Mlandu Wosatha wa Ufulu: Mbiri ya Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Lingaliro la kulekana kwa maulamuliro lili limodzi la maluso okhalitsa ndi ofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya kulamulira. Ndilo lamulo lakuti ulamuliro wa boma uyenera kugawidwa pakati pa nthambi zosiyana, zodziimira . Mophiphiritsira mkulu, kampando walamulo, ndi jadicary , kuletsa kuikidwa kwa mphamvu m'chinthu chimodzi. Chigawo chimenechi sichiri kokha maziko a mphamvu yapamwamba ya boma; ndicho maziko a maufumu a democracy, olinganizidwa kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ku ulamuliro wankhanza. Kuchokera ku nyumba zamalamulo akale kufikira ku kukonza malamulo amakono, ulendo wa lingaliro limeneli ndi wotchuka wa za lunthabwa, kufufuza kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kulondola kosalekeza kwa anthu a boma lodziwitsa mlandu. Kumvetsetsa mbiri ya maulamuliro a democracy DNA kumamvetsetsa bwino kwambiri ulamuliro wamakono.

Vuto la Mphamvu Yonse

Asanayambitse kukhazikitsa lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino, chitokoso chachikulu cha kulamulira chinavomerezedwa padziko lonse: mphamvu imaipitsa. Olamulira akale, kuyambira kwa Farao mpaka kwa mafumu, analamulira kotheratu, kuika malamulo, maulamuliro, ndi ntchito za chiweruzo kukhala chinthu chimodzi, chosatsutsika. Mbiri ya kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro iyamba monga yankho lanzeru ku mbiri imeneyi ya Absolutism. Funso lalikulu limene linasonkhezera akatswiri odziŵa za kuwala silinali chabe kulamulira, koma mmene angalamulire [[FLT: 0] akalamulira aka] akazembe.

Anthu Amene Ankapezeka Kale

Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso chamakono n’chochokera ku Kuunikiridwa, mbewu zake zinabzalidwa kalekale. Dziko lakale linayesa ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana ndi mayeso a kanthaŵi, kupereka zitsanzo zoyambirira, ngakhale kuti n’zopanda ungwiro, za mphamvu zogawanika.

Abusa Achigiriki ndi Chiphunzitso cha Boma Losanganiza

Ku Greece wakale, makamaka ku Atene, kachitidwe ka demokrase mwachindunji kanali kogaŵana kwa mlingo wa ntchito. Ngakhale kuti si kulekana kwa maulamuliro kwalamulo, dongosolo la Atene linagaŵa maudindo pakati pa Msonkhano (ekklesia), Council of 500 (boule), ndi makhoti otchuka (dikasteria). Wafilosofi Aristule [[[FLT]], m'ntchito yake [[FLT:] Pholitics [FLT] [FLT]], anatulukira mbali zitatu za malamulo alionse: desoration, magnicial, ndi magster, ndi oweruza. Anatsutsa kuti mkhalidwe wakuya, wofanana ndi wofanana ndi mphamvu, kuti afunikire mbali zimenezi, zoimira zikondwerero zake, ndi mfundo zoŵerengeka zachikulu za mfundo zoyamba za "FLT. Chiphunzitsochi choyambirira chinali chosiyana m'manja, koma chinagawamba cha mphamvu, chigawake, chinagawake, chika, chika, kuti chigawani cha m’chimo, chi

Rome Republic ndi Zotsatirapo za Khalidwe

Roman Republic anapereka chitsanzo chogwira ntchito ndi chosonkhezera kwambiri. Lamulo lake locholoŵana linagaŵira mphamvu pakati pa matupi angapo: Nyumba ya Malamulo (ya maufumu apamwamba), Misonkhano (iimira anthu), ndi Consuls (oweruza). Linasonyezanso mahofisi apadera olinganizidwa kuyang'anira mphamvu, monga [[FLT:] [i] tribunis ya Plebs , amene angagwire ntchito za Nyumba ya malamulo ndi oweruza ena, ndi [FLT] [imodzi] [imodzi] [imodzi] ya mphamvu yamphamvu ya Roma, pamene inathandiza mbali iliyonse yamphamvu yamphamvu.

Kuunikiridwa: Chiyambi cha Chiphunzitso

Chiphunzitso chamwambo cha kulekana kwa maulamuliro chinapangidwa m’kuganiziridwa kwa nzeru kwa m’zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18. Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ya English, Chipanduko Cholemekezeka, ndi kubuka kwa chipanduko m’maiko a ku Ulaya zinapereka mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko kaamba ka kulingaliranso kwakukulu kwa uchifumu ndi ufulu.

