Kodi Boma Nchiyani?

Boma ndilo dongosolo lolinganizidwa limene likulamulidwa ndi chitaganya, boma, kapena mtundu. Limapanga ndi kukakamiza malamulo, limayang’anira zinthu za anthu onse, limagaŵira ntchito mogwirizana, ndi kusungitsa dongosolo. Kuphunzira za mitundu ya boma kuli kozikidwa pa mmene kulinganiza kwa zigawo, kugawira chuma, ndi kulinganiza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha mogwirizana ndi zosoŵa zake. Boma lililonse, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wake, liyenera kuyankha mafunso atatu ofunika: amene amalamulira, mmene olamulira amasankhidwira, ndi malire amene alipo pa ulamuliro wawo.

Mitundu Yokulira ya Boma

Asayansi andale amaika m’magulu maboma ozikidwa pa amene ali ndi ulamuliro, amene amasintha mphamvu, ndi mmene munthu amakhalira ndi mbali yake. Magulu aakulu a anthu ndi monga ufumu wa monarchy, democracy, opondereza, teokrase, ndi kusagwirizana. Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, zitsanzo za m’mbiri, ndi kusiyana kumene kumasonyeza miyambo ndi ndale.

Monarchy

Ufumu wa mfumu ndi boma limene munthu wosakwatira, mfumu, amatumikira monga mutu wa boma kwa moyo wonse kapena kufikira pamene achotsedwa.

Monarchy Yathunthu

Mfumu yachifumu yokhayokha, mfumu ili ndi mphamvu zopanda malire pa boma ndi anthu. Palibe malamulo alamulo, ndipo monarch ̱ mawu ali lamulo logwira ntchito. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo Louis XIV wa ku France, amene ulamuliro wake unaimira utali wa Absolitism, ndipo olamulira amakono a Russia pansi pa Peter Wamkulu. Lerolino, ndi mafumu ochepa okha achifumu otsimikizirika, onga Saudi Arabia, Oman, ndi United Arabhu Emitrates, ngakhale kuti iwowo anasintha nyumba zopimiramo.

Wolamulira wa Malamulo

M'ufumu walamulo, monarch ’ maulamuliro amalongosoledwa ndi kuchepetsedwa ndi malamulo a malamulo. Mfumuyo ingatumikire monga munthu wamwambo pamene ikumasankhidwa kukhala nduna zolamulira. Zitsanzo zotchuka zimaphatikizapo United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Sweden, ndi Spain. Maufumu a malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chikhazikitso ndi kupitirizabe pamene akulola ulamuliro wa demokrase kufalikira m’mbali mwa mabungwe amwambo.

Demokalase

Democracy, kuchokera ku mawu Achigiriki [[FL:0] demos (anthu) ndi kratos (ulamuliro), kuika ulamuliro wolamulira m’manja mwa anthu. Icho chimadalira pa malamulo a kulingana kwa ndale zadziko, ulamuliro wochuluka, ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Democracy imakhalapo pa mitundu iwiri, ndipo mitundu iwiri imakhala yolunjika ndi yoimira.

Demokrase Yachindunji

Mu democracy yachindunji, nzika zimavota pa zoyesayesa za lamulo, malamulo, ndi zosankha zazikulu popanda operekeza. Atene wakale ali chitsanzo chotchuka cha mbiri, kumene nzika zoyenerera zimasonkhana m'misonkhano kukangana ndi kupanga zosankha za boma. Demokrase yamakono njosapezeka kaŵirikaŵiri pamlingo wa dzikolo koma imapitirizabe m’zinthu zonga ngati ma seastenderum, zoyendera, ndi misonkhano ya m’matauni mu Switzerland ndi U.S.

