Chiyambi: Maganizo Opirira a ku Republic

Liwu lakuti "rectus" likuwonekera m'dzina lalamulo la maiko oposa 150, komabe tanthauzo lake lenileni kaŵirikaŵiri limasungunulira m'malingaliro osatsimikizirika a ufulu kapena kutsutsa ufumu. Kuchokera ku Chilatini res publica[ ] ." chinthu chapoyera" [1] .lipabuliki imatsimikizira kuti boma ndilodi lodalirika kwa anthu, osati chuma cha munthu cha wolamulira kapena banja lachifumu. Limakhazikitsa maziko kumene boma limatsogozedwa ndi oimira malamulo ndi nzika. Kumvetsetsa mameno ndi mafilosofi a dongosolo lino nkofunika kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kudziimira kwamakono, monga momwe likukhalira chitsanzo chachikulu cha demokrase ya demokrase ya dziko lonse.

Mfundo za Malamulo za M’dziko Lonse

Pansi pa mtima pa dziko, lipabuliki liri dongosolo la lamulo lolinganizidwa kuletsa kusumika maganizo kwa mphamvu ndi kutsogoza zikondwerero za anthu osiyanasiyana ku ubwino umodzi.

Ulamuliro Wotchuka ndi Kuimira

Ulamuliro waukulu uli ndi anthu, koma mu repabuliki, anthu amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yawo mwachindunji kupyolera mwa oimira osankhidwa. Lamulo lalamulo limeneli, losiyana ndi demokrase yachindunji, limalola boma lalikulu ndi locholoŵana kugwira ntchito pamene likuyambitsa chotsekezera chochotsera ufulu pakati pa malingaliro a anthu ndi lamulo. Cholinga ndicho kuwongolera malingaliro a anthu, kuchepetsa zikhumbo ndi zikondwerero mwa chiweruzo cha akuluakulu osankhidwa. Lingaliro limeneli la kuimira linapangitsa mtundu wamakono kukhala wotheka, kuthetsa vuto lapadera la kusungilira chivomerezo cha anthu ambiri pa gawo lalikulu.

Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo ndi Lamulo

Palibe amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Lipabuliki imalamulidwa ndi lamulo lapamwamba .Mofanana ndi malamulo olembedwa . Ndilo loletsa mphamvu za boma ndi kuŵerengera zoyenera zazikulu. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kukwaniritsidwa, kukhazikika, ndi kufanana pamaso pa lamulo. Imaletsa boma kusintha malamulo mwadala kuti agwirizane ndi zolinga zake. Malamulo amagwirizanitsa lamulo lenilenilo, kukhazikitsa muyezo wapamwamba wa chilungamo umene umatetezera anthu pa chifuniro cha anthu ambiri. Mzati umenewu umachitidwa mwa dongosolo la chiweruzo, kumene makhoti ali ndi ulamuliro woswa malamulo oswa lamulo.

Boma Linagaŵikana Ndiponso Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Kujambula kuchokera ku Roman Republic ndi kuyengedwa ndi olingalira a Kuunika monga Montesquieu, boma la republican limagaŵira mphamvu pakati pa nthambi zosiyanasiyana (zopha, zopanga malamulo, judge ) ndi ntchito zosiyana ndi kuyang'ana pamodzi. Malamulo ameneŵa amakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa gulu lililonse kapena munthu aliyense kulamulira. Kulekanitsa mphamvu ndi chitetezo chotetezera ulamuliro wankhanza. Kulimbikitsa manthambi osiyanasiyana kuvomereza pa zochita zazikulu, kupanga dongosolo la "ambrition liyenera kupangidwa kutsutsa chikhumbo," monga momwe James Mavidemo anadziŵira motchuka. Kuwonjezera kwamakono kwa lamulo limeneli kumaphatikizapo mabungwe odziimira paokha ndi manyuzipepala, amene amagwira ntchito monga kufufuza mwamwaŵitsa pa mphamvu.

