Table of Contents
Kumvetsa zoyenera zanu m’mikhalidwe ya tsiku ndi tsiku nkofunika kwambiri kuti mutsimikizire kutetezeredwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo ndi kuteteza ufulu wanu wa anthu. Kaya mukagula zinthu kusitolo, kucheza ndi osungitsa lamulo, kugwira ntchito zanu, kapena kungochita ntchito zanu za tsiku ndi tsiku, kudziŵa kuti chitetezo chanu chalamulo chimakupatsani mphamvu ya kuyankha moyenerera ndi modalira pamene mavuto abuka. Chitsogozo chozama chimenechi chimafufuza zoyenera kuteteza anthu pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kupereka chidziŵitso chothandiza kuyang’ana pa mikhalidwe imene ufuluwo ungakhale pangozi.
Maziko a Chitetezo Chofanana M’chilamulo
Chitetezo cholingana chimatanthauza kuti boma liyenera kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo ake moyenera ndipo silingathe kuchitira anthu zinthu mosiyana popanda chifukwa chomveka. Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli, lolembedwa m’Chikalata cha 14 cha Lamulo la United States, limagwira ntchito monga maziko a lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe la ku America.
Chisonkhezero chachikulu cha chiganizo chimenechi chinali kutsimikizira makonzedwe a kulingana opezeka mu Chikalata cha Chigwirizano cha Ufulu wa Anthu cha mu 1866, chimene chinatsimikizira kuti nzika zonse zidzakhala ndi kuyenera kwa kutetezeredwa kofanana ndi lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti poyamba zinasumika pa kutetezera ufulu wa anthu omwe kale anali akapolo pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, Chitetezo Cholinganacho chasintha mowonekera kwambiri m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kuti chiphatikizepo unyinji waukulu wa zitetezero.
Mawu ofala kwambiri ogwiritsidwa ntchito -- ndi litigad , ndi mawu a m'masinthidwe ndi "kuteteza malamulo mofanana, amene ali ndi mbali zambiri za zochitika zotchuka, kuphatikizapo Brown v. Board of Education (kusankhana), Roe v. Wade (kuyambiranso ufulu), Bush v. Gore (kutsata), Reed v. Reed (makondera), ndi University of California v. Bakke (magawo a maphunziro a maphunziro). Zosankha zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene mapulinsipulo a chitetezo akupitira ku mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa anthu onse.
Mmene Chitetezo Chimatetezera Moyo Watsiku ndi Tsiku
Kutetezeredwa kofanana sikumatanthauza kuti boma liyenera kukhala ndi zifukwa zokwanira, ndipo kaamba ka magulu ena, makhoti amafuna chilungamo champhamvu. dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ndi mabungwe angapange kusiyana koyenera pakati pa magulu a anthu, kusiyana kumeneko sikungakhale kodzifunira kapena kozikidwa pa mitundu yoletsedwa ya tsankho.
Kuzindikira kumene chitetezo chimenechi chimagwira ntchito kungakuthandizeni kuzindikira pamene ufulu wanu wagwiriridwa molakwa ndiponso njira zimene mungapezere thandizo, si kudalira boma lokha.
Ufulu wa Malamulo M’malo a Anthu Onse ndi Malo Ochezera a Anthu
Malo a anthu onse ndi malo ogona ndi malo a anthu onse ndi malo kumene malamulo amakhalidwe abwino otetezera ali ndi mayeso ofunika kwambiri a tsiku ndi tsiku.
Zimene Zimayambitsa Nyumba Zopezeka ndi Anthu Ambiri
Malo ogona anthu ambiri a ku United States, nthaŵi zambiri amafotokozedwa kuti ndi malo ogona, kaya pagulu kapena paokha, amene anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito.
Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amasamalira munthu aliyense pamene alibe panyumba, kuntchito, kapena kusukulu, kuphatikizapo masitolo, malesitilanti, mapaki, mahotela, maofesi a madokotala, ndi mabanki. Mafotokozedwe aakulu ameneŵa amatanthauza kuti makampani ambiri amalonda ndi opereka chithandizo autumiki amene mukumana nawo tsiku ndi tsiku ali oyenerera malamulo a anthu onse.
Pansi pa lamulo la boma, mitundu ina ya malo omanga nyumba amabisala. Malo otsatirawa ndi malo okhala anthu onse m’mutu umenewu ngati ntchito zake zimakhudza malonda, kapena ngati tsankho kapena kuchotsedwa kwake kumachirikizidwa ndi boma: (1) malo alionse, hotela, hotela, kapena malo ena amene amapereka malo ogona alendo oyembekezera, malo ena kusiyapo malo amene muli nyumba yosapitirira zisanu za lendi kapena kulipira ndalama ndipo amene kwenikweni amakhala ndi malo osungirako nyumba monga nyumba yake; (2) hotela iliyonse, kadyedwe, malo osungirako chakudya chamasanadye, malo ogulitsa chakudya, kapena malo ena ogulitsa chakudya m’malo, kuphatikizapo, malo osakhala ndi malo opereŵera, malo alionse a nyumba za malonda; kapena malo alionse ochitirako maseŵera, kapena malo ena oonetserako maseŵera, kapena malo ena oonetserako zinthu za m’bwalo la maseŵera.
