N’chifukwa Chiyani Tiyenera Kumvetsa Mfundo Zofunika za Boma?

Zigamulo zimene akuluakulu a boma a boma akupanga kuchokera ku msonkhano wa m'tauni yanu kupita kwa Pulezidenti zimakhudza ntchito yanu, maphunziro a sukulu ya mwana wanu, ndiponso chitetezo cha mpweya umene mumapuma. Komabe nzika zambiri sizingathe kutchula dzina la munthu wa boma kapena kufotokoza kusiyana kwa lamulo la boma ndi lamulo la boma. Kumvetsa bwino mmene boma lakwanu, boma, ndi maboma a boma amalinganizidwira. Nkhaniyi imapereka maziko atsatanetsatane, kusweka kwa chigawo cha U.S., mizu yawo, maudindo awo, ndi njira zothandiza zimene mungagwirizane ndi chimodzi ndi chimodzi.

Kodi Boma Nchiyani?

M’lingaliro losavuta, boma la America ndilo njira imene chitaganya kapena dziko limapanga ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo (malamulo) ndi kupereka mautumiki ogwirizana amene anthu sangakhale otetezereka mosavuta, monga ngati kutetezera mtundu wawo, misewu ya anthu onse, ndi madzi oyera. Boma la America limamangidwa pa lamulo la ulamuliro wotchuka . [ilingaliro lakuti ulamuliro potsirizira pake umachokera kwa anthu.] Mfundo imeneyi imasonyezedwa ndi mawu oyamba a U.S.

Olamulira a dziko la America oyambirira anali ochenjera kwambiri pa ulamuliro wa boma lamphamvu, pokhala ataona ulamuliro wa ufumu wa Briteni kutali. Kusakhulupirira kumeneku kunatsogolera Oyambitsa kupanga dongosolo la dederalist , kumene mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa boma la dzikolo (lolamulira) ndi boma. Maboma a m'dzikolo samatchulidwa m'malamulo koma amapangidwa ndi maboma kuti ayang'anire nkhani za anthu. Kumvetsa njira imeneyi nkofunika chifukwa kulongosola chifukwa chake chibooboo pa Maine Street ndi vuto lakwawo, pamene pangano ndi dziko lachilendo lili la boma la boma la boma la boma.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mafuko

Malamulo a U.S. (akhazikitsidwa mu 1787) akhazikitsa njira yodziŵira kuti nchifukwa ninji boma ndi maboma akuno aliko. Mfundoyi imalongosola maulamuliro a Congress, Article II nthambi yoyang'anira, ndi Mfundo III ya judiary. 10] lath Amendment [10] (yavomerezedwa mu 1791]) imapereka mfungulo ya kumvetsetsa chifukwa chimene boma ndi maboma akuno alipo: “Maulamuliro amene saperekedwa ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kutsa anthu. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu iliyonse yosaperekedwa mwachindunji ku boma, masankhoti, polisi, kapena kutumiza laisensinsi ya maulamuliro ambiri.

Pazaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma kwasintha. The New Deal, nhambo ya Chivil Rights, ndi lamulo lamakono la zaumoyo (m’chitsanzo, Affordal Care Act) onsewo anafutukula ulamuliro wa boma. Komabe, boma ndi maboma a m’dzikolo adakali amene amayambukira miyoyo ya anthu mwachindunji: amamanga misewu, amayendetsa masukulu a boma, amasamalira mapaki, akatswiri a laisensi, ndi kulabadira ku ngozi za kumaloko.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Anthu Ndi Ogwirizana Kwambiri

Mitundu ndi Mabungwe

Boma la kumaloko ndilo limagwirizana ndi dziko la America tsiku ndi tsiku, ngakhale ngati sakudziŵa. Pali maboma pafupifupi 90,000 a m'dziko ku United States, kuphatikizapo magawo, magawo apadera (monga madzi kapena madera otetezera moto), ndi zigawo za sukulu. Mabungwe ambiri akunja amasiyana ndi boma, koma maboma ambiri akutsatira chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zitatu: [FLT: 0] kuwonjezerako kwa makampani [1] (mokhala meya ndi chigawo cha polisi), [FLT: FLT] (ovomerezedwa ndi bungwe la boma), [FLT:] ndi oyang'anira makampani aŵiri]

