Table of Contents

Maboma a m'mizinda ali ndi udindo wopereka ntchito zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Kuteteza apolisi ndi moto ku zosungira zinyalala, mapaki, ndi masukulu. Injini ya zachuma imene imathandiza zimenezi ndi bajeti ya boma, mapulani okonzedwa bwino amene amapatsa ndalama zochepa kuti athe kukwaniritsa zosoŵa za anthu. Kumvetsa mmene mizinda imasonkhetsa misonkho ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama sikuli kongophunzitsa anthu maphunziro okha; kumakhudza moyo wa munthu aliyense. Nkhaniyi imathandiza kuona bwinobwino ndalama za boma, mitsinje imene imachirikiza mizinda, ndi ntchito ndi mavuto amene amafunika polinganiza ndalama za maofesi a boma.

Ntchito ya Misonkho ya M’dzikolo

Msonkho wa m'dzikolo ndi umene umathandizira kuti anthu apeze ndalama zambiri. Malinga ndi bungwe la Census Bureau la United States lofufuza za zaka za boma ndi za boma, maboma akumeneko anasonkhanitsa ndalama zokwana $1.9 biliyoni mu 2020, ndi ndalama zolipira ndalama za ndalama za ndalama, ndi ndalama za msonkho za ndalama zokwana pafupifupi chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu za anthu onsewo. Msonkho wa misonkho wosiyana kwambiri umasiyana malinga ndi boma ndi malo, koma magulu ambiri a anthu amaphatikizapo msonkho wa katundu, msonkho wa ndalama zimene amapeza, ndi misonkhomakhomakhoma ndi mabizinesi osiyanasiyana. Zipang'onozi zimabwera ndi zinsi zake, zigwirizano zandale, ndi ntchito za boma, ndi makampani.

Misonkho ya Panyumba

Msonkho wa katundu ndi gwero lalikulu la ndalama za msonkho wa mizinda yambiri ya United States. Imaikizidwa pa mtengo woyeneretsedwa wa malo ndi malo. Msonkho, woperekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'mafakitale (mphindi imodzi pa mtengo woŵerengera), ndi woikidwa ndi maboma a kumaloko kupangira ndalama zofunikira pa mautumiki. Misonkho ya malo imasungidwa chifukwa chakuti mapindu enieni a malo samasintha mofulumira monga kugula kapena malipiro a ndalama. Komabe, iwo angabwezeretsedwe, kuchepetsako ndalama zolandira nyumba ndi obwereka, ngakhale kuli kokhala kolondola, ngakhale kuli koyenera kuwonjezera, ngakhale kulipiritsa ndalama zowonjezereka, zimene zingapereke ndalama zopimira ku mabankiwonda kupyolera ndalama zowonjezereka. Makampani ambiri amapereka opangizidwa ku mabanki. [1]

Kugulitsa ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Misonkho

Msonkho za msonkho ndi zinanso zazikulu, makamaka m'maboma zimene zimalola kugulitsa msonkho wakwawo. Msonkho umenewu umaperekedwa pa malonda a zinthu zooneka ndipo, m’nkhani zina, mautumiki. Ndalama za msonkho za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimawonjezera pa mtengo wa msonkho wa ndalama zimene amagulitsa. Mosiyana ndi misonkho ya katundu, misonkho yogulitsa ndalama, yosawononga ndalama, imene imaloŵetsamo misonkho yotsala pa nthaŵi ya kutsika kwa ndalama. Otsutsa amalonda amatsutsa kuti misonkhomakhoma ya ndalama zambiri zotsala za ndalama zawo zogulitsidwa pa misonkhoma. Kupereka msonkho kwa kumaloko kumawonjezera ndalama zowonjezereka. Kusamalira zimenezi, malamulo ambiri osoŵa monga kugula zinthu zofunikira, mankhwala operekedwa, ndi zovala. Kugwiritsira ntchito misonkhoma ndi ndalama zotsala pa zinthu zogulitsidwa kunja kwa boma (G. g., pa Intaneti kuchepetsa ndalama zolipira ndalama zolipira za msonkho. Kusungidwa kwa malonda kwa anthu ambiri kwa m'dziko kwa anthu ambiri kukwera kwa [20181, Food .]