Kuteteza Tsankho m’Malo Okhala Anthu Onse
Anthu onse adzakhala ndi mwaŵi wa chisangalalo chokwanira ndi chofanana cha katundu, mautumiki, malo, mwaŵi, ndi malo okhala a malo alionse a anthu onse, monga momwe zalongosoledwera m’chigawo chimenechi, popanda tsankho la fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena mtundu. Chitetezero chimenechi, chokhazikitsidwa ndi Dipo II ya Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, chimapanga maziko a lamulo la boma lokhalamo anthu onse.
Pansi pa lamulo la boma la United States, malo ogona a anthu onse ayenera kukhala ofikirika kwa opunduka ndipo sangapatule pamaziko a "katundu, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena mtundu wa dziko. The American With Diculture Act (ADA) yowonjezereka kutetezera zimenezi kutsimikizira kupezeka kwa munthu wopunduka.
Palibe munthu amene adzapatulidwa chifukwa cha kupunduka chifukwa cha chisangalalo chokwanira ndi chofanana cha katundu, mautumiki, malo, mwaŵi, mapindu, kapena malo okhala a munthu aliyense amene ali ndi malo ogona, malo obwereketsa (kapena malo ogona), kapena malo okhala anthu onse. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mabizinesi ayenera kupereka malo okhala oyenera ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malo awo ali otheka kwa anthu opunduka.
Zotetezera Kukhala Panyumba kwa Boma
Mayiko ambiri amapereka chitetezo choposa lamulo la boma. Maboma onse okhala ndi lamulo la anthu onse amaletsa tsankho pa zifukwa za fuko, za mwamuna, za makolo, ndi zachipembedzo.
Kuchokera mu 2015, mayiko 45 ali ndi lamulo loletsa anthu kukhala ndi zigawenga. Malamulo onse amateteza anthu kuti asamasalidwa chifukwa cha mtundu, ukazi, mtundu, ndi chipembedzo. Mayiko ena awonjezera chitetezo chawo n’kuphatikizapo mitundu ina monga zaka, maganizo a kugonana, ndiponso kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi.
Kuzindikira Tsankho m’Malo Okhala Anthu Onse
Mwachisawawa, munthu amapatulidwa pamene munthu wina wamanidwa kupita ku malo a bizinesi kapena malo ena a boma, kuphatikizapo boma lakwawo ndi la boma. Zingachitike ngati mautumiki amanidwa, monga ngati munthu wina atakana kulowa.
Kuzindikira tsankho kungakuthandizeni kuzindikira pamene ufulu wanu wapotozedwa, kapena kukana kuloledwa kulowa m’nyumba zogona za anthu onse, kugulitsa m’hotela yokana kugulitsa anthu a fuko kapena chipembedzo chawo, kulipira ndalama zosiyanasiyana zochokera ku dziko lawo, kugulitsa zinthu zogulitsa zinthu zokana kutumikira munthu wina chifukwa cha kupunduka kwawo, kapena kukana kuloledwa kukhala mwamuna kapena mkazi kapena mkazi wogonana ndi anthu amene amaletsa tsankho loterolo.
N’kofunikanso kudziŵa kuti n’kulakwa kupondereza munthu wina chifukwa chakuti watsutsa tsankho, wapereka chidandaulo, kapena wathandiza kufunsa, ndipo lamulolo limatchedwa kubwezera, ndipo limateteza anthu amene amatsutsa khalidwe loletsedwa.
Ufulu Wochita Zinthu ndi Kukakamiza Lamulo
Kumvetsa ufulu wanu pocheza ndi apolisi kapena akuluakulu ena a boma n’kofunika kwambiri kuti mudziteteze ndiponso kuti mutsimikize kuti kukambirana ndi anthu mwalamulo kumachitika.
Kuteteza Malamulo pa Kukumana ndi Apolisi
Kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa malamulo a U.S. kumatetezera pa nthaŵi ya kuyang’anira lamulo. Mpando wachinayi umateteza ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, Kusintha kwachisanu ndi chiŵiri kumapereka kuyenera kwa kudzitsutsa, ndipo Lamulo la Chisanu ndi chimodzi limatsimikizira kuyenera kwa uphungu wa lamulo m’mabwalo aupandu.
Kuyenera kwa kukhala chete ndi chimodzi cha zitetezero zofunika kwambiri zimene muli nazo pa nthaŵi ya kukumana ndi apolisi. Kuyenera kumeneku kumachokera ku chitetezo cha Cover Amendment ku kudzivulaza. Simufunikira kuyankha mafunso kuchokera ku lamulo losungitsa kuwonjezera pa kupereka chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri m’mikhalidwe ina. Kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu umenewu sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito potsutsana ndi inu monga umboni wa liwongo.
Ufulu wa Kuimira Mwalamulo
Ngati apolisi akukufunsani mafunso pa nthawi imene muli ndi udindo woyang’anira maloya, muyenera kukana kaye kufunsa loya wanu mpaka pamene loya wanuyo alipo.
Nkofunika kutchula momvekera bwino ndi momvekera bwino kuyenera kwanu kwa loya ngati mufuna kugwiritsa ntchito. Kungonena kuti "Ndikufuna kulankhula ndi loya" kapena "Ndikufuna loya wanga abwere" nkokwanira. Mukatchula kuyenera kumeneku, lamulo loletsa liyenera kuleka kufunsa loya wanu kufikira atafika.