Udindo

Maboma a m’derali amagwira ntchito zimene zimakhudza moyo wa anthu okhala m’derali, monga:

  • Kutetezeka kwa kampani: Apolisi ndi madipatimenti a moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi kusungitsa malamulo oyendetsera ntchito yomanga.
  • Malamulo: misewu yakumaloko, makwalala, njira, magetsi a m’khwalala, madzi, zimbudzi, ndi zosonkhanitsidwa.
  • Kuphunzitsa : [[FLT :1] Sukulu zapoyela ndi za sekondale zimayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe a sukulu osankhidwa kapena oyang'anira chigawo oikidwa.
  • Mapaki ndi zosangulutsa: mapaki a anthu onse, malo a anthu, malaibulale, maiwe osambira, ndi mabungwe a maseŵera.
  • Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Dziko: Malamulo odzikongoletsa, zilolezo, ndi mapangano olinganiza amasankha zimene zingamangidwe kumene.

Kupereka ndalama

Maboma amakweza ndalama mwa kutumiza misonkho yoyenerera mwa ku boma. Maboma ambiri amasonkhanitsanso ndalama za ntchito monga madzi, zilolezo, ndi laisensi. Chifukwa chakuti misonkho ndi yoyambirira, mabanki a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza chuma cha chitaganya .

Zitsanzo za Boma la M’deralo Zikugwira Ntchito

  • Bungwe la mzindalo limavota kuwonjezera ndalama za maprogramu a achichepere a pambuyo pa sukulu.
  • Boma lachigawo linakhazikitsa malo atsopano okonzerako zinthu kuti zichepetseko zinyalala.
  • Chigawo cha sukulu china chalandira maphunziro atsopano a masamu pambuyo pa chidziŵitso cha chitaganya.
  • M’tauni ina muli mlandu wapoyera wonena ngati angalole kuti nyumba zatsopano zikhalepo.

Boma: Wolamulira Wake

Nyumba

Boma lililonse limapereka chitsanzo cha boma ndi nthambi zitatu: yophera (kazembe, kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa kaamba ka dzina la zaka zinayi), limakhala ndi chifaniziro (maboma ambiri ali ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya mabiyalamu / a senameral , ndi nyumba ya oimira; Nebraska ndi yosiyana ndi nyumba yalamulo ya munthu waulerecracy [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] (a khoti lalikulu ndi lapamwamba). Malamulo a boma ali odziŵika kwambiri kuposa malamulo a boma ndipo angaphatikize makonzedwe a za maphunziro, misonkhomo, ndi boma.

Udindo

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito zimene Lamulo la 10 la Mpando wa Malamulo limapereka kwa iwo.

  • Kuphunzitsa: United States amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, zofunikira kwa aphunzitsi, ndi kupereka ndalama za sukulu za onse. (Boma la boma limapereka pafupifupi 8% ya K-12 ya ndalama, makamaka kupyolera mwa mutu I ndi IEA.)
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha: Madipatimenti a Boma a zoyendera amamanga ndi kukonza misewu, milatho, ndi njira zoyendera za onse (m’njira, njanji, mabasi) mkati mwa boma.
  • Umoyo ndi ubwino: [[FLT :1] Madziko amapatsa Medicaid (inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ya boma ya anthu olandira ndalama zochepa), inshuwalansi ya ulova, ndi maprogramu a zaubwino wa ana.
  • Kusungika kwa polisi ndi lamulo: apolisi a boma (olondera apansi), malo operekera chilango, ndi malamulo aupandu amasiyana ndi boma.
  • Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa: laisensi ya dziko ya madokotala, maloya, manesi, ometa tsitsi, ogulitsa malo, ndi ntchito zina zambiri. Amayang'aniranso inshuwalansi, zipangizo zothandizira kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi malonda a m'mayiko ena.
  • Zisankho: United States imalamulira “nthaŵi, malo, ndi mkhalidwe” wa masankho a boma ndi boma (ogonjera ku uyang'aniro wa boma) ndi kujambula zigawo za boma ndi za mabungwe.

Kupereka ndalama

Maboma akusonkhanitsa misonkho yolandira (maboma ambiri; asanu ndi anayi alibe msonkho wa boma), amakhoma misonkho [ (mwachisawawa 4%-8% pa katundu wochuluka), ndi misonkho yosiyanasiyana (m’mphatso, mafuta, moŵa, fodya). Iwonso amalandira ndalama zambiri za boma kaamba ka maprogramu onga ngati Média ndi misewu. Maboma ena alinso ndi misonkhonkho ya makampani.