Misonkho Yolipira M’madera Omwewo

Misonkho ya malipiro ya kumaloko si yofala kwambiri koma imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko ambiri, makamaka Ohio, Pennsylvania, ndi Maryland. Misonkho imeneyi ingabwezedwe kwa anthu (ndalama zopezedwa bwino), makampani (mapindu), kapena zonse ziŵiri. Kaŵirikaŵiri misonkho ya malipiro amamanidwa malipiro ndi olemba ntchito, kuipangitsa kukhala yokhoza kusonkhanitsa. Imakhoma kwambiri kuposa misonkho ya katundu, ndipo imakhala yofulumira pamene chuma chikula koma imatsika kwambiri. Matauni ena amagwiritsa ntchito mlingo wa ndalama, pamene ena amaliza mabolo. Vuto la misonkhoma yakwawo ndi lakuti angayambitse mpikisano wa msonkho pakati pa mayiko apafupi, monga antchito ndi mabizinesi angaloŵetse kumadera otsika. Zimenezi zikufotokozedwa m'malipo zonga [FF: 0]

Malo Ena Opezera Ndalama za M’dziko

Kupyola pa “misonkho itatu ya mizinda yaing’ono ya" imalandira ndalama kuchokera ku magwero ena osiyanasiyana:

  • [[MFUNDO:0] Msonkho wa malonda ndi laisensi: Mokulira amakhoma misonkho, malipiro a ganyu, ndi misonkho ya laisensi ya ntchito.
  • Malipoti ndi malipoti: Malipiro a Usenzisi a zinthu zofunikira, zilolezo, maseŵero, ndi maprogramu a zosangulutsa. Zimenezi nzopezera ndalama mmalo mwa kukweza ndalama zonse.
  • Kusintha kwa boma: Boma ndi ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma, kugawana ndalama, ndi chithandizo cha maprogramu apadera onga ngati chisungiko cha anthu onse kapena nyumba.
  • Mapine ndi ziwonekero: matikiti a tram, faindi ya khoti, ndi katundu wotayidwa. Kudalira kwambiri pa zimenezi kungapange zisonkhezero zopotoka, monga momwe kunasonyezedwera ndi Dipatimenti ya Zoweruza.
  • Ndalama zopezedwa: Chikondwerero pa zotsala za ndalama zosakhala, makamaka pamene chiwongola dzanja chiri choyenera.

Ndalama za m’mizinda yabwino zimawonjezera ndalama zimene amapeza kuti apeŵe kudalira mopambanitsa mtsinje uliwonse, motero zimadzitetezera ku mavuto a zachuma.

Mgwirizano wa Bajeti ya Mzinda: Kusintha Kuloŵa m’Kulera Ana

Maneja wa zauchigaŵenga sachita kamodzi koma ndi kupitirizabe kwa miyezi khumi ndi iŵiri mpaka khumi ndi isanu ndi itatu. Kachitidweko kamalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi matchata a kumaloko, koma mizinda yambiri imatsatira njira yofanana.

Afunikira Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza Kwabwino

Kale kwambiri madipatimenti a zandalama asanayambe kulembedwa, madipatimenti a mzinda ndi akuluakulu a boma afufuza mmene anthu angafunikire kuyendera. Amapendanso mmene zinthu zilili, mmene zinthu zimayendera, ntchito zimene anthu amafunikira, ndiponso mmene anthu angazichitire. Mzinda ambiri umalinganiza bajeti yawo ndi mapulani a zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti chuma chikhale bwino, kusakondera, kusasintha, ndiponso kuti anthu akhale otetezeka.

Kuneneratu za Ndalama

Kuneneratu za ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ndi zonse ziŵiri ndi sayansi. Maofesala a zachuma amagwiritsira ntchito mapikica a ndalama, kusintha kwa mbiri yakale, ndi zizindikiro zamakono za chuma kuti apereke ndalama kuchokera ku gwero lililonse. Pa misonkho ya katundu, iwo amaŵerengera chifukwa cha kumanga kwatsopano, kupendanso ziyambukiro, ndi kusonkhanitsa. Pa misonkho, amalingalira za kudalirana kwa malonda, ulova, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zowonongedwa pa nyengo. Kunenera nkovuta kwambiri; Govermentment Genanceers Association (GOA) kuyamikira kugwiritsira ntchito njira yosunga ndalama ndi kusunga ndalama kuti asunge ndalama zopimira kuopimira ku mayeso.