Kumvetsetsa Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Apolisi
Si zonse zimene mumachita ndi apolisi zofanana, ndipo ufulu wanu ungasiyane malinga ndi mtundu wa kukumana kwa apolisi. Pali mitundu itatu ya kukumana kwa apolisi: kukumana kwa apolisi, kuima (kumenenso kumatchedwa Terry kumaima), ndi kumangidwa. Mitundu iliyonse imaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa apolisi ndi ufulu wosiyana kwa anthu.
Pamene mukumana ndi zida, kaŵirikaŵiri muli womasuka kuchoka ndipo simufunikira kuyankha mafunso. Kuima kwa ukatswiri kumachitika pamene apolisi akukaikira moyenerera kuti mwachitapo kanthu m’machitachita aupandu. Mukaima motero, mungaikidwe m’ndende kwa kanthaŵi ndipo ofisala angapereke chilolezo chochepa cha zida ngati ali ndi zikayikiro zabwino ngati muli ndi zida. Kumangidwa kumachitika pamene apolisi ali ndi chifukwa chothekera cha kukhulupirira kuti mwachita upandu, ndipo simuli womasuka kuchoka.
Kuyenera kwa Kufufuza
Komabe, pali zinthu zina zimene sizikutsatira lamulo limeneli, kuphatikizapo kufufuza zinthu zimene zachitika kuti mugwire mwalamulo, kufufuza movomereza, kufufuza galimoto pa zochitika zina, ndi zinthu zina zofunika kuchitika mwadzidzidzi.
Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukana kufunafuna ngati apolisi alibe chilolezo. Ngati wapolisi apempha kufufuza galimoto yanu, nyumba, kapena katundu, mungawone mwaulemu mwa kunena kuti “Sindikuvomereza kufunafuna. ” Komabe, ngati apolisi ali ndi chilolezo chotsimikizirika kapena ngati chilolezo chikugwira ntchito, iwo angapange kufunafuna ngakhale popanda chilolezo chanu.
Kukumana kwa Apolisi Kolembedwa
M'mikhalidwe yambiri, muli ndi kuyenera kwa kulemba apolisi kugwira ntchito zawo m'malo a anthu onse, malinga ngati simudodometsa ntchito yawo. Ufulu umenewu wazindikiridwa ndi makhoti ambiri monga kuyang'anira kofunika pa mphamvu ya apolisi ndi njira yotsimikizira kuŵerengera. Komabe, malamulo apadera angasiyane mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro, chotero nkofunika kumvetsetsa malamulo a kumaloko.
Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu waponderezedwa pa nthaŵi ya kukumana ndi apolisi, lembani zonse zimene mungakumbukire mwamsanga, kuphatikizapo maina a apolisi ndi manambala a makaji, nthaŵi ndi malo kumene kukumanakoko kunachitikira, zimene zinanenedwa, ndi maina ndi chidziŵitso cha mboni zilizonse. Chikalata chimenechi chingakhale chofunika kwambiri ngati musankha kusindikiza chidandaulo kapena kulondola kachitidwe ka lamulo.
Ufulu wa Kuntchito ndi Zitetezero
Malamulo a boma ndi a boma amathandiza anthu ambiri kuti azitha kuteteza antchito awo, kuchotsa chilichonse chokhudza tsankho ndi kuvutitsidwa, kulipira ntchito, ndi kuteteza anthu.
Kuteteza Kusankhana Ntchito
Zikalata za VII za Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964 ndi lamulo lalikulu la boma loletsa tsankho la ntchito. Kumapangitsa kuti olemba ntchito asamachitire tsankhu antchito kapena anthu ofunsira ntchito chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena dziko. Chitetezero chimenechi chimagwira ntchito zonse, kuphatikizapo ntchito, kuombera, kukweza mfuti, kulipira, maphunziro, ndi mikhalidwe ina ya ntchito.
Lingaliro la tsankho la kugonana pansi pa mutu wakuti Thetter VII lalingaliridwa mokulira kukhala lophatikizapo tsankho lozikidwa pa kukhala ndi pathupi, kuvutitsa akazi, ndi, m’zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu, tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi chinsinsi cha mwamuna ndi mkazi.
Mbali Zina Zoteteza
Pamwamba pa mutu wakuti The Age Discrimination in Account (ADEA) imaletsa kunyada antchito ndi anthu ofunsira ntchito a zaka 40 kapena kuposapo. Anthu a ku America amene ali ndi vuto lopatuka amaletsa kunyada anthu oyenerera olumala ndipo amafuna kuti owalemba ntchito apereke malo ogona abwinopo pokhapo ngati kuchita zimenezi kungabweretse mavuto osafunikira.
Gene Information Nondicrinication Act (GINA) imaletsa tsankho lochokera ku majini, kuphatikizapo mbiri ya zachipatala. Buku la Pregnal Discrimination Act, kukonzanso za mutu wakuti VII, kuletsa mwachindunji tsankho lochititsidwa ndi mimba, kubereka, kapena matenda ena. Maboma ambiri ndi malo ena amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka kuposa malamulo a boma, kukwaniritsa mikhalidwe monga ngati kukhala m’banja, kugwirizana ndi andale, kapena magulu ena.
Kumvetsetsa Kuvutitsidwa ku Ntchito
Kuvutitsidwa ndi anthu ena kuntchito kumakhala kosemphana ndi malamulo a ufulu wa anthu.
Kuvutitsidwa kungaphatikizepo nthabwala, kutukwana, kunyoza, kuopseza, kunyoza kapena kunyoza, kunyoza kapena kunyoza, kunyoza kapena zithunzi, ndi kusokoneza ntchito. Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti wovutitsayo angakhale woyang’anira, wogwira naye ntchito, kapena ngakhale munthu wosagwira ntchito monga wogulitsa kapena wogula.
