Kufufuza ndi zikalata zofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo la milandu ya milandu, kupatsa lamulo loti lizifufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda potsatira malamulo oteteza. Pakati popeza chilolezo chovomerezeka ndi chigawo cha lamulo ndi chikalata cholumbira, mawu olembedwa amene amakhazikitsa maziko enieni ofunikira kuti avomereze chiweruzo. Popanda mapepala oyenera, ngakhale maupandu oyenera ofufuza, ngakhale kuphwanya ufulu wa munthu, kupereka umboni wodalirika. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza ntchito yofunika kwambiri yokhudza kuvomereza affidavits pochita zinthu zofunikira, kufufuza, mfundo zofunika, zogwirizana ndi malamulo, zokayikitsa, ndi ziwongo zake zapamwamba zofufuza milandu.

Kodi Mlembi Wosachedwa Kupita Kudziko Nchiyani?

Chikalata chovomerezeka ndi chilengezo chalamulo, chosainidwa chopangidwa ndi woyang'anira milandu. Nthaŵi zambiri chokonzedwa ndi woyang'anira lamulo kapena loya, woimira boma amafotokoza mfundo zenizeni ndi mikhalidwe imene imayambitsa chochititsacho. Chikhulupiriro chomveka chakuti upandu wachitika ndi kuti umboni wakuti unachitika pamalo enaake kapena munthu wina. Chotchedwa affidavit ndi maziko oonekera bwino a chilolezo; popanda icho, woweruza kapena woweruza sangapereke chilolezo chotsimikizirika.

Affidavit ayenera kupatsidwa chilango cha pherry, kutanthauza affiant (munthu wolumbira ku zenizeni) angakhale woyenerera kulakwa ku mabodza alionse adala. Lumbiro limeneli likusonyeza kuwopsa kwa chikalata ndi kutsimikizira kuti mfundo zoperekedwazo nzodalirika monga momwe kungathekere. Cholembedwacho chimapendedwanso [[FLT: 0] mbali ya [1] popanda kupezeka kwa nkhani ya kufufuza [1] [1] [1] [1] Woweruza ayenera kudalira pa zophatikizidwazo kuti adziŵe ngati chochititsa chingakhaleko.

Ziyeneretso za Malamulo za Malonda Opereka Ufulu

Kuti afikire miyezo ya malamulo ndi malamulo, lamulo lokhudza lamulo liyenera kulongosola bwino chochititsa chake chothekera. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhala likutsutsa nthaŵi zonse kuti chochititsa chothekera chimafunikira “kuthekera kwa kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu ” kuti chipezedwe, osati chitsimikizo chenicheni. Affidavit iyenera kuphatikizapo zinthu zofunika zingapo:

Mfundo Zotsimikizirika Zotsimikizira Kuti Pali Zochititsa Zoyenera

Affidavit sangakhale ndi mawu osadziŵika bwino kapena kukayikira chabe. Ayenera kupereka mfundo zenizeni, mfundo zotsimikizira zimene zimagwirizanitsa wokayikirayo, malo ake, ndi umboni woyembekezeredwa. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza mankhwala kuyenera kufotokoza malonda ochitidwa, ndalama zodziŵitsa, kuchotsa zinyalala, kapena zotsatirapo zimene zimasonyeza upandu umene ukupitirizabe. Mawu onga ngati “apolisi ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti kusokoneza kulibe.

Kulongosoledwa kwa Zinthu Zoyenera Kugwidwa

Chikalata cha Opaleshoni chachinayi chikufuna kuti kufunafuna kukhale ndi “kulongosola kwakukulukulu malo ofunidwa, ndipo anthu kapena zinthu zofunikira kufunkhidwa. Chifukwa chake, wolembayo ayenera kusiyanitsa ndi zinthu zofunidwa (kaya mankhwala, zida, zikalata, kapena zipangizo zamagetsi). Malongosoledwe aakulu, monga ngati“ umboni uliwonse wa upandu,” amawonjezera upandu wa kufunafuna kosakhala kwa lamulo. Mtengo wa affidavit uyenera kundandandalika zinthuzo ndi manambala, kusiyanitsa zizindikiro, kapena ziŵiya zina zimene zimachepetsa ukuluwo.