Kulinganiza Ndalama ndi Kulinganiza Kwauyang’aniro

Ndi zotsatsa malonda, manijala wa mzinda kapena wa meya amagwira ntchito ndi akuluakulu a dipatimenti yolinganiza bajeti yolingaliridwa. Chikalatachi chimandandalikidwa ndalama zoyendetsera malipiro, ntchito, ntchito zamalikulu, ndi ntchito ya ngongole. Chiyeneretsa kulinganiza maprogramu ndi ndalama zoyembekezeredwa, kusiyapo ngati mzindawo uloledwa kuyendetsa ndalama ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri. Oyang'anira malo ambiri amaletsedwa kuchita popanda kuvota. Ndalama za zopanga zinthu zimaperekedwa ku bungwe la mzinda, makamaka limodzi ndi uthenga wa ndalama zimene zimalongosola zosankha zofunika ndi zofunika.

Kumva ndi Kuphunzitsa Nzika

Kusanaleredwe, mizinda imaweruza anthu kuti aikidwe mlandu. Ili ndi sitepe lofunika kwambiri kuti anthu adziimbe mlandu wa demokrase. Anthu angapereke kapena kutsutsa malingaliro akuti awononge ndalama zodulidwa, msonkho ukuwonjezereka, kapena njira zatsopano. Mizinda ina imagwiritsira ntchito bajeti yopereka ndalama, kumene nzika zimasankha mwachindunji mmene zingaperekere gawo la bajeti. Njira imeneyi yavomerezedwa m'madera monga Chicago ndi m'mabungwe a New York City. Kaŵirikaŵiri kumvetsera kwa anthu kumayambitsa mavoti a wailesi ndi kukopa mavoti a bungwe la ofufuza nkhani.

Kupenda ndi Kuvomerezedwa ndi Malamulo

Bungwe la mzindalo limapendanso malamulo a bajeti olinganizidwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito misonkhano ya komiti ndi maseminala a ntchito. Malamulo amapangidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri akumasonyeza kulolerana kwa ndale zadziko kapena chidziŵitso chatsopano. Bungwelo limavota pa lamulo lomaliza la bajeti. Ngati bungwelo lilephera kukwaniritsa bajetiyo ndi nthaŵi ya malamulo, boma lingatseke kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mogwirizana ndi bajeti ya chaka chatha. Linkaloledwa, bajeti imakhala chilolezo chalamulo chalamulo kaamba ka ndalama ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama za chaka chandalama chapitacho.

Ndalama Zoyendetsera Mandalama ndi Zolinga Zake

Kuti asunge mlandu wake ndi kuonekera bwino, bajeti ya mzinda imagawidwa kukhala ndalama zosiyana, iliyonse imakhala ndi maakaunti oikidwiratu. Mitundu yofala kwambiri ndi iyi:

Ndalama Zoyendetsera Zinthu Zapadziko Lonse – Bajeti Yogwiritsa Ntchito Malo Ochitira Zinthu

Ndalama ya boma ndiyo imathandiza kwambiri mumzindawu. Imachirikiza ntchito zazikulu monga apolisi, moto, mapaki, malaibulale, oyendetsa zinthu, ndi ntchito za anthu onse. Kawirikawiri, ndalama zimenezi zimayendetsedwa ndi misonkho ya katundu, misonkho, ndi ndalama za faindi. Chifukwa chakuti imakhudza mautumiki ofunika kwambiri, thumba la boma liyenera kuyang'aniridwa bwino. Ndalama ya boma yathanzi labwino iyenera kusunga ndalama zosagawiridwa (chisungiko) za ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, monga momwe ananenera GSOA.