Democracy Yoimira

Democracy yoimira woimira, yotchedwanso republic, imaphatikizapo nzika zosankha akuluakulu kupanga zosankha m'malo mwawo. Mpangidwe umenewu ngwothandiza ku maiko aakulu, okhala ndi anthu ochuluka kumene kuli kosatheka kugawana mwachindunji ndi nzika iliyonse. Mademokrase ambiri amakono, kuphatikizapo United States, Germany, India, ndi Brazil, amagwira ntchito monga mademocracy. Mbali zake zimaphatikizapo masankhoti aufulu, zipani za ndale zadziko zambiri, kupatulira maulamuliro, ndi kutetezera koikidwiratu kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Demokrase ya Illiberal

Akatswiri andale zadziko amasiyanitsa pakati pa mademokrase omasuka, amene amatetezera ufulu wa anthu ndi ulamuliro wa lamulo, ndi mademokrase osakhala alamulo, amene amapanga masankho koma amachepetsa ufulu wa oweruza, kululuza ufulu wa chiweruzo, ndi kutsendereza chitsutso. Mitundu yonga Hungary ndi Turkey yafotokozedwa kukhala ikuloŵera ku demokrase ya anthu m’zaka zaposachedwapa, ikukulitsa nkhaŵa ponena za kubwerera m’dziko la demokrase padziko lonse.

Oligarchy

Oligarchy amasumika ulamuliro m’manja mwa gulu laling'ono losiyanitsidwa ndi chuma, maunansi a banja, ulamuliro wankhondo, kapena kugwirizana kwa ndale zadziko. Mosiyana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza, umene umazikidwa pa mtsogoleri mmodzi, mphamvu ya oligarchy imagawana pakati pa oŵerengeka. Ma Oligarchy kaŵirikaŵiri amasintha kuchokera ku madongosolo ena: demokrase ingakhale yolamulira ngati atsogoleri olemera alanda njira ya ndale zadziko, ndipo ufumu ungakhale umodzi ngati nduna kapena olamulira apanga ulamuliro wokhoza kukhala wokhoza kulamulira.

Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo misonkhano yapamwamba ya Sparta wakale, Venitian Republic ’ amalonda, ndi Soviet Union ̱ Polituro. Ofufuza amakono amatsutsana ngati Russia amagwira ntchito monga origarchy, atapatsidwa chisonkhezero cha chiŵerengero chochepa cha mabiliyoni a olaira pa malamulo a boma. Ofufuza ena amalongosolanso United States kukhala akupeza zikhoterero za oligarchic, akutchula chisonkhezero chandale zazikulu ndi olemera.

Kupondereza

Wolamulira wankhanza amaika mphamvu zonse m’manja mwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kakang’ono, komwe kamakhala kokakamiza, kofufuza, ndi kopondereza anthu. Opondereza sadziŵerengera kwa anthu; amalamulira mwalamulo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amachotsa otsutsana ndi ndale zadziko. Mitundu iŵiri yofala ndiyo ulamuliro wankhanza wankhondo, kumene magulu ankhondo amalamulira, ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa kagulu kamodzi, kumene gulu limodzi limalamulira ulamuliro.

Maulamuliro opondereza odziŵika bwino amaphatikizapo Germany wa Nazi pansi pa Adolf Hitler, Soviet Union pansi pa Joseph Stalin, North Korea pansi pa ufumu wa Kim, ndi Myanmar ̱ maulamuliro ankhondo amakono amatuluka m'nthaŵi zamavuto, pamene anthu alandira ulamuliro wankhanza posinthana ndi bata kapena chisungiko. Komabe, iwo amakhala osakhazikika, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amathera m’kuukira boma, kupha, kapena kugwa.

Teokrase

Teokrase ndi boma limene atsogoleri achipembedzo amalamulira m’dzina la mphamvu yapamwamba, ndipo dongosolo la malamulo nlozikidwa pa chiphunzitso cha chipembedzo. Ulamuliro wandale ndi ulamuliro wauzimu umaphatikizidwa. Liwulo limachokera ku Chigriki [[FLT: 0]theos (mulungu) ndi ktos (lamulo).