Gwero la Chidziŵitso ndi Chigwirizano

Pamene affidavit adalira pa chidziŵitso kuchokera kwa chinsinsi, magwero achinsinsi, kapena phee, woimbayo ayenera kulongosola maziko a chidziŵitso cha magwero amenewo ndi chifukwa chake magwero ali odalirika. Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito “milingo ya mikhalidwe” kuyesa (] Magede , 462], U.S 213 (1913) kupenda ngati mfundo zonsezo zikugwirizana ndi kuwona kwa apolisi. Chochititsa chachikuluchi chifotokoze masitepe alionse otengedwa kutsimikizira chidziŵitso, monga kuyang'anira, kuyang'anira, kuyang'anira, kapena kugula.

Nthaŵi kapena “Kulankhulana”

Chochititsa choyenera chiyenera kukhala chaposachedwapa. Woweruza amene amatchula mfundo masabata kapena miyezi yapitayo angaonedwe kukhala “zomveka,” makamaka ngati ntchito yolingaliridwa kukhala ya upandu yakhala yosatsimikizirika kapena malo ake saisintha. Kuyandikira kwa nthaŵi kutsimikizirika kwa chitsimikizo, kuonekera kwa chochititsa. Woweruzayo adzalingalira za mkhalidwe wa upanduwo, zizoloŵezi za wokayikiridwayo, ndi mtundu wa umboni wopezeka (m’mzera, mankhwala ogodomalitsa kaŵirikaŵiri amachotsedwa, pamene kuli kwakuti zolembera za ndalama zingakhalepo kwanthaŵi yaitali).

Kufunika kwa Kutchula Mfundo Mwatsatanetsatane m’Makalata Opereka Ufulu

Chidziŵitso chimatumikira ponse paŵiri zifuno zogwira ntchito ndi zamalamulo. Imachepetsa kufufuza ku madera ndi zinthu zimene zili zogwirizana ndi ntchito yolingaliridwa kukhala yaupandu, kuletsa maulendo ausodzi. Mwalamulo, kulongosola kwapadera koyenerera kumachepetsa kuthekera kwa kutsendereza. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri amene amatchula maina apadera a nyumbayo ndi kulongosola malo ake, chipani choyembekezeredwacho, ndi masiku ofufuza amapatsa woweruzayo chithunzi chomvekera bwino. Mosiyana ndi, woweruzayo, woweruzayo amene amangonena kuti “akuona khalidwe lokayikira pa 123 Main Street [1] mosanena zatsatanetsatane adzakanidwa.

Khoti Lapamwamba lagogomezera kuti “chochititsa chosadziŵika ndicho chiganizo cha madzi . Kusintha pa kupenda za kuthekera m'mawu ena enieni. (] Zipata . Magede , 462 U.S. pa 2322. Woweruza ayenera kutheketsa woweruza yekha, osati kungopanga kachipangizo ka rabha. Oyang'anira ayenera kuphatikizapo mfundo zonse zofunika, ngakhale zimene zingadule moyenerera, chifukwa chakuti kuyesa konseko kumafuna kupenda koyenera.

Mbali ya Mkulu wa Oweruza m’Kupenda Chiweruzo

Pamene apatsidwa chikalata, woweruza kapena woweruza amapenda kuti atsimikizire ngati chochititsa chingakhaleko. Kupenda kumeneku kuli kupenda kolondola pa mphamvu ya akuluakulu a boma, mogwirizana ndi chofunika cha Geneth Amendment chimene chimafuna kuti nkhaniyo ikhale yokha “pothekera, yochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo. [1] Woweruzayo sachitanso chigamulo chachiŵiri koma kutsimikizira kuti woweruzayo ali ndi mfundo zenizeni zokwanira kulungamitsa kuloŵererako.

Mkhalidwe wakale wa kuyendetsa zinthu ukutanthauza woweruzayo akuwona kokha chikalata chongofuna kugamula. Chotero, chikalatacho chiyenera kukhala chathunthu ndi chowona. Cholembedwacho chikhale chokwanira . Chonga mbiri yachinsinsi ya mbiri ya kusatsimikizirika kwa Frank . Chingatsogolere ku kumvetsera kwa Frank (onani pansipa). Atapenda, woweruzayo angapereke chilolezocho monga momwe chapemphedwa, kukonza, kapena kukana icho chonse. Ngati chiperekedwa, chilolezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa m’nthaŵi yabwino, masiku khumi, monga momwe chingafunikire ndi Federal Laul of Crival Procedature 41 ndi zigwirizano zambiri za boma.

