Maboma Aakulu Kwambiri

Malamulo a boma amapanga maziko a ulamuliro wa tsiku ndi tsiku ku United States, akukhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo kuyambira m’kalasi mpaka m’khwalala. Pamene boma likuchita zinthu zotetezera dziko, kusamuka, ndi malonda apakati pa dziko, Tenth Amendment imasunga maulamuliro ochuluka kwambiri m'mayiko. Magawawa amapanga malamulo osiyanasiyana amene amasiyanasiyana kwambiri m'mayiko. Kumvetsa mmene maboma amagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wawo n’kofunika kwa nzika zofuna kuyendetsa bwino ufulu wawo, udindo, ndi mipata. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza zitsanzo za malamulo a boma m’madera ofunika kwambiri ndipo ikufotokoza mmene malamulo ameneŵa amasinthira zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Malamulo a Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi imodzi mwa mbali zofunika kwambiri za ulamuliro wa boma. Nyumba iliyonse yokhazikitsa malamulo imakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, imakhazikitsa njira zoperekera ndalama, ndi kukhazikitsa zikalata zoperekera chikalata. zosankha zimenezi zingayambukire kwambiri mtundu ndi zolembedwa m’maphunziro a boma.

Maphunziro ndi Miyezo

Mayiko amatsatira mfundo zawo zamaphunziro monga masamu, sayansi, ndi mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, Texas ndi California asintha chifukwa chakuti agula mabuku ambiri. Lamulo la Texas limafuna kuti mabuku a m'masukulu azikhala ndi mbiri yakale m’njira yakuti “amakolo akukhala m’dzikolo,” ndi kuti“ akopani,” amene ayambitsa kukangana za zochitika zina za m'mbiri. Panthaŵiyi, malamulo onga Florida akhazikitsa malamulo ofotokoza mmene nkhani za fuko ndi kugonana zingaphunzitsidwe m’makalasi, kukhudza mapulani ndi zipangizo za malaibulale.

Kupereka Ndalama za Sukulu

Ndalama za sukulu ndi malo ena kumene nkhani za lamulo la boma zimakhudza. Maboma ambiri amadalira kuphatikiza misonkho ya malo ndi ndalama za boma. Komabe, kusiyana kwa chuma chakumaloko kwatsogolera milandu m'mayiko onga New York ndi California, kumene makhoti anagamula kuti njira yoyendetsera ndalamazo imaswa zitsimikizo zalamulo za boma za maphunziro ofanana. Poyankha, maboma ena atengera ndalama za ophunzira zimene zimapatsa ndalama zambiri ku madera amene akutumikira ndalama zotsika kapena ophunzira Chingelezi.

Sukulu Zosankhidwa ndi Zolembedwa

Malamulo a boma amalamuliranso kulengedwa ndi kuyang'anira masukulu a malamulo a malamulo. Arizona iri ndi limodzi la malamulo aakulu a tchata, lolola makampani kutsegula masukulu popanda malamulo oyenerera.

Malamulo a Zoyendera

Malamulo a zapamsewu, kulembetsa galimoto, ndi kutsatsa magalimoto onse amaloŵa pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma, ndipo kusinthako kungakhale kwakukulu.

Laisensi ya Woyendetsa Magalimoto ndi Kulembetsa Kwake

Boma lililonse limalemba laisensi yakeyake ya galimoto ndi kulembetsa galimoto. Maboma amakhazikitsanso ziyeneretso za kupeza laisensi: ena amalola achichepere kupeza chilolezo pausinkhu wa zaka 14, pamene ena amayembekezera kufikira zaka 16.

Malamulo Oteteza Nyama

Malamulo a seltbelt amasiyana kwambiri. M'malamulo a New Hampshire, achikulire a zaka 18 salamulidwa ndi lamulo kuvala malo opumirapo, kupangitsa dzikolo kukhala boma lokha popanda lamulo lapamwamba la anthu achikulire. Mosiyana ndi, maboma a pansi pa nthaka monga Alabama ndi Mississippi ali ndi malamulo aakulu osungitsa, kulola apolisi kuletsa galimoto kokha chifukwa cha kuswa mpando. Kusiyana kumeneku kumasintha ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto.

