga matheki a malo ndi ma email afunikira chilolezo. Mlandu wa Supreme Court Carbatent v. United States inalamula kuti lamulo likhale ndi chilo choyenera kutumiza mafaleshoni a foni a m'mbiri, kukhazikitsa chitsanzo chofunika chachinsinsi.

Boma Lolamulira

Mabungwe a Federal amapereka malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, komabe kukhazikitsa kwawo malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri sikumakhala ndi thayo lachindunji la demokrase. Osuliza akutsutsa kuti boma la boma limafutukula mphamvu ya kulamulira kupyola malire a lamulo. Malamulo onga unduna waudindo wochirikiza ulamuliro waukulu wa mabungwe, pamene ena amachirikiza kuyang'anira kolimba kwa malamulo ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo. Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu Virginia v. EPA . [FALT:] [202] [20]]

Mwayi Woyang’anira Gulu ndi Uyang’aniro wa Mabungwe

Kusagwirizana pakati pa pulezidenti ndi Congress kwa kupeza chidziŵitso choyesera malire a kulekana kwa maulamuliro. Mawu a Pulezidenti Nixon a mwaŵi waudindo anakanidwa mu United States v. Nixon, kutsimikizira kuti mwaŵiwo suli wotheratu. Nkhondo zamakono pa maphasipo ndi mapepala kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a nthambi zikupitirizabe kuyambitsa nkhondo zalamulo zimene zimalongosola malire a kubisa kwa akuluakulu a nthambi.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira maulamuliro a boma ndi malire nkofunika kulimbikitsa nzika zaunyinji zimene zingatetezere ufulu wake ndi kuchititsa mabungwe kukhala ndi mlandu. Malamulo a boma . "constitunion, logamulation, ndi loweruza" n’ngofunikanso kuyang'anira kuti mphamvuzo zikhale: kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, chipani cha boma, kupenda, ndi kuvomerezana kwamphamvu. Zitokoso zatsopano monga ngati kuyang'anira zinthu zapasadale, mphamvu zamwadzidzidzi, ndi kuyang'anira zija zakhala zofunikira, malamulo a boma opereŵeretsedwa adakali oyenerera monga kale. Nzika zimene zimadziŵa zoyenera ndi nyumba zawo kuti ziwatetezere bwino kuti atengere mbali m'zo ndi kuchirikiza boma limene limakhalabe m'malamulo ake. Zinthu zachilendo monga [FLD]. U. . . . .ANUFFFF: [A]