Olemba ntchito ali ndi thayo lakuletsa ndi kuyankha kuntchito. Ngati muvutitsidwa, muyenera kuulula mwa njira yodandaulira ya bwana wanu kapena kwa bwana wanu. Ngati bwana wanu alephera kuchitapo kanthu koyenera, mungalembe mlandu ndi bungwe la Eult Opportunity Commission (EOC) kapena bungwe la boma lanu lochitira ntchito mwachilungamo.
Ufulu ndi Maola
Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA) ikhazikitsa malipiro ochepera, malipiro a owonjezereka, kusungitsa maakaunti a ana, ndi miyezo ya ntchito yanthaŵi zonse ndi yanthaŵi yapadera kwa antchito m'chigawo chaumwini ndi m'boma, boma, ndi maboma a komweko. Pansi pa FLSA, antchito osakhala opatulidwa ayenera kulipira malipiro a boma a maola onse ogwira ntchito ndi malipiro owonjezereka pamlingo wa mlingo wa wowonjezereka wa malipiro awo anthaŵi zonse a maola 40 a ntchito pa mlungu umodzi.
Maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo awo a malipiro ochepa, ndipo ngati malamulo onse a boma ndi a boma atsatira, antchito ali ndi ufulu wa malipiro otsika. Olemba ntchito amafunika kusunga mapepala olondola a maola olembedwa ndi malipiro olembedwa, ndipo antchito ali ndi ufulu wofikira mafaelo ameneŵa. Kuba kwa wage, kuphatikizapo kulephera kulipira malipiro ochepa, kulephera kulipira owonjezera nthaŵi, kapena kupempha ntchito ya ola, n’kosaloledwa ndipo kunganenedwe ku Dipatimenti ya Wage ndi Hour Division.
Ufulu Wochita Zinthu Zosaopsa Kuntchito
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) imafuna kuti olemba ntchito apereke malo antchito opanda ngozi zodziŵika zimene zimapha kapena kuvulaza mwakuthupi. Olembedwa ntchito ali ndi ufulu wa kuntchito, kuyenera kwa kuphunzitsidwa za ngozi za kuntchito, ufulu wa kulembedwa za kuvulala ndi matenda ogwira ntchito, ndi kudandaula ndi OSHA ngati akhulupirira kuti ali ndi mikhalidwe yosatetezereka kapena yosakhala yaumoyo kuntchito kwawo.
N’zofunika kwambiri kuti mabwana anu asamabwezere antchito amene amagwiritsira ntchito ufulu wawo pa OSHA. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti simungachotsedwe ntchito, kuchotsedwa ntchito, kulangidwa, kudandaula za OSHANA, kapena kuchita nawo ntchito yofufuza OSHA. Ngati muganiza kuti munabwezera chifukwa choopa kuteteza, mukhoza kudandaula ndi OSHE.
Malo Oyenera a Banja ndi Zamankhwala
The Family and Medical Sit Act (FMLA) imayenerera antchito oyenerera a mabwana ogona ndi mabwana osalipiridwa, otetezeredwa kuntchito kaamba ka zifukwa za banja ndi zamankhwala. Olembedwa ntchito okhoza kutenga milungu 12 ya kupuma panyengo ya miyezi 12 ya kubadwa kapena kulera mwana, kusamalira mkazi, mwana, kapena kholo lokhala ndi thanzi labwino, kapena thanzi la munthu wantchitoyo limene limawapangitsa kukhala osagwira ntchito.
Mkati mwa tchuthi cha FMLA, mabwana ayenera kusunga inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo wa wantchitoyo pansi pa mawu ofanana ngati kuti wantchitoyo wapitirizabe kugwira ntchito. Pambuyo pa kubwerera kuchokera ku tchuthi cha FMLA, antchito ayenera kubwezeredwa ku ntchito yawo yoyambirira kapena ntchito yofanana ndi malipiro ofanana, mapindu, ndi zina ndi mikhalidwe ya ntchito. Maboma ena amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka ndi maleresi otetezera ku chipatala kuposa zimene lamulo la boma likufuna.
Ufulu Wogwirizana ndi Kukhalira Pamodzi Koyenera
Pansi pa lamulo la ku America lonena za kupunduka kwa anthu, mabwana ayenera kupereka malo ogona kwa anthu oyenerera amene ali ndi ulema pokhapo ngati kuchita zimenezo kungam’vutitse kwambiri wowalemba ntchitoyo.
Zitsanzo za malo ogona abwino zimaphatikizapo kupangitsa malo okhalapo kupezeka, kukonzanso ntchito, kukonzanso ndandanda ya ntchito, kupeza kapena kusintha zipangizo, kupereka oŵerenga oyeneretsedwa kapena omasulira, ndi kutumizanso malo opanda ntchito. Njira ya malo ogona iyenera kukambitsirana ndi antchito ndi mabwana kuti adziŵe malo ogona amene afunikira ndi zimene zili zoyenerera.
Ufulu Womanga Nyumba ndi Zitetezo Zabwino
Malamulo abwino a nyumba amateteza anthu kuti asasalidwa pobwereka nyumba, pogula, kapena powapezera ndalama zolipirira nyumba. Chikalata cha Fair Howation Act chimaletsa tsankho m’nyumba zozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, malo aumaliseche, ndi kulemala. Malo ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ku nyumba zambiri, kuphatikizapo nyumba zobwereketsa nyumba, ngongole, ndi ntchito zina zokhudza nyumba.