Kuyendetsa Mosakhazikika

Koma malamulo ena amaletsa oyendetsa galimoto kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni kapena kutumiza mauthenga. Mwachitsanzo, Oregon amaletsa mafoni ndi mauthenga a mafoni a madalaivala onse, pamene ku South Carolina kokha kumaletsa kutumiza mauthenga a madalaivala a pa zaka 21.

DUI ndi Osayendetsa Bwino Galimoto

Malamulo oletsa kuyendetsa galimoto amasinthasintha za boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma onse amakhazikitsa malire a zoledzeretsa zamwazi pa 0.08%%, zilango zimasiyana. Georgia imakhazikitsa nthaŵi ya ku ndende kwa opalamula milandu anthaŵi yoyamba ndi BaC, pamene California amapereka maprogramu opatsira ntchito oyenerera opalamula milandu oyambirira. Maboma onga Arizona ndi Utah ali ndi malamulo okhwima kwambiri, ndi Utah kuchepetsa malire a 0,05% mu 2018, lamulo limene layambitsa kukambitsirana kwa dziko lonse.

Kusamalira Thanzi

Kutsatira malamulo a zaumoyo ndi mbali yaikulu ya mphamvu ya boma.

Kukula kwa Mamedica

Affordble Care Act inapereka chosankha cha kufutukula Medicaid kuwonjezera anthu achikulire ndi malipiro kufika 138% ya mlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma. Pa 2025, maboma 40 ndi D.C. afutukula Medicaid, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma otetezereka monga Texas, Florida, ndi Mississippi sanatero. Chigamulo chimenechi chimasiya mamiliyoni a achikulire olandira ndalama zochepa osapimidwa ndi maulamuliro osatsalirapo, kusonyeza mmene malamulo a boma angaumbitsire zotulukapo za umoyo.

Inshuwalansi ya Zaumoyo ya Boma Ithandiza

Massachusetts, New Jersey, ndi California amafuna kuti anthu azikhala ndi inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo kapena kuti azilipira chilango pa kubwezera msonkho kwa boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amafuna kusunga misika ya inshuwalansi yosasintha ndi kuchepetsa chisamaliro chosabwezeredwa.

Thanzi la Onse ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa thanzi la anthu. Mkati mwa mliri wa Chovid-19, akazembe a boma anatulutsa malamulo a panyumba, zophimba, ndi zofunika za katemera, zotsogolera ku ntchito ya malamulo yotsatizana. Mayiko ena onga New York ndi California anapanga njira zaukali, pamene Florida ndi South Dakota inachita mololera. Kuyankha kwa boma kumeneku kumasonyeza kusemphana maganizo pakati pa ufulu ndi thanzi la anthu onse.

Thanzi Lobalanso ndi Kutaya Mimba

Malamulo a boma onena za kuchotsa mimba asiyana kwambiri pambuyo pakuti Khoti Lalikulu linachotsa Roe ndi Wade mu 2022. Mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Texas ndi Alabama, tsopano akuletsa kuchotsa mimba kumayambiriro kwa mimba, pamene kuli kwakuti ena onga California ndi Illinois akhazikitsa malamulo otetezera kutaya mimba. Kuyenda m'mizere ya boma kaamba ka mautumiki kwakhala kofala, ndipo maboma ena akhazikitsa ngakhale malamulo otetezera otetezera kuchokera ku milandu ya boma.

Malamulo a Chilungamo cha Chigaŵenga

Malamulo aupandu a boma amasiyana mofala, akumayambukira chirichonse kuchokera ku chimene chimapanga upandu kufikira ku mmene opalamula amalangidwira.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Mwina chitsanzo chooneka kwambiri cha kusiyana kwa malamulo a boma ndi chamba. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma limaikabe mbanje kukhala shimi yolamulira, maboma 24 ndi D.C. alola kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mankhwala, ndi 38 alola kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Kuvomerezedwa kwa Colorado mu 2012 kunayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa boma, koma kunena monga Idaho ndi Kansas kumasungidwa malamulo oletsa kwambiri ndi chilango cha upandu kuti akhale nacho.