Malamulo Ogwirizana ndi Lamulo la Malamulo – Kusintha kwachinayi

Chilolezo cha kutsata chilolezo cha ku Demetriment chachinayi cha Lamulo la U.S., chimene chimatetezera ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Mpambo Wachinayi umafuna kuti chilolezo cha “pokhaponseponse chifotokoze malo ofufuzidwa, ndipo anthu kapena zinthu zoti zigwire.] Umboni umenewu umachitidwa mwa kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa, umene umapereka mfundo yofunika. Lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito umboni wopezeka poswa Lamulo la Fourth Reconfvitation . Umboni wotengedwa pansi pa chikalata chopanda ndalama zothandizira.

Mavuto Ofala kwa Ogwira Ntchito za Ndege

Nthawi zambiri anthu oteteza malowa amakayikira zoti n’zoona kuti anthu afunika kufufuza zinthu polimbana ndi anthu amene akuwachirikiza.

Kusoŵa Chochititsa Choyenera

Ngati khoti lipeza, litapendanso mbali zinayi za kagulu ka oimba, kuti maumboni onenedwa samakwaniritsa muyezo wothekera wa chochititsa, chilolezocho nchopanda kanthu. Izi zingachitike pamene kamphongo kawo kadalira pa chidziŵitso choluluzika, nsonga zosadziŵika zopanda chidziŵitso, kapena ndemanga zongopeka.

Kunama Kapena Kuzenga Milandu

Pansi pa Franks v. Delaware [1], 438 U.S. 154 (178), woimbidwa mlandu angapatsidwe ku kumveka kowonekera bwino ngati apanga choyambirira chosonyeza kuti woimbayoyo mwadala kapena mosadziŵa anaphatikizapo mawu onama mu affidavit, kapena mfundo zopanda pake, ndi kuti zotsalazo sizingachirikize choyenera. Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo, chidziŵitso chonamacho chatha kuchotsedwa ndipo chilolezocho chingachotsedwe. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimaletsa akazembe onyenga ndi kuchirikiza umphumphu wa njira ya onyenga.

Kugwira ntchito molimbika

Monga taonera, nkhani zakale zimasokoneza mfundo yakuti mwina umboniwo udakali pamalo amene munthu wafufuzapo pa nthawi imene akufufuza chilolezocho.

Kungonena Zinthu Mwachisawawa

Ngati affidavit [1] ndi chifukwa chake lamulo lija lakuti affidavit chaza malo kapena zinthuzo mwatsatanetsatane, kufufuzako kungaonedwe kukhala kufunafuna kwachisawawa. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri woimira “nyumba” yopanda kutchula chipinda chimene chili m'nyumba yamitundu yambiri. Mofananamo, pempho la kulanda “makompyuta onse [1] popanda kuwagwirizanitsa ku upandu wina lingakhale lopitirira.

Zochita Zabwino Kwambiri Zochitira Asilikali Ogwira Ntchito Yolimbana ndi Anthu Ogwira Ntchito

Poona kuti malamulo ndi oweruza milandu ndi oweruza milandu afunika kutsatira mfundo zokhwima zolembedwa pa malo ofufuzira.

  • Kuphatikiza mfundo zofunikira: Phatikizani masiku, nthaŵi, malo, malo, zimene akulingalira, ndi zochita. Fotokozani zimene munthu wokayikiridwayo amachita, zotsatira za kuyang’anira kapena kugula zinthu, ndi zifukwa zimene malowo akugwirizanira ndi upandu.
  • Mfundo zodziŵitsa: Fotokozani kudalirika kwa wodziŵitsayo, mbiri yawo yakale, ndi kutsimikizira kulikonse kwa kudziimira kochitidwa.
  • Akuti: Ngati chidziŵitso china nchachikale, longosolani chifukwa chake chimakhala chofunika (m’chitsanzo, malonda aupandu opitirizabe, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa nthaŵi yaitali).
  • Gwiritsirani mawu omveka: Pewani chiganizo chalamulo chimene chingasokoneze majistanti. Lembani nkhani yomveka, yonena za nthawi imene zinthu zinachitika.
  • Khalani owona ndi athunthu: [[FT:1] Phatikizani mfundo zilizonse zakuthupi zimene zingathetse chochititsa chothekera, monga ngati kufufuza kolephera, mbiri ya upandu wa wodziŵitsa, kapena kusagwirizana. Kuvumbula kokwanira kumalimbitsa kukhulupirika kwa affidavit ndi kuchepetsa upandu wa kutsutsa kwa Frank.
  • Kaundula wa malamulo ndi malamulo a boma: Maulamuliro osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunika zowonjezereka, zonga mafomu enieni, njira zotsimikizira, kapena malire a nthaŵi kaamba ka kuphedwa. Affiant ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo onse a kumaloko.