Boma Likugwira Ntchito

  • Nyumba ya malamulo ya boma ikupereka lamulo latsopano lokweza malipiro ochepa pamwamba pa chipinda cha boma.
  • Kazembe wa boma analengeza kuti pachitika ngozi yadzidzidzi mphepo yamkuntho itaphulika n’kutumiza asilikali a boma.
  • Khoti lalikulu la boma limalamula ngati lamulo lovota latsopano liri lovomerezedwa ndi boma.
  • Dipatimenti ya zamaphunziro ya boma imapanga miyezo yatsopano yophunzitsira sayansi ya makompyuta m’masukulu apamwamba.

Boma: Ulamuliro wa Dziko

Nthambi Zitatu ndi Machesi ndi Kulinganizika

Malamulo a U.S. amapanga boma la boma lokhala ndi nthambi zitatu zogaŵidwa kuyang'anirana. Nthambi ya nthambi (Kontaliti) imapanga malamulo. Communice imapanga: Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 4,35, ogawidwa ndi anthu a boma, osankhidwa ndi zaka ziŵiri zilizonse) ndi Nyumba ya boma (mamembala 100, aŵiri pachaka chimodzi, osankhidwa ku malamulo a chaka chimodzi). Khoti la Komiti Yolamulira nthambi [FLT: 2] imatsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, amene amakhazikitsa malamulo, asilikali, ndi zochita za dziko lina. [FLD:]

Udindo

Boma la boma liri ndi mphamvu zolamulira zondandalitsidwa m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Konsichushoni. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

  • Uchinjirizo wa dziko: Usilikali, ndalama zotetezera, ndi zilengezo za nkhondo zimachokera ku boma la boma.
  • Mapangano a ku Cambodia: Pulezidenti akukambirana mapangano (ovomerezedwa ndi Khoti) ndi kuimira United States kunja kwa dziko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha ndi kulinganiza: [[FL:1] malamulo a Federal amene amaloŵa m'dziko, amene amakhala nzika, ndi malo a anthu osakwanira.
  • malonda a m'mayiko: [FLT :1] The Commerce Claus imapereka mphamvu ya kuyendetsa malonda pakati pa mayiko, amene amasuliridwa mokulira kukhudza ntchito zambiri zachuma.
  • Kusunga ndi kusunga ndalama: Boma limapanga ndalama, kusindikiza ndalama zapepala, ndi kuyang'anira mabanki kudzera ku Federal Reserve.
  • Seŵero la Postal: The Postal Service ya U.S. imapereka makalata m'dziko lonse.
  • Chuma chapamwamba: Copyright ndi malogiya amaperekedwa ndi boma la boma.
  • Zoyenera za Chikole: malamulo a Federal monga Civil Rights Act ya 1964 imaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu.

Kupereka ndalama

Boma la boma limasonkhanitsa misonkho ya malipiro a anthu (magwero aakulu a ndalama), misonkho yokololeka [ (ya Chisungiko ndi Chimale]), [[FULT]], [[FULT]] yopereka misonkho ya ndalama [[[FULT:], ndi [[FULT] misonkho yokhoma [[FULT]] (pansi, mafuta, moŵa, fodya). Ikhozanso kubwereka ndalama mwa kupereka mali, zimene zachititsa kuti pakhale ngongole yaikulu ya dziko. Ndalama zagaŵa ndalama (yake pa pulogalamu ya chaka ndi chaka chimodzi) (ikupimizidwa ndi ndalama zopitira ndalama (kusungidwa) monga ngati Kernicical, Medica.

Boma Lothandiza

  • Nyumba ya malamulo ya boma inapereka ndalama zokwana madola 1.2 biliyoni kuti ikonze misewu, milatho, ndi zinthu zina.
  • Prezidenti wa boma walemba lamulo loti mabungwe azikonza zoti nyengo isinthe.
  • Bwalo Lapamwambalo limalamula kuti lamulo la boma la kuchotsa mimba nlosagwirizana ndi lamulo la boma.
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) imagwirizanitsa kulabadira tsoka pambuyo pa chivomezi chachikulu.