Malamulo Oyenera Okhudza Nyumba
Malo osungira nyumba abwino amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. N’kulakwa kukondera pogulitsa kapena pobwereka nyumba, polengeza za malonda kapena malo ochitira nyumba, popereka ndalama, popereka mautumiki a malo, kapena poona malo okhala. Tsankho likhoza kukhala lamitundu yambiri, kuphatikizapo kukana kubwereka kapena kugulitsa nyumba, kukhazikitsa malo osiyanasiyana kapena malo ogona, kukhazikitsa mautumiki kapena malo osiyanasiyana, kukana kuti nyumba zikhalepo, kapena kuletsa anthu kulowa m’malo ena otetezedwa ndi zinthu zina.
Nyumba ndi Malo Okhala Oyenera
Pansi pa malamulo abwino a nyumba, osunga nyumba ayenera kupanga malo okhala oyenera m’malamulo, malamulo, machitidwe, kapena mautumiki pamene kuli kofunika kugula munthu wopunduka mwaŵi wofananawo wa kugwiritsira ntchito ndi kusangalala ndi malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, mwini nyumba angafunikire kulola nyama yothandiza ngakhale m’nyumba yopanda mathirakiti, kapena kulola malo osungidwa osungirako misewu pafupi ndi khomo la munthu wokhala ndi polekezera.
Ndiponso, osungira nyumba ayenera kulola kusintha kwabwino ku malo okhala kapena ofala pamene kuli kofunika kuti munthu wopunduka agwiritsire ntchito mokwanira ndi kusangalala ndi nyumba. Pamene kuli kwakuti ogona ali ndi thayo la kugula kusinthitsa nyumba zopangidwira, m’zochitika zina eni nyumba angafunikire kulipirira kaamba ka kusintha malo. M'nyumba zatsopano zokhalamo anthu ambiri, omanga ayenera kuphatikizamo mbali zakutizakuti za kupezeka.
Zitetezero Zabwino
Chitetezero cha Fair House Act chozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kuchuluka kwa nyumba chimatanthauza kuti osunga nyumba sangachitire tsankho mabanja okhala ndi ana azaka zosafika 18 okhala ndi makolo kapena osunga ana, akazi oyembekezera, kapena anthu osunga ana asanafike zaka 18.
Pali kuchepa kwa malo otetezera a famali, makamaka kaamba ka nyumba zolinganizidwa mwapadera kaamba ka anthu okalamba. Nyumba za anthu okalamba zimaphatikizapo nyumba zolinganizidwa ndi kugwiridwa ntchito ndi anthu a zaka 62 kapena kuposapo, kapena nyumba zolinganizidwa ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi munthu mmodzi pafupifupi zaka 55 kapena kuposapo, kumene pafupifupi 80% ya mayuniti a munthu mmodzi amagwiridwa ntchito ndi chifupifupi 55 kapena kuposapo.
Ufulu wa Maphunziro ndi Kupezeka Kofanana
Ophunzira ali ndi ufulu wofanana wophunzitsa anthu popanda tsankho.
Kuteteza Ana Kukakhala Osasankhana
Masukulu sangasankhe anthu amene akufuna kulowa m’dzikolo, kuwapatsa ndalama, kuwathandiza kusukulu, kuwalangiza ndi kuwatsogolera, kuwalangiza, kuwalangiza, kuwalangiza m’kalasi, kuwapatsa ntchito, kuwaphunzitsa ntchito, kusewera, kusewera, kuthamanga, kapena kugwira ntchito.
Ophunzira amene ali ndi vutoli amatetezedwanso kwambiri ndi bungwe la Associal Education Act (IDEA), Gawo 504 la Lamulo la Kukonzanso Zinthu, ndi la ku America lotsatira lamulo loletsa kupunduka.
Kuyenera kwa Kukonza Sukulu Popereka Chilango
Ophunzira m'sukulu za boma ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu asanayang'anizane ndi chilango chachikulu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kuzindikira milandu imene apatsidwa, kulongosola umboni, ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka mbali yawo ya nkhaniyo.
Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu pa Ndale
Kuyenera kwa kuvota n’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu atenge nawo mbali m’boma la demokalase, ndipo malamulo ambiri amateteza ufulu umenewu. Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act chimaletsa tsankho la fuko povota, pamene bungwe la National Voter Brivision Act limatheketsa nzika zoyenerera kulembetsa kuvota. Chikalata cha Help America Vote chimapereka miyezo yochepera m’madera ambiri a boma a masankhoti.
Chitetezo cha Kupewa Tsankho
Kusankhana pa zifukwa za fuko, mtundu, kapena kukhala m’gulu la anthu a chinenero china sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito njira zovotera kapena njira zochitira zinthu zimene zimayendera mfundo zimenezi. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuteteza anthu kuti asachite zinthu zimene zimachepetsa mphamvu za anthu ochepa povota, monga njira zina zosankhira anthu ongosankha okha kapena njira zina zikuluzikulu zosankhira anthu osankhidwa.