Ndalama za Ndalama za Nyukiliya Zapadera – Maakaunti Opereka Cholinga

Ndalama za ndalama zapadera zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuŵerengera ndalama zimene zaperekedwa kuchokera ku zopereka zina zimene zimaikizidwa mwalamulo ku zowonongedwa zina. Zitsanzo zachisawawa zimaphatikizapo ndalama za msonkho wa gasi wa kukonza misewu, thumba la msonkho la pa hotela la kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zokopa alendo, ndi ndalama za kampani ya zamagetsi ya chimphepo. Ndalama zimenezi zimasunga zolembamo mabuku ndi kutsimikizira kuti ndalama zoikizidwira ku chifuno zina sizingapatutsiridwe kwinakwake.

Malipiro a Malikulu Opita Patsogolo – Kumanga kaamba ka Mtsogolo

Makomboni owonjezera ndalama (kapena ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zamalikulu) amathandiza kumanga, kusonkhanitsa, kapena kukonzanso zinthu zazikulu: misewu, milatho, mafakitale opangira madzi, masiteshoni a apolisi, mapaki, ndi zipangizo zamakono. Maprojekiti ameneŵa amayendetsedwa mwa kuwonjezera, kupereka misonkho, kapena kusungitsa ndalama. Matauni ambiri amasunga makonzedwe a kuwongolera kwa zaka zisanu zamalikulu omwe amaika patsogolo ntchito zofunikira, kufufuza za mikhalidwe, ndi ndalama zopezeka.

Malipiro a Nkhongole – Kuyendetsa Moyenera Ndalama Zobwereketsa

Pamene mizinda ikhazikitsa malamulo a kulipira kaamba ka maprojekiti amalikulu, iwo ayenera kukhazikitsa ndalama za mabanki zosungira ndalama zoikidwiratu ndi ndalama zoikizira ndalama zoikizidwa kwa osungidwa. Ndalama zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachirikizidwa ndi mtsinde wa ndalama za ndalama zoperekedwa, monga ngati msonkho wa katundu kapena ndalama za kampani ya kampani ya kulipira ngongole. Mabungwe opima ndalama za ngongole amapenda ziŵerengero za mamalipiro a mabanki okhoza kulipira ngongole asanayambe kugawitsa ziŵerengero za ngongole, zimene zimayambukira kubwereka ndalama.

Mavuto Ofala m’Kusamalira Malamulo a Malamulo a Malamulo a Malamulo a M’dziko

Ngakhale kuti amakonzekera mosamala, maboma a m’mizinda amayang’anizana ndi zopinga zosatha zimene zimawopseza thanzi la anthu.

Kutha kwa Chuma ndi Kulephera Kupeza Zofunika

Makampani ambiri amakhudzidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa zachuma. Mkati mwa kutsika kwa chuma, misonkho ya katundu ingathe ngati mitengo ya katundu itsika kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu opulupudza. Malonda ndi misonkho ya ndalama zopezedwa ndi ogula. Pakali pano, kufuna mautumiki ambiri a anthu onse . Makamaka masitayelo a zachitetezo ndi maprogramu ogwirizana ndi ulova akukwera. Zimenezi zimaumiriza mizinda kudula mautumiki, kukweza misonkhoma, kapena kukwerera madera osungidwa. Mliro wa CHOVID unasonyeza zimenezi: mizinda yambiri inaona kuti ndalama za chithandizo za anthu ndi mautumiki akutali zikutsika.

Zotayika Zokwera Mokwera Modabwitsa Ndiponso Zosasangalatsa

Mitengo ya mzinda imakwera mofulumira kuposa kukwera kwa mitengo. Malamulo a malo okhala, mapindu a zaumoyo, malipiro ogwirizana, ndi kusungidwa kwa zinthu zonse zofunikira zonse zimawonjezera mphamvu. Ndiponso, maboma ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa malamulo osavomerezedwa ndi boma kuti akwaniritse miyezo ina (m'chitsanzo, malamulo a malo okhala, kupezeka bwino) popanda kupereka ndalama. Malamulo ameneŵa angadye mbali yaikulu ya bajeti ya mzinda, kuchepetsa kusinthika.