Teokrase wamakono wotchuka kwambiri ndi Iran, kumene Mtsogoleri Wamkulu Ayatollah Khamenei ali ndi ulamuliro wokulira pa boma, ndipo lamulo la Chisilamu limaumba dongosolo la malamulo. Vatican City ndi ufumu wateokratiki wapadera wolamuliridwa ndi Papa. Mbiri yakale, Papal States, Puritain Massachusetts Bay Colony, ndi Aslamu oyambirira a mtsogoleri woyambirira a m'Chisilamu akugwira ntchito monga ocracies. Ocracies amayang'anizana ndi mkangano pakati pa ziphunzitso zokhwima zachipembedzo ndi zofuna zothandiza za ulamuliro, zimene zingatsogolere kutsutsana ndi malamulo a ufulu wa anthu, makamaka ponena za ufulu wachipembedzo ndi kulingana kwa amuna ndi akazi.

Alugwe

Anarchy akusonya ku kusoweka kwa boma lapakati kapena boma. M'kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kofala, ilo limagwirizanitsa chipwirikiti ndi chisokonezo. Komabe, anthanthi andale kuchokera ku William Godwin mpaka Noam Chomsky adatsutsa kuti kusagwirizana kwa kakhalidwe kungathe kutanthauza kudzifunira, kusakhala kwa kakhalidwe kupyolera m’thandizo la anthu, kugwirizana, ndi kupanga zosankha zoyenera.

Zotsatira zake n’zochepadi ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri n’zakanthaŵi. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo Zapatista aninest ku Mexico, Paris Commonune ya 1871, ndi madera opanda boma monga mbali za Somalia m’ma 1990. Otsutsa amanena kuti chipwirikiti sichingapereke zinthu zofunika kwa anthu onse, chisungiko, ndi chigamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza andale amatsutsa kuti maboma a juaristrarchis amavulaza kwambiri kuposa mmene amapeŵera.

Madongosolo a Udzu ndi Kusinthasintha

Maboma ochepa amaloŵa bwino m'gulu limodzi. Madongosolo enieni ambiri a dziko amaphatikiza zinthu kuchokera ku mitundu yambiri. Mwachitsanzo, United Kingdom ndi ufumu walamulo wokhala ndi dongosolo la demokrase lamphamvu. Russia amachita masankho koma ntchito monga boma la ufumu wa authoritarianism ndi mbali za oligarchic. Singapore amaphatikiza masankho a democracy ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu ndi ufulu wa ndale zadziko wochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri wolembedwa kuti ndi democracy ̵ kapena ̴ oftacticismism. ̵

Kuzindikira maulamuliro a ziphaniphani nkofunika kaamba ka kusanthula kolondola kwa ndale zadziko. Lingaliro la A “ Democratic Decism depression ” limasonyeza kuti mitundu yambiri imene inawoneka kukhala yogwirizanitsa demokrase m'ma 1990 yakhala ndi maufumu a progalamu ophatikizapo kapena authoritarianism. Freedom House, gulu lolemekezeka la olondera, limatsatira zizoloŵezi zimenezi chaka chilichonse ndipo liwona kutsika kwa ufulu wandale ndi ufulu wa anthu pazaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazo.

Mbiri Yakale: Mmene Boma Limathandizira

Kukula kwa mitundu ya boma kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika za m’mbiri, masinthidwe a luso la zopangapanga, ndi madongosolo a kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kuchokera ku maufumu a monarchy kufika ku mademokrase sikuli koloŵereka; kumaphatikizapo kukhazikika kwa maziko ndi kuyenerera, kufutukuka ndi kugawiridwa kwa ufulu, ndi kusinthidwa kobwerezabwereza.

Maziko Akale

Maboma oyambirira anatulukira m'mitsinje ya anthu monga Sumer, Egypt, Indus Valley, ndi China. Ameneŵa anali maufumu a monarchy kapena maocracia kumene mafumu anadzinenera kukhala olamulira aumulungu. Hammurabi ̱ Malamulo ku Babulo anakhazikitsa umodzi wa malamulo oyambirira olembedwa. Girisi wakale anayambitsa demokrase, pamene Roman Republic inayambitsa dongosolo locholoŵana la akuluakulu osankhidwa, misonkhano, ndi mayeso ndi zipire zimene pambuyo pake zikasonkhezera ofufuza nzeru za Chikometsero.