Ukoma ndi Ubwino wa Anthu Onse

Thanzi la dziko limadalira osati kokha pa mabungwe ake komanso pa mikhalidwe ya nzika zake. Ma repabuliki a Classic anagogomezera kwambiri ubwino wa [[FLT: 0] Civic . . "kufunitsitsa kudzimana chikondwerero chaumwini kaamba ka ubwino wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe amakono amadalira kwambiri pa kufufuza ndi kulinganiza, kufunika kwa munthu wodziŵa ndi wofunsira nzika kumakhalabe kofunika kwambiri kuti dziko likhale lolimba. chitaganya cha nzika zimene sizidziŵa za anthu onse kapena zosafuna kutengamo mbali m’nkhani za anthu. Maphunziro, mgwirizano wa boma, ndi kudzipereka kogwirizana pa lamulo ndi malamulo ndizo zimene zimafunika pa mwambo wa dziko lopambana.

Kaamba ka maziko a mawu ozama kwambiri, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy imapereka kusanthula kwakukulu kwa mbiri ndi kusiyana kwa malingaliro a republic.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa Ulamuliro wa Dziko

Dzikoli siligwirizana chifukwa limasinthasintha zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza mbiri ndiponso chikhalidwe, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti lipabuliki likhale ndi mphamvu zolamulira ndiponso lizigaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma apakati ndi a m’madera osiyanasiyana.

Madongosolo a Nyumba ya Malamulo

Mu [[FLT: 0] lipabuliki lapadera [[FLT: 1], monga United States, mkulu wa ntchito amasankhidwa payekha ndi nyumba yoikidwiratu ya malamulo ndi kutumikira monga mutu wa maulamuliro onse aŵiri. Izi zimapangitsa kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa maulamuliro koma kungatsogolere pamene mantha aakulu ndi a malamulo amayendetsedwa ndi magulu otsutsana. lipabuliki la boma , monga India kapena Germany, mutu wa boma ndi prezidenti wa mwambo, pamene mutu wa boma (nduna yaikulu) amatengedwa kuchokera ku gulu lalikulu la malamulo ndipo amaŵerengera. Dongoli logwirizana kwambiri ndi pakati pa maulamuliro, monga momwe boma lingasinthidwe. [Foctive]

Kugwirizana ndi Unitarianism

A Republic ya chigawo cha boma imagawa ulamuliro pakati pa boma lapakati ndi magawo kapena zigawo (mt., United States, Brazil, Germany). Nyumba imeneyi imasankhidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kaamba ka mitundu yaikulu, yosiyanasiyana kulola kaamba ka ufulu wa chigawo ndi kuyesa. Republic ya boma lachigwirizano imasumika ulamuliro pamlingo wa dziko, ndi maboma a chigawo amene angapatulidwe kapena kuchotsedwa ndi boma lapakati (m.g., France, Italy,). Komiti ya boma imagaŵira kupenda kwamphamvu mwa kupanga maulamuliro ambiri amene nzika zosiyanasiyana zimene zingagawana m’magulu osiyanasiyana.

Kusiyana kwa Zinthu Zamoyo

Mpangidwe waukulu lerolino ndiwo lipabuliki ya demokrase , imene imaika malo apamwamba ufulu wa munthu aliyense, masankho aulere ndi achilungamo, ndi lamulo. Komabe, pali zitsanzo zina. mariphabliki amodzi (m’jekzo, People’s Republic of China, Vietnam) amasunga nyumba za boma monga malamulo a boma ndi nyumba ya malamulo koma amasumika maganizo pa gulu limodzi landale, kuchotsa mokhutiritsa mpikisano wandale zadziko. ISlametic Republics (m. g. g., Iransansantion, monga pulezidenti wosankhidwa ndi boma lachipembedzo, ndi kayendetsedwe kalamulo kalamulo kachipembedzo, ndi kaungwe kalamulo kamodzi, kopanga ndi kaungwe kalamulo kamodzi pakati pa anthu aungwe ndi ulamuliro waumulungu. [FL.]]