Mmene Masamu Azigwirira Ntchito

Sakhala ndi mlingo wa boma wodzipatula. Iwo amagawana mphamvu, kugwirizana pa maprogramu, ndipo nthaŵi zina kukangana. Izi zimatchedwa maunansi a boma. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo:

  • Udindo wogawidwa: Boma la boma limapereka pafupifupi 55% ya ndalama za misewu, koma boma limapanga ndi kumanga misewu, ndipo maboma akusunga misewu yambiri ya m'mizinda.
  • Ndalama zoperekedwa ndi opunduka: ndi ndalama zoperekera ndalama za boma ku maboma ndi madera okhala ndi mikhalidwe (m'e., maphunziro a ophunzira opunduka).
  • Kuwombola : [[FLT :1] Pamene lamulo la boma kapena la boma linyalanyaza lamulo lapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma limaloŵa mmalo malamulo a mphamvu ya nyukliya.
  • Mphamvu zanthaŵi zonse: [[FLT :1] Maboma onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma angakhoze kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kumanga misewu, ndi kukhazikitsa makhoti. Pamene akutsutsana, Supremacy Claus (Article VI) imapanga lamulo la boma kukhala lapamwamba.

Kuloŵa m’Ntchito ya Mtundu Wonse

Mtundu uliwonse wa boma umapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zochitiramo mbali:

  • Onetu mu chisankho chilichonse: Chisankho cha kumaloko (bungwe la sukulu, bungwe la mzinda, meya) kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala ndi kutsika kwa kubwerera, kutanthauza voti yanu imodzi imakhala ndi kulemera kokulira. Chisankho cha boma ndi boma limasankha amene amalemba malamulo okhudza ntchito yanu, thanzi, ndi kuleka ntchito.
  • Misonkhano yapoyera yochitidwa: msonkhano wa mzinda, konsi yachigawo, ndi misonkhano ya sukulu kaŵirikaŵiri imatseguka kwa anthu. Kupezekapo kumalola inu kumva malingaliro, kufunsa mafunso, ndi mawu.
  • Kukumana ndi oimira anu: Onse osankhidwa (kuchokera ku bungwe la mizinda kupita ku Senator .amakhala ndi maofesi ndi antchito. foni yachidule, yaulemu kapena intaneti ikhoza kuyambukira kaimidwe kawo pa nkhani.
  • Kutumikira pa boti kapena komiti: [[FLT :1] maboma ambiri a kumalo ali ndi malo odzifunira (makampani olinganiza, bhodi ya paki, papula la zidandaulo). Imeneyi ndi njira yachindunji ya kukonza malamulo.
  • Khalanibe odziŵitsidwa: [[FLT :1] Ŵerengani magwero a nyuzi odalirika amene amabisa malo akwanuko, boma, ndi ndale zadziko. Gwiritsirani mawebusaiti a boma (USA.gov kaamba ka chidziŵitso cha boma, [[FLT:]] Conrect.gov kutsimikizira malamulo a boma)
  • Advocate kaamba ka nkhani: Agwirizana kapena mabungwe ochirikiza amene amafikira anthu kukupangitsani kusamalira. Boma ndi malo akwanuko kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi ziyambukiro zachindunji kwambiri kuposa ndawala za dziko.

Kumaliza: Dongosolo Lopangidwa Kuti Mutengemo Mbali

Magawo atatu a boma la United States .loning system yocholoŵana, ndi ya boma . Imapanga njira yogwirizana ndi mphamvu pakati pa ulamuliro wapakati ndi mayiko. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma likuchita nkhani za dziko ndi dziko lonse, maboma a boma akusamalira chigawo chapadera, ndi boma limapereka mautumiki a tsiku lakufikira tsiku limene amafotokoza moyo wa anthu. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi si kugwiritsa ntchito kosiyanasiyana; ili si si sitepe loyamba la kudziloŵetsa m’kulamulira kwanu kwatanthauzo. Ngati muli wophunzira wokonzekera kukonzekera mayeso, mphunzitsi wopanga phunziro, kapena munthu wodabwitsa mmene angachitire kusiyana, mwa kuphunzira amene amakuimirani pamlingo uliwonse ndi zimene amachita. Anthu a m'dzikolonjeyo amadalira pa amene sakudziŵa mmene boma lawo limagwirira ntchito bwino.