Mabuku Othandiza Kusunga Zinthu ndi Kuzisamalira Mopanda Ulemu

Mizinda yambiri ya United States imayang'anizana ndi malo aakulu okonzerako zinthu zowonongeka pa misewu, maulalo, madongosolo a madzi, ndi nyumba. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) nthaŵi zonse imapanga magiredi a kampani ya dziko, ndi magulu ambiri mu “D. Kuchedwa kungapereke chithandizo cha ndalama zamakono koma kumabweretsa ndalama zambiri pambuyo pake. Matauni ayenera kukhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakati pa zofunika zamakono zogwirira ntchito ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za ndalama.

Kuletsa Ndalama ndi Kuletsa Msonkho

Maboma a California (Procence 13) (TABOR) ndi Massachusetts (Procentiah 22. Ziletso zimenezi zimawonjezera msonkho wa katundu, kuŵerengera, kapena kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngakhale kuti cholinga cha kuyang'anira kukula kwa boma, ma TELS angatsendereze mizinda pamene ndalama zikukwera, zomwe zimachititsa kuti malonda asamuke kwambiri. Matauni ena atembenukira ku zinthu zina kapena ndalama zimene akugwira ntchito kuti achotse malamulo a ku kampani, zimene zingapangitse msonkhowo kuchoka kwa eni katundu kapena ogwiritsa ntchito ntchito.

Machitidwe Abwino Koposa a Malamulo a Malamulo a Malamulo Oyenera

Mizinda imakhala ndi njira zothandizira kuti anthu azitha kulimba mtima komanso kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimene anthu akukhala nazo.

Kulinganiza Ndalama kwa Zaka Zambiri

Mmalo mwa kusumika maganizo pa chaka chimodzi chokha chandalama, mizinda yopambana imapanga mapulani a ndalama zimene zimapanga ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zaka zitatu kapena zisanu. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amathandiza kudziŵa malo a m’tsogolo, kuphatikizapo mathayo a nthaŵi yaitali (monga ndalama zopuma pantchito ndi ntchito ya ngongole), ndi kuika zinthu pambali pa zofunika zamali. Matauni ambiri amafalitsa mapulani ameneŵa limodzi ndi bajeti yawo ya pachaka kuti apereke mfundo zatsatanetsatane ndi kuwonekera. GFOA imapatsa malangizo atsatanetsatane pa kulinganiza kwa ndalama kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Opangira Malo ndi Zogwiritsa Ntchito

Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri kumayang'ana pa zothandizira (m’chitsanzo, “tinawononga $X pa dipatimenti ya moto” . Kusinthasintha kwa bajeti yokhudza ntchito kuti aone zotsatira (m’chitsanzo, “patulani nthawi yomanga moto wochepa pofika 20%%”). Mwa kugwirizanitsa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, mizinda ingapereke zinthu zofunikira kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino maprogramu amene akulephera. Maseŵero, mofanana ndi aja ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Baltimoret’s Citissat program, aloleni mabwanawo apangewo kupita patsogolo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino nthaŵi yeniyeni.

Kuthandizana ndi Kuthandizana

Kudalira boma kumamangidwa pamene nzika zimvetsetsa mmene ndalama zawo za msonkho zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Zochita zabwino kwambiri zimaphatikizapo kufalitsa bajeti yolingaliridwa ndi yomaliza pa Intaneti m'mafashoni aubwenzi wa intaneti, kuchititsa mayeso ambiri a anthu pa nthaŵi ndi malo, ndi kupereka mafotokozedwe achidule a zinenero zosavuta. mizinda ina, monga San Francisco, imagaŵira zipangizo zothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito zimene zimalola nzika kuyendera malonda. Kuoneka bwino kumaphatikizaponso kutumiza zikalata za ndalama zimene zilipo ndi kutumiza chidziŵitso cha ntchito.