Malo opunduka ali ndi kuyenera kwa malo oonera ofikirika ndi njira zovotera. Chikalata cha Help America Vote Act chifuna kuti malo oonera akhale ofikirika mwakuthupi ndi kuti pakhale njira imodzi yovotera yosavuta kupezeka pamalo alionse oonera. Opanga makampani amene afunikira chithandizo chifukwa cha kupunduka kapena kulephera kuŵerenga kapena kulemba angalandire chithandizo kuchokera kwa munthu amene asankha, popanda kutchulapo kanthu.
Chitetezo pa Kuopa Mtundu
Lamulo la boma limaletsa kuwopseza, kuwopseza, kapena kukakamiza aliyense kuvota, kapena kuthandiza ena kuvota. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuletsa kufalitsa chidziŵitso chonyenga ponena za zovota, kuwopseza ovota ndi zotulukapo zalamulo za kuvota, kapena kuchita mwaukali pafupi ndi malo ofunsira olinganizidwa kuletsa kuvota. Ngati mukumana ndi ovota kapena ochitira umboni chiwopsezo, mungapereke lipotilo kwa akuluakulu a voti kapena ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo.
Ufulu ndi Zitetezero za Anthu Ogula
Anthu ogula zinthu ali ndi ufulu wosiyanasiyana akamagula zinthu ndi ntchito, akamapeza ngongole, ndiponso akamasamalira anthu okongola ndalama.
Ufulu Wopereka
Chikalata cha Suctution Act (Chikalata cha Olingana ndi Ufulu wa Accounting Act) chimaletsa okongola obwereketsa kutsutsa ofunsirawo chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, chiyambi cha dziko, kugonana, malo aukwati, msinkhu, kapena chifukwa chakuti wofunsirayo amalandira chithandizo cha boma. Ofunsirawo ayenera kupenda onse pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo imodzimodziyo ndipo sangaletse aliyense kufunsira kaamba ka ngongole yozikidwa pa mikhalidwe yotetezeredwa imeneyi.
Makina a Fair Crening Report Act amalamulira mmene chidziŵitso cha ngongole chimasonkhanitsidwira, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, ndi kugawana. Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kupeza malipoti anu a ngongole, kutsutsana ndi chidziŵitso chosalondola, ndi kudziŵitsidwa ngati chidziŵitso cha m’lipoti lanu la ngongole chikugwiritsiridwa ntchito posankha za ngongole. Muli ndi ufulu waulere pa lipoti la ngongole kuchokera kwa ma bureau atatu aakulu a ngongole kamodzi pa miyezi 12.
Kutetezeredwa ku Ngongole Zopanda Ngongole
Fair Ject Collection Practice Act imateteza ogula ku mapangano obwezedwa mwankhanza. Okongola ngongole sangakuvutitseni, kupeka, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolakwika posonkhanitsa ngongole. Sangakuitaneni kuntchito ngati simunawauze, kapena kukambirana ndi ena za ngongole yanu. Muli ndi ufulu wopempha ngongoleyo ndi kukambirana ngongole zimene mukuona kuti n’zolakwika.
Kuteteza Malonda ndi Malonda
Bungwe la Consumer Product Safety Commission limathandiza anthu kuti asamavulale kapena kufa ndi zinthu zimene amagula.
Ufulu wa Zaumoyo ndi Zitetezero za Wodwala
Odwala ali ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri pamene alandira chithandizo cha zaumoyo. The Health Inshuwalansi Pontability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) imatetezera chinsinsi cha chidziŵitso chanu cha zamankhwala ndi kukupatsani ufulu pa zolembedwa zanu za thanzi. Osamalira zaumoyo ayenera kusunga chinsinsi chanu cha zamankhwala ndipo angagawana nawo pa mikhalidwe yochepa kapena ndi chilolezo chanu.
Kupeza Zolemba za Madokotala ndi Nkhani
Muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zolemba zanu zamankhwala, kupempha kuti mupeze malangizo olakwika, ndipo mungalandire kalata yofotokoza mmene mungagwiritsire ntchito zinthu zanu zachinsinsi ndiponso mmene mungadziŵire ena.
Kusamalira Thanzi
Chigawo 1557 cha Affordcable Care Act imaletsa tsankho m'mayanjano aumoyo chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, chiyambi cha dziko, kugonana, msinkhu, kapena kupunduka. Osamalira zaumoyo ndi makampani a inshuwalansi a zaumoyo amene amalandira chithandizo cha boma sangakane chisamaliro, kupereka chisamaliro chosiyana, kapena kusankhana motsutsana ndi mikhalidwe yotetezereka imeneyi. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutetezera ku tsankho posamalira inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ndi kupezeka ku mautumiki a zaumoyo.
Ufulu Wochita Zinthu Mwachinsinsi
Popeza kuti zinthu zimene timagwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti n’zochepa kwambiri, m’pofunika kwambiri kuti tizimvetsa bwino mfundo zachinsinsi zachinsinsi zimene zimapezeka pa Intaneti.
Kulankhulana pa Intaneti
Makompyuta a pakompyuta amathandiza kuti boma lisamathe kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono komanso kuti lisamagwiritse ntchito zipangizo zamakono.
Ana Amakhala Pachinsinsi pa Intaneti
Act ya Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) imateteza ana osakwanitsa zaka 13 mwa kupempha mawebusaiti ndi mautumiki a pa Intaneti kuti apeze chilolezo cha makolo asanatole nkhani zawo kwa ana. Makolo ali ndi ufulu wowerenganso mfundo zimene ana awo apeza ndi kupempha kuti zichotsedwe.