Mbiri Yake: Kuchokera ku Roma Kufikira ku Nyengo Yamakono

Nkhani ya dzikolo ndi yaitali ndiponso yophunzitsa, ndipo imadziwika ndi zinthu zimene anthu achita ndiponso kulephera kochititsa chidwi.

Rome Republic: Archetype

Republic ya Roman , ndi Consul (magazi apadera) (50:27 BCE) inapereka pasadage ya maziko a boma losanganizidwa. Dongosolo lake linaphatikizapo nyumba ya malamulo (malamulo a democratic , ndi Consulns (magazini), ndi ofesi yapadera ya Tribunate yoimira gulu la plebeian. Polybius anatsutsa kuti inali msanganizo umenewu umene unapangitsa Roma kukhala wolimba ndi wofutukuka. . . . . . . . . . .I.NA

Zochitika Zakale ndi Zanyengo ya Kusintha kwa Zinthu

M’nyengo ya m'zaka zapakati, kuyesa kwa dziko la lipabuliki kunakula m'mizinda ya malonda ya Italy (Venice, Florence, Genoa) ndi Hanseatic League ku Northern Europe. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zinali zofala m'zochitika, koma zinayambitsanso chinenero cha ufulu wa boma, ufulu, ndi ubwino wa anthu. Machiavelli [Florence, Genoa , Genoa , ndi Hanscateaty pa Livy . [FLTLT:1] zinakonda kwambiri chitsanzo cha Aroma kuti atsutse kuti dziko la boma ndilo labwino koposa, linathandiza nzika zake kusungitsa ukoma wawo wankhondo ndi waumoyo. Chipolish-luatia Copulanity Copulan " prone" ndi dziko losankhidwa kwambiri, ngakhale kuti linatsimikizira kuti likhale losavuta kugaŵana ndi linzake.

Kuunikiridwa ndi Kuukira kwa Dziko

Posinthirapo panabwera pa Kutseguka kwa Chidziŵitso. Anthu oganiza monga John Locke, Montesquieu, ndi Algernon Sidney anatulukira ziphunzitso za ufulu wachibadwidwe, mapangano a anthu, ndi kupatukana kwa maulamuliro. Malingaliro ameneŵa anayesedwa m'Chisinthiko cha Atlantic. United States Union of United States ya 1787 Malamulo a boma a dziko la United States a 1787 [kukhazikitsa] lipabuliki lamakono, lolinganizidwa bwino lomwe potsirizira pake linaloŵa m'dziko lapakati ndi lokhala ndi dziko la Onemonse. Chilungamo cha UFLT: 2. Chipamba cha , chingakhale chitsanzo cha dziko la chipambano. Komabe, chigamuke cha dziko la Asmoneon, chika.

Mukhoza kuŵerenga maziko a uriphabliki wa America, Constitution ya United States [[FLT: 1], pa Intaneti.

Kugawana Dziko ndi Demokrase: Kusiyana Kovuta

Unansi pakati pa republic ndi demokrase kaŵirikaŵiri umasokonezeka. Mbiri yakale, kusiyana kunali kowopsa. Kwa oyambitsa United States, [[FLT: 0] democracy anatanthauza ulamuliro wachindunji wa anthu, umene anaopa kuti ungakhale ndi ulamuliro wankhanza. , lipabuliki ikhoza kukhala yokoma ndi yokulirapo mwa kudutsa gulu la nzika zosankhidwa, kuphatikizapo zowopsa. Monga momwe James Madison adanenera mu [FLT: 4.] Fideralist. [10:5], lipabuliki likhoza "kuyendetsa ndi kufutukuka kwa anthu" mwa kuwapereka iwo mwa kutuluka m'matu a anthu, kuchititsa ngozi.

Lerolino, liwu lakuti "democracy" lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo tsopano likugwiritsidwa ntchito kulongosola madongosolo ozikidwa pa ulamuliro wotchuka ndi masankho aulere. Chifukwa chakuti mademokrase amakono ali ngati oimira okha m'chilengedwe, iwo amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi mariphabliki a lamulo. Komabe, kupsinjika maganizo kwakukulu, kukupitirizabe: Kodi timalinganiza motani ulamuliro wambiri ndi kutetezeredwa kwa munthu mmodzi ndi ufulu waung'ono? Kodi timagwirizanitsa motani ulamuliro wotchuka ndi malamulo oletsa amene angasinthidwe kokha ndi kupenda malamulo?