Kugawa Malamulo Osiyanitsa Ndalama

Kudalira pa msonkho umodzi wokha kuli koopsa. Mzinda uyenera kukonza malo apakati a katundu, malonda, ndalama, ndi ndalama zochokera kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito. Kuthetsa sikumangothandiza kuti ndalama zizikhazikika pa zachuma komanso kumafalitsa mtolo ku mabungwe osiyanasiyana a zachuma. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa misonkho kuyenera kufunidwa mosamala kuti mupewe kuyambitsanso misonkho kapena kuthamangitsa makampani ndi anthu okhala m’dzikolo. Kukonza njira zachuma zimene zimawonjezera nyumba (nyumba yatsopano, kupita patsogolo kwa malonda, kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito, kukula kwa ntchito) ndi njira zothandiza kuti anthu onse agwirizane.

Luso Lothandiza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Banki

Masiku ano, zipangizo zamakono zimatithandiza kwambiri kuti tikonze ndalama zimene tikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kuti tizidziŵerengera mlandu.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Ochitira Malamulo ndi Mapulogalamu a M’manja a ERP

Madongosolo a zogwiritsa ntchito (ERP) amagwirizanitsa kuyang'anira ndalama, kugula, chuma cha anthu, ndi malipiro ku pulatifomu imodzi. Madongosolo ameneŵa amachepetsa ntchito za masiku onse, amachepetsa zolakwa, ndi kupereka kuonekera kwenikweni kwa nthaŵi powononga ndalama. Madongosolo a bajeti amathandiza kuti madipatimenti agwirizane, kujambula, ndi kuyendetsa mabaibulo. Madongosolo otsogolera onga GOD, SAP, kapena Tyler Techniologies agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mizinda yambiri yapakati ndi yaikulu.

Zimene Zinathandiza Munthu Kusankha Zinthu Mwanzeru

Kufufuza kopita patsogolo kungasinthe zinthu za ndalama kukhala nzeru zogwira ntchito. Makampani oneneratu amathandiza kuneneratu za ndalama zimene anthu adzalandira ndi ndalama zimene adzawononga. Kufufuza molakwika kungatulutse njira zachilendo zowonongera ndalama zimene zingasonyeze chinyengo kapena kusagwira ntchito. Zipangizo zofufuzira ndalama zimene zimatheketsa mizinda kupenda kubwerera kwa masiku ambiri pa maprojekiti aakulu. Matauni ena akuyesa ndi “ma bajeti adata-drinived,” kugwiritsa ntchito makina kuphunzira kulinganiza bwino zinthu zofunikira pa madera onse autumiki.

Kusintha Malo Oimapo Ounikira

Malo otsegulira a bajeti amathandiza anthu kuona ndalama, ndalama, ndi makompyuta ojambula. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Open Gov, Clah Gov, ndi Checkbook NYC. Malo amenewa kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo makope okhoza kukopedwa kwa atolankhani ndi ofufuza. Kuwonjezera apo, mizinda ina imagwiritsa ntchito mapulatifomu pa Intaneti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofunika kwambiri posankha kapena potsatira maganizo awo, kulimbikitsa mtima wa kukhala ndi eni nyumba imodzi pakati pa anthu a m’dzikolo.

Kumaliza

Manda a mizinda ndi mapulogalamu ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kuchokera pa kusonkhanitsa misonkho yakumaloko mpaka kugaŵira ndalama kupyola maprogramu ndi maprojekiti osaŵerengeka, kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ka zinthu zandale, ndi kudzipereka kwakukulu pa utumiki wa anthu. Anthu amene amamvetsa mmene mzinda wawo umagwirira ntchito za ndalama zawo alili okonzeka bwino kuti achite nawo ntchito zawo, kuchirikiza zofuna zawo, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kukhala ndi mlandu. Pamene mizinda ikupitirizabe kulimbana ndi kusatsimikizirika kwa chuma, nyumba za ukalamba, ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulinsipulo a kuonekera bwino, kukonzekera kwanthaŵi yaitali, ndi ndalama zambiri zidzakhalabe zofunika kuti anthu apange ndi kumanga bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu.

[[FLT : 0] kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa ndalama za kampani, chezerani a Boma Ofesi ya za Ndalama Association ( GOA[FLT ]]) ndi National League of Cities ( NLC [[FLT , zomwe zimafalitsa zitsogozo zochulukira ndi kufufuza za machenjera abwino koposa.