Zofunika Zodziŵira ndi Kuteteza Ufulu Wanu
Kumvetsa ufulu wanu ndi chinthu choyamba chabe; n’kofunikanso kwambiri kuti mudziwe kumene mungapeze thandizo ngati mwaphwanya ufulu wanu.
Mabungwe a Aid Alamulo
Mabungwe othandizira anthu olandira ndalama zochepa ndi mabanja alamulo amapereka chithandizo chaulere kwa anthu ndi mabanja otsika. Mabungwe ameneŵa angathandize ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana za lamulo, kuphatikizapo mikangano ya nyumba, malamulo a banja, mavuto a ogula, ndi kuswa ufulu wa anthu. Kupeza chithandizo chalamulo m'dera lanu, mungalankhule ndi bungwe la boma lanu la bart kapena kuyendera webusaiti ya Mautumiki a Malamulo pa www.gov, zimene zimathandiza kusungitsa maprogramu a chithandizo chalamulo m'dzikolo.
Sukulu zambiri za malamulo zimagwira ntchito m’zipatala zalamulo kumene ophunzira a zamalamulo, oyang’aniridwa ndi maloya odziŵa bwino ntchito yawo, amapereka mautumiki aulere kwa anthu a m’deralo.
Chuma cha Boma ndi Zochita Zankhondo
Bungwe loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe la Department of Civil Rights Division limafufuza ndi kuweruza milandu yokhudza tsankho m’nyumba, ntchito, maphunziro, ndi m’madera ena.
Komiti ya Aumeter Obbest Opportunity Commission (EOC) imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa tsankho la ntchito. Ngati mukhulupirira kuti mwakumana ndi tsankho kuntchito, mungalembe mlandu ndi EEOC, umene udzafufuza ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Webusaiti ya EEOC pa www.eoc.eoc.
Dipatimenti ya Home ndi Urban Development (UD) imakhazikitsa malamulo abwino a nyumba ndipo imafufuza milandu ya tsankho la kusoŵa nyumba. Mukhoza kulemba dandaulo ndi HUD pa Intaneti, pafoni, kapena papositi ngati mukukhulupirira kuti munapatulidwa nyumba.
Bungwe la Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) limathandiza ogula mwa kuwauza za zinthu zachuma ndi mautumiki amene amawathandiza ndiponso mwa kuvomereza madandaulo okhudza makampani a zachuma.
Magulu a Atsogoleri a M’chitaganya
Mabungwe a anthu ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu amagwira ntchito kutetezera ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa magulu ena kapena mbali zina za lamulo. Mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe onga NAACP, American Civil Liberation Union (ACLU), ndi National Urban League akugwira ntchito kuletsa tsankho ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu. Mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chithandizo chalamulo, kumenyera ufulu wa anthu, ndi chuma cha maphunziro.
Mabungwe osumika maganizo pa nkhani zina kapena chiŵerengero cha anthu angakhalenso ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali. Mabungwe olepheretsa ufulu wachibadwidwe, LGBTQ+ magulu a ufulu wa anthu osamukira kudziko lina, ndi ena amapereka chidziŵitso chapadera ndi kuchirikiza anthu amene akutumikira. Mabungwe ambiriwa amapereka zinthu zanu zofunikira, malo alamulo, ndi chithandizo chachindunji.
Mautumiki Ofunsira Mwalamulo
Mabungwe ambiri a boma ndi a m'madera ena akupereka maloya amene angakugwirizanitseni ndi maloya amene amachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi nkhani yanu. Mabungwe ena a mabawa amaperekanso zitsulo zotsika kapena zofunsira kwaufulu. Mautumiki ameneŵa angakuthandizeni kupeza malo oyenerera alamulo pamene mukufunikira.
Malo alamulo a pa Intaneti awonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Ma Website onga Cornell Law Information Institute akupereka mwayi waulere ku malamulo, kuphatikizapo malamulo a boma ndi boma, zosankha za khoti, ndi zinthu zofotokozera. Ngakhale kuti ndalama zimenezi sizingalowe mmalo mwa malangizo alamulo odzisankhira okha, zingakuthandizeni kumvetsa lamulo ndi ufulu wanu.
Mabuku Ophunzitsa ndi Zinthu Zimene Mumadziŵa
Mabungwe ambiri amapanga ziŵiya zodziŵira ufulu wanu pa nkhani zina, monga ngati ufulu wokhudza ntchito, ufulu wogwira ntchito, ufulu wokhala m’nyumba, ndi zina zambiri. Zomangira zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimapezeka m’zinenero ndi makompyuta osiyanasiyana, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zopezeka kumadera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ACLU, imapatsa anthu ambiri odziwa ufulu wanu pankhani zoyambira pa ufulu wa ophunzira ku ufulu wa kusamukira kudziko lina.
Bungwe la EEOC limakonzanso mabuku ofotokoza malamulo okhudza tsankho la anthu pantchito.
Kuchitapo Kanthu Pamene Ufulu Wanu Uswedwa
Kudziŵa zoyenera zanu n’kofunika kwambiri, koma kudziŵa mmene mungachitire zinthu ngati ufuluwo waswedwa n’kofunikanso kwambiri.