John Locke ndi Kupha Anthu Motsatira Malamulo

Wafilosofi Wachingelezi [[FLT: 0] John Locke [[FLT: 1] anayala maziko ofunika kwambiri m'kugwirizana kwake [[FLT:] SECOND Treasurence of Boma [16]]. Kuyankha kwa maulamuliro a monarchy, Locke adatsutsa kuti boma linali kudalira, lopangidwa ndi kuvomereza kwa kutetezera ufulu wawo wachibadwa wa moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma. Iye anadziŵikitsa mitundu itatu ya mphamvu: [[FLT:] kuukira kwa [FL:] [FLT] [FL:] [5] [ziGUP] [zi] [zi] [zi] [zinsi zamphamvu zamphamvu], ngakhale kuli mphamvu zina zopinga kuipira, iye samapanga mphamvu yake yosagwirizana ndi mphamvu, ngakhale kuti mphamvu yake yaikuluyo inapanga mphamvu, monga momwe zimachitira anthu enawo. Malamulowonjeze, monga momwe amachitira mphamvu yake yaikulu, mphamvu yake inachitira moteronso mphamvu yake, monga momwe zimachitira mphamvu zakezo.

Montesquieu: Wopanga Chitsanzo Chamakono

Chilengezo chonse, chovomerezeka cha kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro chinachokera kwa munthu wotchuka wa ku Falansa ndi wafilosofi [[FLT: 0] Baron de Montesquieu . M'ntchito yake yaikulu 1748, Mzimu wa Malamulo [, Montesquieu anatsogolera maphunziro aakulu a maboma m'mbiri yonse. Iye anasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi kuŵerenga kwake Roman Republic ndi malingaliro ake a malamulo a Chingelezi, amene iye (mwambo wake) anaona monga chitsanzo cha boma lolinganizika. M'buku XI, mutu 6, wa ntchito yake, adalengeza mfundo imene ikapanga dziko lamakono: [FLD: 4." pamene iye ali wogwirizana ndi mphamvu zake zachikulu, kapena m’thupi, sangakhalenso ndi ufulu, ngati mulibe, m'kambingu, ndipo palibenso.

Montesquieu anali wolunjika kwambiri ndi woumirira kuposa Locke. Iye anaumirira pa mphamvu yosiyana ya boma monga nthambi yolingana, akumanena kuti oweruza sayenera kukhala "kamwa amene amatchula mawu a lamulo. Iye sanachirikize kugawidwa kwapadera kwa magawo; anazindikira kuti nthambizo zigwirizana ndipo ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yoyenderana. Katswiri wake anali kukhazikitsa magaŵano amenewa osati monga chopinga chogwira ntchito koma chofunika kwambiri cha ufulu wandale. Mzimu wa Malamulo [FLT:]

Kuyesa kwa ku America: Mfundo ya M’malamulo Yolembedwanso

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosonkhezera ndi kosonkhezera kwa malingaliro a Montesquieu kunachitika kudutsa Atlantic. Oyambitsa a ku America, atamenya nkhondo ndi zimene anaona kukhala kuphatikiza ulamuliro wankhanza mu Ufumu wa Britain ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, anali otsimikiza kumanga boma latsopano limene likaletsa nkhanza yotero. Mbiri ya kupatukana kwa maulamuliro imakhala yosagwirizana ndi nkhani ya United States Constitution.

Msonkhano wa Malamulo ndi Mapepala a Oyang’anira Mafuko

Nthumwi za pa Msonkhano wa Filadelphia mu 1787 zinakhomerezedwa m'zolemba za Montesquieu. Makonzedwe oyamba, Pulani ya Virginia, inalingalira boma lamphamvu la dziko lokhala ndi malamulo, oweruza, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo. Nkhaniyo sinali yokhudza kuti kaya maulamuliro agaŵane, koma kuti adzachita zimenezi motani pamene akulenga boma la dziko. Kutetezera kopambana kwambiri kwa malamulo omalizira kunabwera mu [[FLT: 0] Mapest , makamaka mu [[FLT:] Fideralist . [[[FLT:]]] Nambala], 48, ndi 51, olembedwa ndi [FLT:]

Madison adanena mwachindunji mlandu wakuti Magazine sanapereke kugaŵikana kotheratu kwa maulamuliro chifukwa cha dongosolo la macheke ndi malinganizidwe (mt., pulezidenti wa fricial verto , kutsimikizira kwa mapangano ). Mu Federalist No. 47, adatsutsa kuti Montesquieus iyemwini sanafunikire "kulekana" koma kuti palibe nthambi ikhale ndi "kulamulira kolunjika" pa inayo. Magnicone adapereka chidziŵitso cha machenjera ndi kulungamidwe a dongosolo la zandale: [FOLT:0]" Chifunitso chiyenera kupangidwa kuti chiletsedwe kukhumba malo. Chifuniro cha munthu chiyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi ufulu walamulo wa malowo. [FLD:1] Madison [ago] mwa kutsutsana ndi kutsutsa njira za boma lililonse ndi kutsutsa njira zake, chigamu chigamu cha boma chongo chake. Chilungamochitsochitsa kulongosola kuti chikhale chomveka chomveka bwino, koma kuti chikhale chothandiza kulongosola mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu.