Kupereka Mlandu ndi Kutumiza

Kupereka zitsogozo zimasiyana kwambiri. Mayiko ena monga Louisiana ndi Mississippi ali ndi chilango chochepetsedwa cha milandu ina ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chomwe chimachititsa kuti munthu aweruzidwe kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Ena, monga Oregon ndi Virginia, ayamba kukonzanso zinthu, kuchepetsa chilango ndi kugogomezera kubwereranso. Chilango cha imfa ndi mbali ina ya kumira pansi pa madzi: 27 chikusunga, koma maboma 23 ndi D.C. athetsa zimenezi. Texas akupha akaidi ambiri kuposa boma lina lililonse, pamene California sanaphedwe kuyambira 2006 ngakhale kuti pali anthu ambiri oferapo.

Kulephera Kukonza Zinthu

Malamulo a boma amalamuliranso machitachita. New York inapereka belo losakaza la kukonzanso mu 2019, kuchotsa belo la ndalama kwa olakwa ambiri ndi maupandu opanda chiwawa. Cholinga chinali kuchepetsa kumangidwa kwa oimbidwa mlandu wochepa. Komabe, lamulo linayambitsa kubwezera, ndipo masinthidwe otsatirapo obwezeretsedwa a chiweruzo kaamba ka milandu ina yowopsa. Maboma ena onga Kentucky amagwiritsira ntchito zida zaupandu kuika belo, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma onga Missouri adakagwiritsira ntchito mandandanda a ndalama.

Kuŵerengera Apolisi

Zaka zaposachedwapa zaona kuti mayiko akhazikitsa malamulo owonjezera mlandu wa apolisi. SB 1421 ndi SB 16 ya California inakulitsa kupezeka kwa anthu onse ku mafaelo a apolisi a khalidwe loipa. Colorado ndi Washington akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kugwiritsira ntchito malo osungira ndi kufuna kufufuza kwaumwini kwa kuwombera mfuti kochitidwa ndi apolisi. Malamulo ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi boma koma amadalira pa njira zosungitsa lamulo.

Malamulo Opeka

Lamulo la boma limaika malo, malo, ndi misika yogulitsa nyumba, ndipo anthu okhala m’dzikolo ndiponso amalonda amakumana ndi mavuto.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kupalasa ndi Kupalasa

Kukongoletsa ndi kampani yakwawoko, koma malamulo a boma amaloŵerera kwambiri kuti athetse kusoŵa kwa nyumba. Oregon ndi California akhazikitsa malamulo otha kukhazikitsa malamulo a kumaloko olola duplexes ndi ma steares pa malole. Malamulo ameneŵa “opanga ” amayesa kuwonjezera nyumba, koma amalimbana ndi chitsutso cha m'madera oderalo amene akuderalo akuda.

Kudziletsa kwa Malonda

Malamulo a boma amalamuliranso za lendi. California, New York, ndi New Jersey amalola kugwiritsa ntchito lendi, pamene mayiko ambiri amalola lendi yakwawo kapena kuletsa pulogalamuyo. Mwachitsanzo, Florida imaletsa mizinda kukhazikitsa malamulo a lendi pokhapokha itakhazikitsa ntchito yamwadzidzidzi ya nyumba, imene siichitika kaŵirikaŵiri. Kukwera pansi kumeneku kumasokoneza ndalama ndi mayanjano a malo okhala.

Dera lapamwamba

Malamulo a boma amalamulira njira ya kulanda katundu waumwini wa boma kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kwa anthu, ndi malipiro ofunika pa Fite Amendment. Mayiko ena, monga Texas, ali ndi mafotokozedwe oposerapo a “kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu onse,” akulola ntchito za kuyambitsa chitukuko kudzutsa mlandu. Ena, monga Michigan pambuyo pa Klo lash, ali ndi ziletso zokhwima zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kaamba ka kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma kokha.

Mbali Zina Zolamuliridwa ndi Boma

Mphamvu ya boma imafikanso m’mbali zina zambiri za moyo, kuphatikizapo malamulo a malo okhala, kutsatsa malonda, ndi malamulo a banja.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe

Mayiko angakhazikitse malamulo okhwima kwambiri a malo okhala kuposa lamulo la boma. Bungwe la Air Resources Board la California limakhazikitsa miyezo yotulutsa galimoto imene kaŵirikaŵiri magule a boma akhazikitsa monga chigawo cha chigawo. New York ndi Washington akhazikitsa malamulo a zanyengo otchuka ofunikira kutulutsa utsi wa makoswe podzafika 2050, pamene mayiko onga West Virginia amatsutsa malamulo a mafakitale a magetsi oyaka malasha.