Kuswa Makalata
Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu wapotozedwa, zolembedwa zatsatanetsatane nzofunika. Sungani zolembedwa zatsatanetsatane za zimene zinachitika, kuphatikizapo masiku, nthaŵi, malo, ndi maina a anthu ophatikizidwa. Sungani zikalata zilizonse zoyenerera, ma email, mauthenga a m'makalata, kapena umboni wina. Ngati pali mboni, landirani chidziŵitso chawo. Zikalata zimenezi zidzakhala zofunika kwambiri ngati musankha kulemba chidandaulo kapena kulondola kachitidwe kalamulo.
Mukakumana ndi mavuto, lembani zinthu zimene zinachitika pa nthawi imene mwakhala mukuzikumbukira, zimene mwanena ndi kuchita, zimene munachita, ndiponso zotsatira zake.
Kudandaula ndi Zofuna Zabwino
Kuswa ufulu wochuluka kungachitidwe mwa kudandaula ndi mabungwe a boma amene ali ndi ulamuliro. Kusankhana ntchito, mungaike mlandu ku EEOC kapena ku bungwe la boma lanu loona za ntchito. Mukhoza kudandaula ndi bungwe la Hud kapena boma lanu kapena bungwe loona za nyumba.
Mabungwe ambiri ali ndi njira ndi masiku apadera operekera madandaulo, chotero kuli kofunika kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga. Madandaulo ambiri a tsankho ayenera kulembedwa mkati mwa masiku 180 kapena 300 a kuswa konenedwa, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina zapanthaŵi yake nzaifupi kapena kuposapo. Kulephera pa deti kungataikitse ufulu wanu wa kulondola chinenezo, chotero musachedwe kufuna chithandizo.
Kufunafuna Chithunzi cha Malamulo
Loya angafufuze nkhani zanu, kufotokoza zimene mungafune kuchita, ndi kukuimirani pa nkhani zokhudza malamulo, nkhani zokhudza boma, kapena khoti. Milandu ina ingasamaliridwe pamaziko a ndalama zongolipiriridwa, kutanthauza kuti loyayo angalipire ngati mutapambana, pamene ina ingafune malipiro a ola limodzi kapena ndalama zolipirira ndalama.
Ngati simungathe kupeza loya, fufuzani njira zalamulo zothandizira anthu kwaulere kapena pazosoŵa kudzera m’mabungwe opereka chithandizo, zipatala za sukulu za malamulo, kapena mapulogalamu a zauloya ena akupereka mayeso aulere aulere, amene angakuthandizeni kumvetsa mkhalidwe wanu ngakhale ngati simungathe kuwalemba ntchito.
Kuzindikira Zotsatira za Njira Yothetsera Vutoli
Njira zimene mungapeze ngati ufulu wanu wapotozedwa zimadalira pa kuphwanya malamulo ndi malamulo amene akugwira ntchito.
Nthawi zina, mabungwe a boma angakuthandizeni pofufuza zimene mukuchita pa nkhani ya kudandaula kwanu ndiponso kukambirana ndi munthu amene walakwayo.
Kudziŵa Bwino Ufulu Wanu
Malamulo amasintha m’kupita kwa nthawi, choncho kupitiriza kudziŵa za ufulu wanu n’kofunika kwambiri.
Kutsatira Kukula kwa Malamulo
Kaŵirikaŵiri zolembedwa zazikulu zalamulo zimafalitsidwa m’manyuzipepala, koma kaamba ka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane, lingalirani za kutsatira magwero a nkhani zalamulo, mabungwe ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe, kapena mabungwe a boma ogwirizana ndi zofuna zanu.
Kukhala ndi Mbali m’Kutenga Nawo Ntchito ya Ukwati
Kulankhula ndi oimira boma, kukambirana nkhani zokhudza nkhani zimene zili zofunika kwa inu, kukhala ndi phande m’mabungwe a anthu, ndi kukhalabe odziŵa za mikangano ya malamulo a boma, zonsezo zimathandizira kutetezera ndi kukulitsa zoyenera za aliyense.
Kuthandiza mabungwe amene amathandiza kuteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu wa anthu kumathandiza kuti chitetezo chimenechi chikhale cholimba ndiponso kuti anthu aziphwanya malamulo.
Kumaliza
Kuzindikira zoyenera zanu pa zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku kumakupatsani mphamvu zoyendera dzikoli ndi chidaliro ndiponso kuteteza ufulu wanu ndi wa ena pamene mukuona kuti ufuluwo ukusokonezeka.
Ngakhale kuti wotsogolera ameneyu akufotokoza bwino kwambiri za ufulu wofunika kwambiri, sangayankhe nkhani iliyonse. Malamulo osiyanasiyana mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro, zinthu, ndi nkhani za malamulo angakhale ovuta. Mukayang’anizana ndi mkhalidwe umene ufulu wanu ungakhale paupandu, musazengereze kufuna chithandizo kuchokera ku zinthu zambiri zimene zilipo, kuphatikizapo mabungwe a zaumoyo, mabungwe a boma, magulu a zauchigawenga, ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo.
Kumbukirani kuti ufulu suli wodziphera wekha, koma umafunika kuzindikira, kutsimikiza, ndipo nthaŵi zina kuchitapo kanthu kuti kukhale kwatanthauzo. Mwa kudziphunzitsa nokha za ufulu wanu, kulemba zophwanya malamulo pamene zichitika, ndi kufunafuna thandizo loyenera, mungathandize kutsimikizira kuti lonjezo la chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo likhaledi lenileni pa moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Chidziŵitso chanu ndi zochita zanu sizimakutetezani kokha komanso zimathandiza ku chitaganya chachilungamo ndi choyenera kwa aliyense.