Kupangidwa kwa Lamulo la U.S.

Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa nthambi zitatu m’nkhani zake zitatu zoyambirira, kupangitsa kugaŵikana kowonekera bwino:

  • [[FLT: 0] Article I: Legislative Branch (Chorrector). Awoneredwa ndi kupanga malamulo, kulamulira chikwama, ndi kuyambitsa nkhondo. Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya malamulo imayang'anana (Bidaralism).
  • [[FLT: 0] Article II: Nthambi Yotsogolera (Mtsogoleri). Ili ndi mlandu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo, kulamula asilikali, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo achilendo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Article III: Nthambi ya Chigamulo (Malamulo). Imawoneredwa ndi malamulo ndi Konsichura.

Machenjera a dongosolo la Amereka ali m'mayeso otsatizana omwe amaletsa nthambi imodzi kukhala yolamulira. Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo, koma Congress angaike lamulolo. Pulezidenti amaika oweruza ndi maofesala akuluakulu, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira. Khotilo lingalengeze malamulo osagwirizana ndi boma (kupenda kwa boma, kokhazikitsidwa mu [FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison . mu 1803), koma Nyumba ya malamulo ingasinthe ulamuliro wa Khoti, ndipo Pulezidenti amakhazikitsa zigamu zatsopano. Makitale ameneŵa atsimikizira motsimikizirika, ngakhale kuti akhalanso magwero a nkhondo yopitirizabe ya ndale.

Kusiyana kwa Dziko Lonse ndi Kusiyana Kwake

Kupambana kwa chitsanzo cha ku America, limodzi ndi mphamvu ya malingaliro ya Kusintha kwa Chifrenchi, kunasonkhezera kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kumbali ya dziko. Chilengezo cha Ufulu Wa munthu ndi wa Nzika (Chipangano cha Chigawo) chinalengeza kuti "chitaganya chilichonse chimene sichimatsimikiziridwa za ufulu, kapena kupatukana kwa maulamuliro, sichili ndi Malamulo.

Madongosolo a Nyumba ya Malamulo

Kutsatira lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino kwatsogolera ku zitsanzo ziŵiri zazikulu za kulamulira kwa demokrase:

  • Presidential Systems (m., United States, chigawo chachikulu cha Latin America). Madongosolo ameneŵa amasonyeza kulekana kwakukulu pakati pa nthambi za akuluakulu ndi za malamulo. Pulezidenti amasankhidwa payekha ndi bungwe la malamulo ndipo amatumikira mawu oikika. Zimenezi zimapanga kulekanitsa kwamphamvu ndi kuŵerengera mlandu koma zimakhala ndi ngozi yaikulu ya griplock.
  • Malamulo a Parliament System (m. United Kingdom, Canada, Germany , India ). Kuno, mkulu (Nkulu ya Atsogoleri ndi Kabinati) amatengedwa ndi kuperekedwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa nyumba ya malamulo (lamya). Zimenezi zimayambitsa kuphatikizana kwa maulamuliro, osati kupatukana kwakukulu. Nyumba ya malamulo ingachotse mkulu wa ntchitoyo kudzera m’voti yopanda chidaliro. Otsutsa zimenezi amalola boma logwira ntchito ndi lomvera, pamene otsutsa amaika mphamvu zambiri m’bungwe, makamaka pamene gulu limodzi la anthu limakhala ndi anthu ambiri. Komabe, malamulo ambiri, amasunga mphamvu ndi odziimira okha.

Kusiyanasiyana Kwake

Maiko osiyanasiyana apanganso mabungwe apadera kuti agwirizane ndi miyambo yawo yandale. Mwachitsanzo, maiko ena ali ndi Khoti la Malamulo lolimba lokhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro sikuli pepala lapamwamba lopangira malamulo; ndilo lamulo limene liyenera kusinthidwa ku zochitika zenizeni za mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko lililonse, nthaŵi zonse ndi cholinga choletsa ulamuliro wonse wa nthambi iliyonse ya mphamvu. Chifukwa cha kuyang'ana mozama pa kusintha kumeneku, [FL:2]

Mavuto Amakono Ndiponso Kuvutika Maganizo

M’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino, kulekana kwa maulamuliro kuli ndi mavuto aakulu amene amayesa kulimba kwa mfundo imeneyi.