Malonda ndi Ntchito Zolembedwa

Maboma amafuna malaisensi a ntchito mazana ambiri, kuyambira kwa akatswiri a zachilengedwe kufikira kwa olemba malo. Zofunika zimasiyana: maboma ena amalola anthu okhala ndi laisensi ya boma, pamene kuli kwakuti ena, mofanana ndi California, kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna mayeso atsopano ngakhale kwa akatswiri ozoloŵera. Malamulo ameneŵa angatetezere ogula kapena kupanga zopinga zopinga zoyendera.

Lamulo la Banja

Ukwati, chisudzulo, kulera ana, ndi kulera ana amalamulidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Mwachitsanzo, nyengo yalamulo ya ukwati popanda chilolezo cha makolo imasiyana kuyambira pa 16 m'maiko ena kufika pa 18 m'mayiko ena. Chisudzulo chosalakwa chilipo m'dziko lililonse, koma chifukwa cha chisudzulo chochokera kulakwa ndi ziŵerengero za aumoni chimakhala chosiyana kwambiri. Malamulo audindo amaika patsogolo “chikondwerero cha mwana, . . Koma maboma amalongosola kuti muyezo, zotsatira zake za kuchotsa mikangano ndi kugaŵana kwa ana.

Mmene Malamulo a Boma Amakhudzira Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Zinthu zotsatirazi zikusonyeza mmene malamulo a boma amakhudzira zochitika za anthu wamba:

  • Kupitira: [[FLT :1] Woyendetsa wodutsa kuchokera ku Virginia kuloŵa ku Maryland angayang'ane kusintha kwa mwadzidzidzi kwa liŵiro, ziletso za foni, ndi zofunikira pa mpando wa mafoni. Kuswa malamulo kungatulutse faindi kapena nsonga pa laisensi yolamulidwa ndi boma kumene tikitiyo imaperekedwa.
  • Health char : [[FLT :1] Wogwira ntchito yolandira ndalama yochepera ku Texas sakhoza kuyenerera Medicaid pokhapokha ngati ali ndi pakati, opunduka, kapena kholo la ana aang'ono. Wantchito mmodzimodziyo ku New York angalembetse m'maiko owonjezereka a Medicaid mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wa banja, kusonkhezera kukhoza kwawo kwa kupeza chithandizo.
  • Kukopa : [[FLT :1] Lendi mu San Francisco imapindula ndi malamulo a boma, koma wobwereka ku Houston alibe chitetezo chotero. Malord m'boma lililonse amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo osiyanasiyana a zikalata za chitetezo, mapepala ochotsera katundu, ndi mareki.
  • Mkhalidwe waumwini: wophunzira wa pakoleji ku Colorado angagule chamba mwalamulo, koma kuchitumiza ku Nebraska yapafupi kungatsogolere ku kulipira kwa mankhwala. Mofananamo, kunyamula mfuti yobisika kumafuna zilolezo zimene zimaperekedwa m'maiko ena ndi kukanidwa m'ziyeso za boma.
  • Imfa ndi misonkho: misonkho ya Malo imagwira ntchito m'maiko ochepa okha, monga New York ndi Massachusetts, pamene kuli kwakuti ena monga Florida ndi Texas alibe. Msonkho wa cholowa umasokoneza kwambiri makonzedwe a zachuma a mabanja.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma ali kutali ndi malamulo a dziko. Kusiyanasiyana kwawo kumasonyeza dongosolo la boma la United States, kulola nzika kukhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana alamulo malinga ndi kumene zimakhala. Kaya nkhani ndi yokhudza maphunziro, kusamala zaumoyo, zilango zaupandu, kapena ufulu wa katundu, maboma ali ndi mphamvu yochuluka imene imakhudza anthu tsiku lililonse. Kukhalabe odziŵa za malamulo a boma sikuli njira yongothandiza yotetezera ufulu wa munthu, kupanga zosankha zanzeru, ndi kuloŵerera bwino ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa. Masheya monga [[FLT: 0] A. Malamulo a Nationalal Conference of State a Getment ndi kuchirikiza anthu ena. [FLT:]