Mapindu a Chitsanzo cha Dziko la Republican

Ma Republic amapereka mapindu angapo a nyumba zimene zapanga mtundu wokondeka wa boma kaamba ka anthu okhazikika, otukuka, ndi aufulu. Dongosolo la [[FLT:] ndi mayeso a kulinganiza limapangitsa mphamvu kukhala zovuta kulanda mphamvu mwadzidzidzi, kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi kuletsa kukhazikika kwa autocracy. [[FLT:] [2] [kusintha kwa] malo a zachuma, kukonza zinthu zina, ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha, monga momwe anthu angazidalire ndi mabizinesi osiyanasiyana m’dzikolo. Kuposa kukhazikitsa nkhondo yachikhalidwe chachiweniweni. [[FLT:] Kusintha kwa malamulo aunyinji kwachi kwachi. [ka]

Kufalikira kwa Madziko a Pambuyo pa Kubadwa kwa Dziko

Ngakhale kuti mayiko amakono a mayikowa ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu amene angawononge maziko awo.

Kubwerera m'mbuyo kwa democratic [[FLT :1] ndi chinthu chimene atsogoleri osankhidwa mwademokalase akuchotsa mayeso a mphamvu zawo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa mapepala a khoti, kugwetsa makampani odzisankhira, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chuma cha boma kuvutitsa otsutsa andale. Cates ku Hungary, Poland, Turkey, ndi Venezuela zimasonyeza kuti kusintha ku ulamuliro wa authorizimu kungachitike pang’onopang’ono ndi mwalamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zenizeni za dziko kuiwononga. Kachitidwe kameneka kamatchedwa "acratition" ndi asayansi andale.

Kusintha kwa chigawo chadziko ndi kusokonezeka kwa anthu. Kutsutsana kwamphamvu kwa lipabuliki kungasinthe mkangano wa malibero-sum, kumene mbali iliyonse imawona kuti ilo lingakhale chiwopsezo chokhalapo. Zimenezi zimawononga chidaliro ndi kulolerana kofunikira pa ntchito ya boma, kutsogolera ku kutsendereza ndi kusokonezeka kwa anthu. [[FLT:]] Kutsutsana kwa ndalama zolinganizidwa [[[FLT:]] m'ndale zikuwopseza lamulo la kuimira kofanana, kuchititsa kulemera kwa anthu ndi zikondwerero zapadera m’malo mwa anthu onse. Kuphatikizapo, nyengo ya makono yayambitsa chitokosokosokoso kupo ndi kutsa malamulo a democraliti, zimene nzika zachikulu zachikulu zachikulu. A At'active .

V-Democracy Institute’s Democracy Report imapereka chidziŵitso chokwanira ponena za dziko lonse la ziungwe za demokrase ndi republic, kulondola mikhalidwe imeneyi ya kubwereranso ndi kulimba.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yosaletsedwa ya ku Republic

Republic imeneyi si mtundu wa boma koma ntchito ya moyo imene imafunikira kusungidwa kosalekeza. Imafuna kukhala ndi unzika wachangu, kulemekeza malire a lamulo, ndi kufunitsitsa kutetezera zigwirizano ndi malamulo amene amalamulira mphamvu ndi kutetezera ufulu. imaimira pargata ya aliyense, ndipo chitetezo chake ndicho ntchito yogawiridwa ya mbadwo uliwonse. Kumvetsetsa malamulo a republicism . Kuzindikira mfundo za ulamuliro , malamulo, kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, ndi ubwino wa anthu. ndi sitepi loyamba kutsimikizira kuti chinthu cha "poyera" chimakhalabe chodzikhululukira, cholungama, ndi chifuno chofala. Lipabuliki ndi ntchito yosatha; kupulumuka kwake kudalira nzeru ndi kuyang’anira kwa nzika zake.