Kukula kwa Ulamuliro wa Olamulira ndi Boma Lolamulira

Chimodzi cha zisulizo zopitirizabe zamakono ndi kukula kwa ulamuliro wa olamulira. Kucholoŵana kwa moyo wamakono kwachititsa maulamuliro aakulu opanga malamulo kwa mabungwe a akuluakulu, kuyambitsa chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimatchedwa "boma la Uyang'anira". Actal yonga ngati Environmental Protection Agency kapena Securities ndi Exchange Commission (kuyendetsa malamulo), kulamulira kwa maulamuliro, ndi kuweruza kwa maulamuliro. Kuphatikiza ntchito m'gulu limodzi kumakhala ndi chitsutso chachikulu cha kulekana kwa mphamvu za mphamvu za mphamvu. Kutsutsana ndi malamulo apamwamba, kumene kumalola Pulezidenti kutsogolera popanda chivomezo chovomerezedwa ndi Councilveration, kukwezanso nkhaŵa pakati pa kunyonyotsoka kwa ulamuliro. Kufuna kwa akatswiri aluso ndi malamulo a boma, kugawa kwa lamulo lamakono ndi kugawa kwa lamulo lodziwikitsa mlandu wa lamulo. [The Fromentitions) yogwirizana ndi mfundo zambiri ya Previtionssiontion ([0]) yogwirizana ndi mfundo yogwirizana ya .

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kutsekereza

Pamene kuli kwakuti kulekana kwa maulamuliro kunalinganizidwa kuyambitsa kulinganiza ndi kuletsa kachitidwe kofulumira, osuliza ake akutsutsa kuti tsopano kumasonkhezera kusokonezeka kwa zinthu. M'malo ogaŵanikana kwambiri, macheke kuti nthambi ina ili ndi ina yoposa ina . Monga Seyale ya Sernal filbuster kapena pulezidenti verto , ndizo zigwiritsidwe ntchito osati monga chitetezo chankhanza, koma monga chida chanthaŵi zonse chotsekereza chotsekereza kusokoneza. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku boma losakhoza kutsendereza mavuto a dziko, kuchokera ku mavuto aakulu kufikira ku mavuto aumoyo wa anthu. Dongolo lomwe linapangidwa kutsimikizira kuti palibe chimene chingachitidwe popanda kugwirizana kwakukulu, m'nyengo yogaŵikana, kutsimikizira kuti palibe chirichonse chimene chingachitidwe. Zimenezi zachititsa kukonza dongosolo la malamulo aungwe la malamulo a boma la malamulo la malamulo la malamulo la boma ndi zovuta kwambiri.

Kulamulira Kopambanitsa kwa Oweruza ndi Kudalira Anthu

Ntchito ya a jadiaism yakhalanso mfundo yaikulu yotsutsana. Mphamvu ya kupenda zachiweruzo, pamene kuli kwakuti maziko a ulamuliro wa malamulo, amaika mphamvu zazikulu m’manja mwa oweruza osasankhidwa. Mapangano a "zaudiaudiaism" atsutsa kuti makhoti anyalanyaza ntchito yawo yomasulira ndi kuyamba kuchotsa pa ben, kuswa malamulo a nthambi. Njira ya kugamula, makamaka ku United States, yakhala nkhani yotchuka ndi yogaŵanitsa. Kusunga chidaliro chapoyera m'malamulo odziimira paweruziro, imene ikuoneka kukhala yofunika kwambiri pa kupitiriza kulekana kwa mphamvu za mphamvu. Wolemba mabukuyo mofanana ndi maboma [FLD] Mabungwe a [F:]

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Kochepa

Mbiri ya kulekana kwa maulamuliro si nthano yokha ya njira yothetsera yangwiro yopezedwa, koma nkhani yogwira mtima ndi yopitirizabe ya lamulo lotsutsana ndi zenizeni za mphamvu. Kuyambira maboma osiyanasiyana a anthu akale mpaka macheke otsogola a American Constitution ndi kusintha kwake kwa dziko lonse, chidziŵitso chachikulu chimakhala chofunika kwambiri kuposa kale lonse: kuikidwa kwa mphamvu ndiko mdani wa ufulu. Malamulo operekedwa ndi Manteusquieu ndi kuyengedwa ndi [FLT:] [maiso] [maiseti] ndi [maiseti] [ixokedwe a] [iso] [ixo] [ikulu] sanapangidwa ndi chipangizo chokwanira, koma wodzilungamitsa yekhayo chikhozetsa mwa kupangitsa chitseko cha mphamvu. Chikhoterero cha anthu, chikhoterere chovuta kukwaniritsa chikhoterero cha kudalirana cha kuteteza kwake, monga momwe kuliri chitsimikiziri choyenera kutsimikizira cha chikhomerezo chachikulu. Chiyense chimene chiku, chiku chika kuli chikhomere