Kusintha kwa Zaka Zapakati

Chipani cha Maudal chinapanga Yuropu m'nyengo zapakati kuzungulira gulu la ambuye, abusa, ndi ankhondo, ndi mafumu ali pamwamba koma olamulidwa ndi mphamvu ya zinduna ndi Tchalitchi. Chikalata cha Magna Carta mu 1215 chinachepetsa monarch ’ Wachingelezi; mphamvu ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo lakuti aliyense, kuphatikizapo mfumu, anali wogonjera ku lamulo. Chikalatachi chinakhala maziko a boma lalamulo ndi madongosolo a democracy pambuyo pake.

Kuunikiridwa ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18 zinawona kuyambika kwa nthanthi ya Kutseguka kwa Chidziŵitso, imene inatsutsa ufumu wa monarchy ndi kuyenera kwaumulungu. Olingalira onga John Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, ndi Thomas Paine anatsutsa kaamba ka zoyenera zachibadwa, mapangano a chitaganya, ndi kupatukana kwa maulamuliro. Malingaliro ameneŵa anasonkhezera Chipanduko cha America (1776) ndi Chipanduko cha France (1789), chimene chinakhazikitsa mariphabliki ozikidwa pa mfundo za demokrase, ngakhale kuti poyambirira anali olekezera ku anthu oyenerera.

Zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20 zinabweretsa kuwonjezereka kwa pang’onopang’ono kwa zipani za ndale zadziko, kubuka kwa zipani za ndale zadziko, magulu a antchito, ndi akazi ̱ ndawala za ufulu wa anthu. democracy yoimira ofalikira ku Ulaya, America, ndi mbali za Asia. Mapeto a Nkhondo ya Dziko II ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zigaŵenga zina zinatsogolera ku mitundu yambiri yatsopano yodziimira yotsatira mademokrase.

Kuyambanso Kwaulembi

Zaka za zana la 21 zakhala ndi kuyambika kwa ulamuliro wa authoritarian m’madera angapo. Russia pansi pa Vladimir Putin, China pansi pa Chiiniping, ndi Turkey pansi pa Recep Tayip Erdo& #287;an wakhazikitsa mphamvu, chitsutso choletsedwa, ndi ufulu wochepetsedwa wa zofalitsa nkhani. Mabungwe a democratic m'maiko onga Poland, Hungary, ndi Brazil apsinjika maganizo. Akatswiri akutsutsana ngati chikhoterero chimenechi chikutanthauza kubwerera m’mbuyo kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuchokera ku democracy.

Kupenda Kuposa kwa Kukhutiritsa kwa Boma

Kusankha mtundu wa boma umene ndi “ Actal̵ kudalira pa miyezo yogwiritsiridwa ntchito: kukhazikika, kukula kwa chuma, ufulu wa munthu payekha, kufanana, kapena chisungiko. Dongosolo lirilonse lili ndi malonda.

  • Maulamuliro a democracy [[FL:1] amakhoterera kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, kuyambitsa zinthu zatsopano, ndi kupanga ulamuliro wolabadira, koma angakhale ochedwa, otsenderezedwa, ndi osavuta kupotoza.
  • Madongosolo a zaumoyo angagwiritsire ntchito mwamsanga ndi kusunga dongosolo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amapondereza kusagwirizana, kuswa ufulu wa anthu, ndipo amavutika ndi ziphuphu ndi mavuto otsatizanatsatizana.
  • Maufumu a monarchy amapereka kupitirizabe kophiphiritsira ndi mitu ya boma ya ndale zadziko, koma angawoneke kukhala atha ntchito kapena opanda democratic kwa osuliza.
  • Zotsatira za Mulungu [1] Zikukakamiza makhalidwe abwino koma zimaletsa ufulu wachipembedzo ndi ufulu wa kudzilamulira.
  • .Oligarchy imasumika maganizo pa chuma ndi mphamvu, kuchititsa kusalingana ndi kusagwirizana kwa mayanjano.