Zitsanzo za Malamulo Opereka Mlandu

Zosankha zingapo za zochitika zapadera zimasonyeza ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya lamulo la affidavits. Illinois v. Mageti , Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuyesedwa konse kwa zigamulo, kugamula kuti kalata yosadziwika yovomerezeka ndi zimene apolisi apeza. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti mamejasiti apange zosankha zothandiza, zogwirizana zozikidwa pa zonse zimene affidavit analemba.

Mu mafansi . Delaware [1], khoti linazindikira kuyenera kwa kutsutsa mapempho okhala ndi ndemanga zonama. Mlandu unaphatikizapo woimbidwa mlanduyo anaphatikiza mfundo zopeka. Khoti linanena kuti ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo angasonyeze mwa kupenda umboni wakuti chinyengo chinali dala kapena monyalanyaza, ndipo zotsalazo sizigwirizana ndi chifukwa chake, umboniwo uyenera kuchotsedwa.

Nkhani ya Maryland v. Garrison , 480 U.S. 79 , yotchulidwa mwapadera. Imeneyi, affidavit inalongosola nsanja yachitatu ya nyumba, koma kufunafuna kwenikweni kwa kugwidwa ndi njiru kulowa m'chipinda cha munthu wina amene anali . Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti chilolezo chinali choyenera chifukwa chakuti maofesala anachita zinthu moyenerera, koma nkhaniyo ikusonyeza mmene malongosoledwe olondola a nyumba yosungiramo zinthu yotere ingapeŵere zolakwa zoterozo.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka pa lamulo la Opatutsira, onani [[FLT: 0] chuma cha judiary ya maphunziro [1]. Zotengera za kusungitsa malamulo, monga ngati zija za Chikalata cha Woweruza , chimaperekanso malangizo atsatanetsatane opanga mapulani.

Mtetezo wa Kugonana Ndi Ena

Kupyola ntchito yake yowonekera bwino, lamulo la affidavit limatumikira monga chitetezo chachikulu cha kuchenjera. Mwa kukakamiza lamulo kulungamitsa molunjika, zenizeni pansi pa lumbiro, njira ya affidavit imaletsa kuloŵerera kosatsimikizirika m’nyumba, mabizinesi, ndi ziyambukiro zaumwini. Limapanganso cholembera chachikhalire chimene chingapendedwe ndi mabwalo, maloya otetezera, ndi anthu onse. Kuwonekera kumeneku kumalimbitsa chikhulupiriro m'dongosolo lachilungamo. Ndiponso, chiwopsezo cha kutsendereza kusonkhezera apolisi kuchita mayeso osaluza asanafune chilo, chimene chimatsogolera ku milandu yolimba ndi zodalirika kwambiri.

Kumaliza

Malamulo odalirika si ongofuna kuyang'anira chabe; ndi maziko alamulo a zikalata zofunsira. Malamulo okonzedwa bwino amatsimikizira kuti ntchito zosungitsa lamulo zazikidwa pa chifukwa chomveka, pa mfundo yakuti pafunikira kuikidwa pa Komishoni Yachinayi, ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma. Kuphatikizapo, kulephera kukonzekera kuopsa kwa kutsekedwa kwa umboni ndi kuchotsedwa kwa milandu, kukhoza kumasula mlandu. Oweruza, ndi akuluakulu a boma, omwe akudziŵa ntchito yopereka ufulu wa kukambirana malamulo pankhani ya upandu ndi kuteteza ufulu wa lamulo. Kudziwa bwino ntchito ya kuyendetsa milandu, ndi kuchotsa milandu, ndi kuchotsa milandu yodalirika, kumasulira lamulo, kukhoza kuchirikiza ufulu wa apolisi pamene kuli koyenera kukhazikitsa ufulu walamulo.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa chilolezo ndi chochititsa chothekera, gwiritsirani ntchito [[FLT: 0] Luso lakumbuyo [1] datamulo ya lamulo la mlandu, kapena funsani FBI's Legin Handbook [ kaamba ka zitsogozo za boma.