Kufufuza kwa akatswiri, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha Intelligence Unity ’ democracy Index ndi Nyumba Yomasuka [, nthaŵi zonse amasonyeza kuti malo a mademokrase omasuka kwambiri pa miyezo ya kukula kwa munthu, chikhutiro cha moyo, ndi mwaŵi wa zachuma, ngakhale kuti amafuna mabungwe amphamvu, malamulo, ndi kuikizidwa kwa nzika kuti zigwire ntchito bwino ntchito.

Kumvetsa Mtundu wa Boma N’kofunika

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira mitundu ya maboma si njira yongopeka ya maphunziro, imapereka mawu ndi zida za matanthauzo kuti zipende zochitika zamakono, kupenda ndale zadziko, ndi kukhala ndi phande lokhutiritsa m’moyo wa anthu. Pamene nzika zimvetsetsa kusiyana kwa ulamuliro wa demokrase ndi wa authoritarianism, iwo amakhala okonzeka bwinopo kuzindikira ziwopsezo ku mabungwe a demokrase ndi kuchirikiza utsogoleri wodziŵerengera mlandu.

Ndiponso, kuzindikira kuti maboma sasintha chifukwa cha kulimbana ndi kusintha kumasonkhezera lingaliro losinthasintha kwambiri la ndale zadziko. Kugwa kwa ulamuliro wotsendereza sikumangotulutsa demokrase yokhazikika; kunyonyotsoka kwa demokrase kuloŵa mu ulamuliro wa a democracy kaŵirikaŵiri kumachitika mwapang’onopang’ono, kupyolera m’ziletso zowonjezereka za ofalitsa nkhani, judicary, ndi umphumphu wosankhidwa.

Mikhalidwe Yamakono ndi Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo

Zipangizo zamakono zamakono zimathandiza kuti anthu azitha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano komanso kuyang’anira zinthu panthawi imodzi. Mapulatifomu a boma amathandiza kuti anthu azitha kulowa m’dzikolo komanso kuti adziwe zimene akuganiza. Maboma ankhanza amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono pofufuza zinthu. Kusintha kwa nyengo, kusamuka, ndi miliri yapadziko lonse kumachititsa kuti boma lizigwira bwino ntchito.

Kukwera kwa atsogoleri a maufumu a ochirikiza ufumu wa odemokrase, kugwirizanitsa ulamuliro mu China ndi Russia, ndi kuyesa ndi demokrase yoluluza m’malo onga Ireland ndi Taiwan kumapereka lingaliro lakuti kusintha kwa mitundu ya maboma sikunathe. Asayansi andale mowonjezereka amasumika maganizo pa madongosolo ophatikizapo zinzake, kukhazikika kwa demokrase, ndi madongosolo a zopanga zinthu monga mbali zazikulu za kufufuza.

Kumaliza

Kuyambira maufumu a monarchy enieni kutsogoza mademokrase, kuyambira ku mademocracies kufikira ku zoyesayesa zapamwamba, mitundu ya boma imaimira mtundu wa anthu̱ zoyesayesa zosiyanasiyana za kuthetsa vuto la gulu. Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mapindu ndi zopinga, ndipo uliwonse umasonyeza kulinganizika kwapadera pakati pa dongosolo ndi ufulu, mwambo ndi kusintha. Kwa ophunzira, kuzindikira magulu ameneŵa ndi zochitika zawo za m'mbiri iri sitepe loyamba kulinga kwa kukhala nzika yodziŵa bwino. Kwa aphunzitsi, chidziŵitso chimenechi chimapereka maziko kaamba ka ophunzira oloŵetsedwa m’makambitsirano atanthauzo ponena za mphamvu, chilungamo, ndi mtsogolo mwa kulamulira.

Kuti mufufuzenso nkhani imeneyi, fufuzani zinthu zochokera ku Encclopedia Britannica ̱ kuloŵa kwa boma [ kapena Constitute Project , imene imapatsa dziko lapansi̱ malamulo ofufuzira mwa mutu ndi mbali. Ziwiya zimenezi zimalola ophunzira kuyerekezera mmene maboma amapangira zikalata zawo za maziko ndi mphamvu.